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fudag¾ r: ldlalka w;r isá yxi fèkqjla
uf.a jdykfha ,shdmosxÑ iy;slfha fuf;la mej;s tkacska wxlh bj;alr kjwxlh Bg tlalsrSu i|yd ,smsf.dkq fudag¾ r: m%jdyk flduidrsia ld¾hd,hg bosrsm;alf<ñ' fuu ixfYdaOkh lr h:d ld,fha ;emEf,ka tjk nj ud fj; okajk ,oS' udi.Kkla .;jQj;a th fkd,enqkq fyhska isysle|jk ,smshla heùñ' Bgo ms<s;=rlafkd,enqks' fuhska miqj fuu ldrKh bgqlr.ekSu i|yd úistla j;djla fuda'm%'fld'ld¾hd,hg hEug isÿúk'
fufia .sh úgoS jev wjikaj we;s ,sms f.dkqj mrs.Kl .; lsrSug we;s nj;aosk lSmhlska udfj; ,efnk nj;a okajk ,oS' fufia .sh iEu wjia:djloSu l=ulafyda fya;= oelaùula ñi ldrKh bgqfkdùh' tla oskla ,smsf.dkqj wia:dk .;j we;snj lshQ w;r Bg miq oskl fu;rï m%udo jqfka wehs o lshd;a udf.ka úuikq ,eîh'kuq;a m%udoh isÿù ;snqfka Tjqka w;sks' fufia .sh tla wjia:djloS fujeks jevlr.ekSug l%u iy úê we;s nj okafka keoaoehs uf.ka wikq ,eîh' Tjqka thskawoyia l<foa udyg jegyqk kuq;a ta l%uhg fuh lr.ekSug ug Wjukd fkdùh'bkamiq oskloS .sh wjia:djloS oek.kakg ,enqfka ,smsf.dkqj wia:dk .;j we;snjls'
bkamiq oskl;a 2003-11-04 osk fuu jdykhg wod< YdLdjg .sfhñ' ta jk úgtys l,ska isá úIh Ndr ,smsldrsksh fjkqjg wˆ;a wfhla m;aj isáhdh' Bg l,skaisá whg jvd wdpdrYS,Sj ud meñKs ldrKh úuik ,oS' udf.a oS¾> úia;rh b;didjOdkj wid isá tu uy;añh ud yg f,dl= widOdrKhla isÿj we;s nj mjidjdykfha fkdïurh wid ,smsf.dkqj ke;s j. okajk ,oS' túg tu uy;añh udygálla isák f,i okajd ;udu ,smsf.dkqj fiùug .shdh' ñks;a;= úiailska muK,smsf.dkqjo /f.k tu uy;añh meñK mrs.Kl ud._fhka tys f;dr;=re fidhdn,oaoS tu jdyk wxlh mrs.Klfhka bj;alr we;s nj udfj; oekaùh' bkamiq ud;aiu. by< ks<OdrsKshla fj; .sh ta uy;añh ishˆ úia;r mjid kej; mrs.Klhgwe;=,a lsrSu i|yd wkque;sh ,nd.;a;dh' tmuKla fkdj wjqreÿ mylg jeäld,hla ;siafia lr.ekSug fkdyels jQ tu ldrKh tlaosklska wjika lr ,shdmosxÑiy;slh lsisu m%udohlska f;drj ,ndoSug ksy;udkS jQjdh'
;u rdcldrs j.lSï ksisf,i jgydf.k iEu fohlau uqo,a u; ;SrKh jkfujeks ld,hl lsisÿ ,dN m%fhdackhla wfmalaId fkdlr fuu ldhH_h lrÿkald¾hlaIu nj;a wdpdrYS,S nj;a" ud b;d w.h fldg i,lk nj;a fï ish¨ f.!rjhf,drs YdLdfõ ^4& fiajh lrk kkaokS úchisxy uy;añhg ysñúh hq;= w;r fudag¾r: m%jdyk flduidrsia ldhH_,hg fujeks úYsIag .Kfha fiajl uy;aóka úYd,f.!rjhla nj;a i|yka lrñ'
tka'mS'ciaákamkaksmsáh
^osjhsk brsod ix.%yh 2003 fkdjeïn¾16&
3
iqms<smkak foaYhla lrd
TOWARDS A NATION OF INTEGRITY
ieliqu
kS;s{" ta'fla' pkaøldka;
ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk
fldñIka iNdj
Ñ;% ^mqj;am;a ldgQka yer&
lms, iïm;a m;srK
mß.Kl h;=re ,shkh
pdu,S ksixi,d
iïnkaëlrKh
OkqIal úfcafldaka
Building a Nation of Integrity
4
m%:u uqøKh - 2006 fkdjeïn¾*
fojk uqøKh ^ixfYdaê;& 2008 wfm%a,a
Transparency International Sri Lanka28/1, Bullers Lane,Colombo 07, Sri Lanka
Tel : (094) 011 2501474Fax : (094) 0112592287E-mail : tisl@sltnet.lkWeb :www.tisrilanka.org
Printed By :
isú,a iudchg ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaë ±kqu ,nd§fï wOHdmksl jevuq¿
j,§ fkdñf,a fnod§u i`oyd iïmdÈ;hs'
KapilaAdvertising
Kapila Advertising
B. 15, G3, Soysa Pura, Moratuwa.
Tel : 0112-636017
E-mail : kapila_patirana@yahoo.com
* m%:u uqøKh cd;Hka;r ixj¾Okh ms<sn`o weursldkq ksfhdað;dh;kh ^USAID& úiska
ARD wdh;kh u.ska 2005$2006 ld,fha§ fufyh jQ Y%S ,xld ¥IK u¾ok jevigyk hgf;a
m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o nj ia;+;s mQ¾jlj i|yka lruq'
5
28$1" nq,¾ia mgqu." fld<U 07" Y%S ,xld
fg,s ( 94-11-2501474 *elaia ( 94-11-2592287
B-fï,a ( tisl@sltnet.lk fjí wvúh ( http://www.tisrilanka.org
wmf.a oelau (
iqms<smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Suiqms<smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Suiqms<smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Suiqms<smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Suiqms<smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Su
wmf.a fufyjr (
iqms<smkak;dj m%j¾Okh lsrSfï m%h;akhiqms<smkak;dj m%j¾Okh lsrSfï m%h;akhiqms<smkak;dj m%j¾Okh lsrSfï m%h;akhiqms<smkak;dj m%j¾Okh lsrSfï m%h;akhiqms<smkak;dj m%j¾Okh lsrSfï m%h;akh
fufyhùu" Bg iyfhda.h ,ndoSu iyfufyhùu" Bg iyfhda.h ,ndoSu iyfufyhùu" Bg iyfhda.h ,ndoSu iyfufyhùu" Bg iyfhda.h ,ndoSu iyfufyhùu" Bg iyfhda.h ,ndoSu iy
oekqj;a Ndjh we;s lsrSu;aoekqj;a Ndjh we;s lsrSu;aoekqj;a Ndjh we;s lsrSu;aoekqj;a Ndjh we;s lsrSu;aoekqj;a Ndjh we;s lsrSu;a
l%shdldrS;ajh osrs.ekaùu;a ;=,skal%shdldrS;ajh osrs.ekaùu;a ;=,skal%shdldrS;ajh osrs.ekaùu;a ;=,skal%shdldrS;ajh osrs.ekaùu;a ;=,skal%shdldrS;ajh osrs.ekaùu;a ;=,ska
ÿießh ¥IKh& uq,skqmqgd oeóu'ÿießh ¥IKh& uq,skqmqgd oeóu'ÿießh ¥IKh& uq,skqmqgd oeóu'ÿießh ¥IKh& uq,skqmqgd oeóu'ÿießh ¥IKh& uq,skqmqgd oeóu'
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld
6
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a › ,xld hkq"
f,dalfha rgj,a 105 lg wêl m%udKhl foaYSh YdLdjka iys;" ¥IKhg tfrysjigka josk m%Odk;u cd;Hka;r ixúOdk cd,h jk g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,ays Y%S ,dxlslksfhdacs;dh;kh jkafka g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld wdh;khhs' iyY% j¾IhwdrïNh;a iu. • ,xldfõ ia:dmkh jQ g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld wdh;khiajlSh ih jirl .uka u. ;=<" fï jk úg w,a,i yd ¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;= lsrSuyd hy md,kh ms<sn| ixl,am m%j¾Okfhys,d buy;a fufyhla bgqlrñka isà'
cd;sl ue;sjrK ld,mrsÉfPaohkaySos fmdÿ foam< wh:d mrsyrKh lsrSï ksrSlaIKhlsrSu;a tajd wod, n,OdrSkaf.a wjOdkhg fhduq lsrSu;a fukau ue;sjrKhkag miqj rdcHwxYfha by< ;k;=rej,g foaYmd,ksl in|;d u; flfrk wh:d m;alsrSï ms<sn|jksrSlaIK lghq;=j, kshe<S jd¾;d lsrSu;a g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld wdh;khúiska miq.sh ld,h mqrdjg isÿ lr we;'
iqkdñ jHjikhg miqj • ,xldjg ,enqKq ì,shk .Kkl wdOdr WmfhdackhflreKq wdldrh ms<sn|j ú.Kkh lsÍu;a" iqkdñ úm;ska miq ¥IKh wju lrñka foaYhh<s f.dvke.Su ms<sn|j uyck woyia talrdYS lr rch yd wod, wdh;k fj; bÈßm;alsÍu;a wm wdh;kh u.ska bgqlrk ,§'
w,a,i iy ¥IKhg tfrysùu ms<sn| ±kqj;aNdjh m%j¾Okh msKsi .%ka: m%ldYkh;a"hy md,kh ms<sn| újdod;aul wjia:djkayS§ mqj;am;a ksfõok ksl=;alsÍu u.ska rcfha yduyck;djf.a wjOdkh tjeks lreKq flfrys fhduqlsÍu u.ska w,a,i yd ¥IKhg we;sbv m%ia:djka wju lsÍug g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld wdh;k lghq;= lrhs'
fï yefrkakg weußldkq iyfhda.s;d uOHia:dkh" ^ACILS&" • ,xld ixj¾Okmßmd,k wdh;kh (SLIDA)" A.R.D wdh;kh" w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIkaiNdj" rdcH mßmd,k wud;HxYh hgf;a l%shd;aul fjk m%;sIaGdmk Odß;d ixj¾Okjevigyk ^CADREP& wd§ rdcH fukau rdcH fkdjk wdh;k iu. tlaj Èjhsk mqrdisxy," fou< yd bx.%Sis hk iEu NdIdjlskau wOHdmksl jevuq¿ ixúOdkh lsÍuo wmf.a±kqj;alsÍï ld¾hNdrh ;=< m%Odk ;ekla .kS' tfukau ol=Kq wdishdfõ m%:u jrg ÿießhje<elaùu ms<sn|j mqyqKqlrejka mqyqKq lsÍfï w;afmd;la yd fuj,ï lÜg,hla m%;sYaGdmkOdß;d ixj¾Ok jevigyk yd Y%S ,xld ixj¾Ok mßmd,k wdh;kh iu. tlaj m%ldYhgm;a lr we;s w;r rdcH ks,OdÍka mqyqKqlrejka f,i mqyqKq lsÍu ±kg lrf.k hkq,nhs' tfiau ÿießh je<elaùu i|yd rdcH wxYfha ks,OdÍka úiska ìys lrk ,o "iqmsßisÿoE;a" ixúOdkh iu. b;d lsÜgqfjka lghq;= lrñka Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYhkays uyckuKavm meje;aùu lrkq ,nhs'
rdcH wxYfha ¥IK u¾okh flfrys muKla fkdj fm!oa.,sl wxYh ;=, mj;sk¥IK lghq;= j<lajd .ekSu msKsi Y%S ,xld jdKsc uKav,h (Sri Lanka Chamber ofCommerce) jeks wdh;k iu. tlaj oekqj;a lsrSfï jevigyka o mj;ajd we;' tfukau• ,xld fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j iu. tlaj ¥IKfhka f;dr W;a;rS;r fmd,Sishla ìyslsrSug uq,a mshjr ;nkq jia fmd,sia fomd¾;fïka;=j ms<sn|j mq ,a wOHhkhla isÿ lrta jd¾;djo ksl=;a lrkq ,en we;'
iEu j¾Ihlu foieïn¾ 09 Èkg fhfok cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh ksñ;af;kaw,a,ig yd ¥IKhg tfrysj ks¾NS;j igka jÈk fY%AIaG mqrjeishka yg 2004 j¾Ifhaisg cd;sl iqms<smkak m%Kdu m%odkh ^National Intergrity Awards& lsrSuo g%dkaiafmarkaisbkagkeIk,a • ,xld wdh;kh bgqlrk m%Odk jd¾Isl fufyjrls'
by;ska olajd we;af;a wmf.a fufyjrhkaf.ka ìola muKs' jeä úia;r i|ydwmf.a fjí wvúhg msúfikak ' www.tisrilanka.org
7
fmrjok
w,a,i yd ÿießh ^¥IKh& rg u .s,.;a jHikhla nj yeu fokdu okakd lreKla jQj;a
Bg tfrysj" th uevmeje;aùug wjYH ±kqu yd yelshdjka ys wvqmdvq mj;akd nj wmg
fmkSf.dia we;s lreKls' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;akd ÿießh u¾okhg wod, kS;s Í;s" wdh;k
/ila ;snqKo tlS m%;smdok yd wdh;k ms<sn| f;dr;=re Wmfhda.S lrf.k ¥IKh
uev,Sug yd hymd,k m%;sm;a;Ska m%j¾Okhg wjYH ±kqu ir,j yd l%uj;aj bÈßm;a
lsÍu fuu .%ka:fha wruqK fõ'
wm wdh;kh fï jk úg Èjhsfka m%foaY rdYshl úúO ck fldgia" ks,OdÍka yd úúO
jD;a;slhska iuÕ iduQyslj lghq;= lr we;s w;r tA ieu jevigykl§ u biau;= jQ
m%Odk;u wvqmdvqjla jQfha" w,a,i yd ¥IKhkag tfrysj uyck wdl,amhla mej;=ko th
l%uj;a yd iduQysl fkdjk m%n, uyck u;hla olajd j¾Okh ù fkdue;s njh' uyck;dj
fj;ska w,a,i yd ÿießhg tfrysj m%n, yd M,odhS úfrdaO;djhla t,a, ùug kï
ÿießfhka yg.kakd whq;= m%;súmdl yd thska rgg;a wkd.; mrmqrg;a Woa.; jk
wys;lr ;;ajhka ms<sn| ukd ±kqj;a Ndjhla ;sìh hq;=h' tmuKla fkdj tjeks uyck
u;hla l%uj;aj ÿießh u¾okh fj; b,lal.; lsÍug kï mj;akd kS;s m%;smdok
ms<sn| mq¿,a ±kqula ir,j ,nd.ekSfï uQ,dY%hkao iq,n úh hq;=h'
fuu .%ka:h rdcH fiajfha kshq;= ks,OdÍkag" isú,a iudc yd m%cd uQ,sl ixúOdk j, lghq;=
lrk ks,OdÍkag yd idudðlhskag fukau fuu lafIa;%h wOHhkh lrk úoHd¾:hkag
muKla fkdj Wkkaÿjla olajk ´kEu wfhl=g ±kqu ,nd§u i|yd iïmdokh lrkq ,enQ
w;r yels;dla ir, yd wjfndaOhg myiqjk wdldrhg bÈßm;a lsÍug m%hka; ord we;'
tfukau fï iïnkaOfhka Tnf.a woyia yd fhdackd muKla fkdj ÿießh u¾okh i|yd
Tng odhl úh yels wdldrh ms<sn| kj woyiao g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld
wdh;kh b;du;a w.h fldg i,lk nj lsjukdh'
tfiau isú,a iudcfha tla wdh;khlg fyda tla mqoa.,fhl=g fyda ÿießh ^¥IKh& msgq
oelSfï Ndr¥r j.lSu l%shd;aul lsrSu myiq l%shdjla fkdfõ' ta i|yd tlsfkld noaO jQ
Yla;su;a iu.dó fmdÿck l%shdoduhl wjYH;djh f,djmqrd w;aoelSï j,ska ukdj m%lg ù
we;' wmf.a fuu jHdhduho tjekss taldnoaO jevms<sfj<la wdrïN lsÍug moku ieliSuhs'
tlS wruqK idlaId;a lr.ekSu msKsi .%dóh iudc ia;rfha l%shdldrSka oeä Wkkaÿfjka
isák nj fkdryils' tfia fyhska wm úiska bgq lrkakd jQ ÿießh ^¥IKh& msgqoelSfï
fufyjrg Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh yd kdhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu wmf.a wfmalaIdjhs' tlS l¾;jHhg
odhl;ajh ,ndoSug wjYH oekqu;a Yla;sh;a ,efíjdhs wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r
tu.ska ÿießh msgq±lSug idl,H m%fõYhla ,efnkq we;sh hkak wmf.a úYajdihhs'
fÊ'iS' je,swuqK
úOdhl wOHlaI
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld
8
mgqk
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld hkq iii
wmf.a oelau yd fufyjr v
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a • ,xld úOdhl wOHlaIlf.ka vii
m<uqjk mrsÉfPaoh - iqms<smkak foaYh
iqms<smkak foaYhla hkq l=ulao@ 09
iqms<Smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Su' 02
iqms<smkak foaYhla lrd .ukg ndOd fudkjdo@ 05
ÿießh ^¥IKh& i|yd mdrsNdIsl jpk' 10
fojk mrsÉfPaoh - ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq l=ulao@
wms ÿießh ^¥IKh& yÿkd .ksuq' 13
ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,ays ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& fmdÿ .=Kdx. 18
;=kajk mrsÉfPaoh - ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%;súmdl
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%;súmdl' 19
rch flfrys uyck úYajdih ì| jeàu' 20
ÿießh ^¥IKh& ñksia cSú; ì,s.kakd whqre' 21
ck wjOdkhg ,la fkdjqk • ,xld fÄojdplh' 22
ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd ixj¾Okh' 23
rgl ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& uÜgu uekSu' 24
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& • ,xld uqyqKqjr' 25
y;rjk mrsÉfPaoh - ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& fya;=
ÿießh ^¥IKh& isÿ jkafka wehs@ 27
ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd f,dal b;sydih' 29
ÿießh ^¥IKh& ;=rka ù ke;af;a wehs@ 30
fydxfldx foaYfha úch.%yKfha l:dj 31
9
miajk mrsÉfPaoh - ÿießh ^¥IKh& ke;s lsrSu'
ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï l%u fõoh' 33
ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok kS;s' 33
ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok wdh;k' 35
ÿießh ^¥IKh& ;jÿrg;a mj;skafka wehs@ 38
ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok ck;d iyfhda.h ,eìh hq;= whqre' 39
ÿießh ^¥IKh& uevmeje;aùu iy kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh' 40
ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,odhS m%fõYhhka' 42
ÿießh ^¥IKh& .ek ñ;Hdj yd i;Hh' 47
is;d n,kakg '''''''''''''''''''' 48
b;sydi.; lreKq wkqj • ,xldjdiS wm yg ÿießhg
^¥IKhg& bv ke;' 49
yhjk mrsÉfPaoh - wms l=ula lruqo@
wms l=ula lruqo@ 51
ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj ke.S isàu ldf.a j.lSuo@ 52
Wlg,S fkdjkak 53
wms f,dalh fjkia lruq' 54
iudch Wvq hál=re lruq' 56
iqms<smkak m%;s{dj' 57
Wm .%ka:
1 -i fldgi - w,a,ia mkf;a úêúOdk ir,j' 59
ii fldgi - j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfï mk;
idrdxY.;j' 65
iii fldgi - uqo,a .KqfoKq jd¾;d lsÍfï mk; iy uqo,a'
úY=oaêlrKh je<elaùfï mk; ixlaIsma;j' 66
2 - ks;r kef.k m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re' 67
3 - isoaê wOHhk - ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,odhS m%fõYhhka' 79
4 - tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë m%{ma;sh idrdxY.;j' 91
10
1Corruption hk jpkhg mdrsNdIsl jpkh f,i ¥IKh hkak fhfoa' bx.%Sis jpkh Ndú;d
jkafka uQ,H yd n,h ms<sn| l%shd wdY%s;jh' kuq;a" isxy, NdIdfjka ¥IKh hk jpkh ia;%S
¥IKh" mßir ¥IKh jeks wjia:d i|ydo fhfoa' fï ksid fujeks wjia:d j,ska fjka jQ
woyila iys; jpkhla Corruption hkakg fhdÞ .ekSfï wjYH;djh l,l isg mej;=K w;r
tA i|yd wßhfika wyqnqÿjka úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o jpkh ÿießhÿießhÿießhÿießhÿießh fõ'
m<uqjk mßÉfþoh
iqms<smkak foaYhla hkq (-
ish¿u ks, lghq;= kshñ;" kS;Hdkql+, mámdàkag wkqj l%shd;aul jk" hy
md,k m%;sm;a;Ska .re fldgf.k rdcH md,kh fufyhjk" w,a,iska yd ÿießfhka1
^¥IKfhka& f;dr wjxl yd hqla;s.rel ck;djla Ôj;a jk rgls'
tjeks rgl kS;sfha wdêm;Hh" m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd udkj whs;sjdislï iqrlaIs;
jk w;r rg ;sridr ixj¾Okhlg o" ck;dj by, Ôjk uÜgulg o" ysñlï ,n;s'
tjka il, isßka msß rgl Ôj;ajk iqÅ; uqÈ; ck;dj" ish,a iem N=la;s
úÈñka" ÿlaL fodaukiaihkaf.ka f;drj" Ñrd;a ld,hla wdhq j<`o;s' fmrÈ. idys;Hfha
tk fla;=u;S rdcOdksh tjekakls'
iqms<smkak foaYhl ysñlrejkaj isá nj idvïnrfhka m%ldY l<yels wNsudkj;a
w;S;hla wmg;a ;snqKs'
}gq.euqKq rc oji" iQieg nrlska ieriqKq ldka;djlg"
rka" ]§" uq;=" ueKsla msrjQ flKaähla w; ordf.k wkqrdOmqr
rdcOdksfha isg ud.ï mqrjrh olajd lsis} Wmøjhlska f;drj
;ksj .uka lss]ug yelshdj ;snqKs'
uydjxYh
11
iqms<smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Su
rgla l=¿Kq u; /§ we;s mshiaila iys; f.dvke.s,a,lg Wmud lsÍfuka
iqms<smkak foaYhl ks¾udKh ms<sn|j lreKq bÈßm;a l< yel'
l=¿Kq rod mj;skafka iudc idrO¾u yd ck;djf.a wjÈùu ±kqj;aùu& hk w;a;sjdru
u;h' w;a;sjdru iún, fkdjkafka kï l=¿Kq isriaj iu;=,s;j msysgkafka ke;'
cd;sl iqms<smkak jHQyh
National Integrity System
;sridr
ixj¾Okh
hy md,kh
ck;dj wjÈùu
iudc idrO¾u
kS;sfha
wdêm;Hh
Wiia
Ôjk
uÜgu
jHj
ia:dÿ
hl
h
úOdh
lh
wêl
rK
h
ú.
Kl
dêm;
s
TïnQâiauk
a
wëCIK
lK
avdh
ï
rdc
H fiajh
ck
udO
H
isú,a i
udc
h
fm!o
a.,sl
wxY
h
cd;
Hka;
r l
%shdl
d¯k
a
12
tla tla l=¿Kq ksfhdackh lrk wdh;k yd tajdfha ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. j,ska
ì|la fufiah'
jHjia:dodhlh - idOdrK yd ksoyia ue;sjrK
úOdhlh - wdo¾Yu;aNdjh" n,h whq;= f,i Ndú;d fkdlsÍu
wêlrKh - iajdëk yd w§kNdjh" wmlaImd;S ùu
ú.Kdldêm;s - iajdëk ùu" n,mEï j,ska úhqla; ùu" újD;j
jd¾;d jd¾;d lsÍu
Tïnqâiauka - iajdëk;djh" jd¾;d l<ukdlrKh
iqmÍlaIlhska - iajdëk yd w§k nj" n,d;aul l< yels iy
n,d;aul l, kS;s
rdcH fiajh - p¾hd moaO;sh
ckudOH - ksoyia yd iajdëk udOH wdh;k" f;dr;=re
±k.ekSfï whs;sh
isú,a iudch - woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh
fm!oa.,sl wxYh - wdh;ksl j.ùï;djh" idOdrK ;rÕldÍ;ajh'
wka;¾cd;sl l%shdldrSka - wk a;¾cd; sl iyfhd a. S;djh ^ffk;sl yd
wëlrKuh& ,nd§u
by; olajd we;s .=Kdx.u ;sìh hq;= njg kshuhla ke;' tA tA rfÜ foaYmd,ksl"
iudc yd wd¾Ól jd;djrKh u; tA tA .=Kdx. fjkiaúh yel'
fuu l=¿Kq u; ;sria w;g hy md,kh keue;s mshiai /§ mj;S' tu ;sria
mshiai u; ;sridr ixj¾Okh" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh yd ck;djf.a Wiia Ôjk uÜgu hk
f.da, ;=k iu;=,s;j mj;S'
hï fyhlska l=¿Kq Yla;su;aj ;snqKo w;a;sjdru ^iudc idrO¾u yd ck;dj
wjÈfhka isàu& ÿ¾j, jkafka kï l=¿Kq weo ù mshiai we, jkq we;'
tfukau w;a;sjdru iúu;a jQj;a l=¿Kq ÿ¾j, jQjfyd;a mshiai weo ù we, jkq
we;' tfiau mshiai ;sriaj msysàug kï l=¿Kq ish,a,u tl yd iudk Wilska ;sìh
hq;=h' tlla mrhd wfklla keÕS isàug ;e;al<fyd;a mshiai we, jkq we;'
13
l=¿Kq Yla;su;a ke;skï isÿjkafka l=ulao@
l=¿Kq Yla;su;a ke;skï mshiai u; we;s f.da, fmr,S ìug jeà iqkqúiqKq ù
hduhs' m%;sM,h foaYh úkdY ùuhs'
f,dalfha ÈhqKq hehs iïu; lsisu rgl iEu ld,hl§u fuu l=¿Kq iïmQ¾K
jYfhka Yla;su;aj msysgkafka ke;' l,ska l,g úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a whq;= l%shdldrlï
ta ta l=ˆKq ksfhdackh lrk wdh;khkays olakg ,efí' tkuq;a jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka
iEuúgu iudc idrO¾u yd ck;dj wjÈfhka isàu keue;s w;a;sjdru b;d Yla;su;aj
mej;Suhs' tneúka l=¿Kq lsysmhla ÿ¾j, jQj;a mshiai iudka;rj ;nd .ekSug
yelshdj ,eî we;s w;r whq;= mqoa.,hka bj;a lrùu u.ska l=ˆKq h:d ;;ajhg m;a
lsrSug uyck u;h m%n,h'
tfia fyhska idrO¾u imsß iudchl wjÈfhka hq;= ck;djla we;s lr .ekSfuka
iqms,smkak foaYhla f.dvke.Sug iúu;a w;a;sjdrula fjuq'
´kEu rgl ´kEu ld,hl ck;djf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=j Wiia Ôjk uÜgulska
hq;=j iu.sfhka yd iudodkfhka Ôj;a ùuhs' ksùiekis,af,a Ôj;a jkjd f,i wm
iudcfha mjikafka fuh h' rgl ck;djf.a Ôjk uÜgu ukskq ,nkafka udkj
ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh u.sks' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylhg mdol lr.kq ,nkafka Wmf;a§
wdhq wfmalaIdj" jeäysá idlaIr;djh" tAl mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIamdokh" wdhq wfmalaIdj"
wOHdmksl uÜgu hkd§ lreKqh'
hy md,kh
iqmÍ
laIl
hska
jHj
ia:dÿ
hl
h
úOdh
lh
wêl
rK
h
ú.
Kl
dêm;
s
TïnQâiauk
a
wëCIK
l
Kavdh
ï
rcH
fiajh
ck
udO
H
isú,a i
udc
h
14
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ixj¾Ok jevigyk u.ska rgj,a 170 la i|yd 2002
j¾Ih mdol fldg ms<sfh, lrk ,o 2004 udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh wdY%fhka f;dard
.;a rgj,a lsysmhl udkj ixj¾Okh my; mßÈ fõ'
iqms<smkak foaYhla lrd hk .ukg ndOd fudkjdo@
iqms<smkak foaYhla ìyslr.ekSug we;s ndOl w;ßka m%Odk;u ndOlh jkafka
ÿießhhs ^¥IKhhs&'
rg ia:dkh
Wmf;a§
wdhq
wfmalaIdj
wjq(
jeäysá
idlaIr;dj
^]&
tAl mqoa.,
o< foaYsh
ksIamdokh
^PPP USS)
wdhq
wfmalaIdfõ
o¾Ylh
wOHdmksl
o¾Ylh
udkj
ixj¾Ok
o¾Ylh
by, udkj ixj¾ê;
rgj,a
fkd¾fõ
iaùvkh
´iafÜ%,shdj
we't'c'
cmdkh
fydxfldx
isx.mamQrej
ol=Kq fldßhdj
uOHu udkj ixj¾ê;
rgj,a
fulaisfldaj
uef,aishdj
refïkshdj
;dhs,ka;h
ms,smSkh
Y%S ,xldj
bkaÿkSishdj
my, udkj ixj¾ê;
rgj,a
nx.,dfoaYh
khsÔßhdj
wekaf.da,dj
b;sfhdamshdj
1
2
3
8
9
23
25
28
53
59
69
76
83
96
111
138
151
166
170
78'9
80'6
79'1
77'0
81'5
79'9
78'0
75'4
73'3
73'0
70'5
69'1
69'8
72'5
66'6
61'1
51'6
40'1
45'5
99'0
99'0
99'0
99'0
99'0
93'5
92'5
97'9
90'5
88'7
97'3
92'6
92'6
92'1
87'9
41'1
66'8
42'0
41'5
36"600
26"050
28"260
35"750
26"940
26"910
24"040
16"950
8"970
9"120
6"560
7"010
4"170
3"570
3"230
1"700
860
2"730
780
0'90
0'92
0'90
0'87
0'94
0'91
0'88
0'84
0'81
0'80
0'76
0'74
0'75
0'79
0'69
0'60
0'44
0'25
0'34
0'99
0'99
0'99
0'97
0'94
0'86
0'91
0'97
0'85
0'83
0'88
0'86
0'89
0'83
0'80
0'45
0'59
0'38
0'39
0'956
0'946
0'946
0'939
0'938
0'903
0'902
0'888
0'802
0'793
0'778
0'768
0'753
0'740
0'692
0'509
0'466
0'381
0'359
15
ÿießh ^¥IKh& ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ uqo,a
fjk;a Èidjkag fhduq lsÍu u.ska ck;djf.a
uQ, sl wjYH;djhka iemhSug rch
wfmdfydi;a ùu" widOdrKhg bv ,eîu
yd úfoaY wdfhdack iy wdOdr ,eîug ndOd
meñKùu u.ska ÿmam;a ck;dj ±ä f,i
widOdrKhg ,la lrh s ’'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uy f,alï fld*S wkka
úiska tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,fha§ tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ÿieß ¥IK& u¾Ok m%{ma;sh bÈßm;a
lrñka lrk ,o m%ldYh'
by< uÜgfï foaYmd,lfhda;a Tjqkaf.a i.fhda;a
,efnk iEu wjia:djlskau jdis w;alr .ekSu
fkdlvjd lrf.k h;s' ÿieß ^¥Is;& jHdmdßlhka
yd tlaj Tjqyq ish¨u cd;Ska ÿ.S nfjys ysrlr ;nñka
tu rgj, mj;ajd .; yels ixj¾Okhg wjysr lr;s'
ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dalfha ÿ.S rgj, muKla fkdj
ÈhqKqjk rgj, wdfhdackh lrk iud.ï ysñ rgj,o
b;d wk;=reodhl f,i wêlj mj;S'
mSg¾ whs.ka g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha
wdrïNl iNdm;s' 2002 ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylh
t<s±laùfï Wf<f,a§'
¥IKh rgg foaj fldamh ,nd foa' Wmam;a;s 6 (5-6
“Corruption brings God’s Wrath”. Genesis 6:5-6
16
ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq mejÍ we;s n,;, wksis f,i ;u fm!oa.,sl ,dN
m%fhdack i|yd fhdod .ekSuhs'
tu.ska"
� uyck iqN isoaêh fkdj fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack .ek is;d n,d ;SrK .ekSu
isÿ lrhs'
� m%cd;dka;%sl wdh;k ÿ¾j, lrñka wksis n, jHdma;sh we;s lrhs' tu.ska tu
wdh;k flfrys ck;d úYajdih iy iyfhda.h ì| jefÜ'
� ñ," .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeks idOl u; mokï jk idOdrK ;rÕldÍ;ajh
mfil oud" f.jkq ,nk fldñia uqo, u; ;SrKh jk fj<| ;rÕldÍ;ajhg
u. mdoñka idOdrK jHdmdßlhd mfilg weo ouhs'
� iajNdúl mßirhg ;¾ck we;s lrhs' mßirh iq/lSfï ixúOdk ÿieß ¥Is;&
jQ úg udkj ixj¾Okfha uQ,sl moku lvd jefÜ'
� udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x.khùï nyq, fõ' ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shd jeäùu;a iu.
rdcHhl ryia l%shdldrlï jeä fõ' tu.ska uQ,sl iudc yd wd¾Ól whs;Ska
;¾ckhg ,la lrhs'
� úfYaIfhkau ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj,ays ,laI ixLHd; ck;djf.a wdydr"
wOHdmkh" fi!LH yd hqla;sh mis|,Su wdoS uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï j,g ndOd
lrñka hym;a Èú meje;aulg we;s whs;sh ke;slr ouhs'
uQ,dY%h-g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kfha m;%sldj 2003
ÿießh ^¥IKh& msgqoelSfuka f;drj iqms<smkak foaYhla Wodlr.; fkdyel'
jxpdj hkq /jàfuka" fndre lSfuka iy lreKq jrojd
fmkaùfuka wkqkaf.a fohla ;u jdishg .ekSuhs' fndreldrh
jekfikq we;' - ysf;damfoaYh 19 ( 9 Y=oaO nhsn,h
"Fraud is decepption, lying and misrepresenting facts in
order to take from others gain for self and he who tells
lies will perish" - Proverbs 19:9
17
ÿießh ¥IKh& yd ixj¾Okh
rgj,a lsysmhl rdcH kdhlhska úiska isÿlr we;s uyck uqo,a jxpdjkays
weia;fïka;= .; lrk ,o uqo,a jákdlu tu rfgys tal mqoa., wdodhu iu.
ixikaokh lsÍfuka ÿießh ^¥IKh& ksid rgl ixj¾Okhg isÿjk ydksh ms,sn|
wjfndaO lr.; yels fõ'
* fudnqgq úiska fidrlï lrk ,o uqo, ihf¾ rdcHfha iïmQ¾K úfoaY Khm%udKhg jvd jeäh'
* yhsÜ rdcHfha vqje,sh¾ úiska fidrlï lrk ,o uqo, rfÜjd¾Isl whjefhka 87] ls'
uQ,dY%h (- úYaj ÿießh ^¥IK& jd¾;dj 2004' g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a
fudfyduâ iqy¾f;da-ckdêm;s- 1967-98
1' m¾äkkaä ud¾fld ai a -ckdêm;s -1972-862' fcdaYma tiag%dvd-ckdêm;s1998-2001
fudnqgq fiiS fiflda-ckdêm;s 1965-97
iekS wndpd-ckdêm;s1993-98
iaf,dfndvdka ñf,dafiúla-ckdêm;s 1989-2000
Ôk a l af,d aâ v q ~je, sh¾-ckdêm;s 1971-86
we, an¾fgd a m sh qc s fu dß-ckdêm;s 1990-2000
meúfhda ,ei/kaflda-w.ue;s 1996-97
wd¾fkda,aâ w,sudka-ckdêm;s 1997-2002
ì,shk 15-35
ì,shk 5-10
ñ,shk 78-80
ì,shk 5
ì,shk 2-5
ì,shk 1
ñ,shk 300-800
ñ,shk 600
ñ,shk 114-200
ñ,shk 100
695
912
99
319
okS$fkdokS
460
2051
766
490
rg rdcH kdhlhd jxpdlr we;s uqo,
we't'c' fvd,¾
bkaÿkSishdj
ms,smSkh
ihf¾
khsÔßhdj
i ¾ ì h d $hqf.diaf,daúhd
yhsÜ
fmare
hqlaf¾kh
ksl.=rejd
tAl mqoa.,wdodhu ^2001&we't'c' fvd,¾
18
• ,xldj o uE; b;sydih ;=, § rg ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd úúO jHdmD;s l%shd;aul
lrk ,o w;r fndfyda úg tajd foaYmd,k igka mdG f,i o Ndú;d lrk ,§'
tfy;a "wm rgg ;sridr ixj¾Okhla ,nd.; fkdyels jQfha wehs@
mia wjqreÿ ie,eiau ^1972-1977& wid¾:l jqfka wehs@
ksjy,a O¾ñIag iudchla ^1977-1989& ìys fkdjqfka wehs@
ke;sneß wh" we;s yels wh ^1989-1993& lsrSug fkdyels jqfka wehs@
1994 ka miq rg fmrg fkd.sfha wehs@
2002 § rg msìoùug fkdyels jQfha wehs@
2005 ka miq w¿;a • ,xldjla ìys jqkdo@
fï ish,a,gu mss<s;=re wmf.a m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI fofla kdhlhskaf.a u;=
oelafjk m%ldY j,ska wmg fkd,efnkafka o@
¥IKh jQ l,S ixj¾Okh iy wd¾Ól ÈhqKQj wvd,
lrjk m%Odk idOlhls' th M,odhs;ajh fjkqfjka
lrkq ,nk wdfhdack ÿ¾j, lrhs' tu.ska fmdÿ
m%;sm;a;s W,a,x>Kh lrkq ,nhs' ¥IKh iudc yd
foaYmd,k Ôú;fha we;s ish¨ idOdrK foa ksYaM,
ld¾hhka njg m;a lrhs'
tu ksid wms ¥IKhg tfrysj cd;sl jHdmdrhla Èh;a
lruq' wmf.a foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól l%shdldÍ;ajh
jeäfofkl=f.a hym;g fya;=jk wdldrhg mq¿,a
lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shg wj;S¾K fjuq' ish¨fokdu úiska
ms<s.;a Í;Ska wkqj lghq;= lsÍfï jd;djrKhla we;s
lsÍfuka Yla;su;a m%cd;ka;%jdohla iys; hym;a
iudchla f.dvk.uq'
ckdêm;s uyskao rdcmlaI
19
w,a,i iy ¥IKh hkq iuia; rdcH foayfhau
we;s ms<s,hls' rdcH fukau fm!oa.,sl wdh;khkays
jeo.;au .=Kdx. tu.ska úkdY lrñka tu wdh;kj,
j¾Okh yd rfÜ ixj¾Okh wvd, lr m%cd;ka;%jd§
rdcH md,kh ÿ¾j, lrhs'
rdcH md,k ;ka;%fha fyda foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha
ljr kï fyda uÜgul isákakka jQjo w,a,ia fokakka
fukau .kakka o iyuq,skau ;=rka l< hq;=hs'
kS;sh yd iduh rlsk hym;a mqrjeishkaf.ka hq;a
iudchl wd¾Ól j¾Okfha hym;a m%;sM, ±lsh yelafla
túghs'
rks,a úl%uisxy - úmlaI kdhl
2005'08'26 Èk nKavdrkdhl cd;Hka;r iïuka;%K Yd,dfõ§ mej;s tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk hgf;a w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIkaiNdj n, .ekaùfï jHdmD;sh t<s±laùfï Wf<f,a§ tjlg .re w.%dud;H;=udf.a
l:dfjka iy .re úmlaI kdhl;=udf.a mKsúvfhka Wmqgd .kakd ,§'
ÿießh ^¥IKh& i|yd mdrsNdIsl jpk
iudcfha jvd;au m%p,s; f,i olakg ,efnk ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%fNaoh
w,a,ihs' w,a,i hkak ’w;a,i¶ hk jpkfhka ìoS wd jpkhls'
f,dalh mqrd w,a,i i|yd Ndú;d jk kï úúOdldrh
� ,xldj - m.dj, ……………
� ol=Kq bkaoshdj - ikaf;daiï
� ngysr wm%sldj - Dash - vEIa
� b;d,sh - ‘La bustarella’ (a little envelope) - mqxÑ ,shqï
ljrhla
� kjiS,ka;h - Graft - §ukdjla
� hqfrdamh$weursldj - “Oil the palm” - w;a,g f;,a ±óu'
“Grease Money” - .%Sia uqo,a
20
w,a,i bx.%Sis NdIdfjka Bribe f,i fhfoa' Bribe hk jpkh merKs m%xY
NdIdfjka bx.%Sis NdIdjg tlajQ jpkhls' merKs m%xY NdIdjg wkqj ’Bribe¶ hkjpkfha w¾:h ysÕkakdg fok mdka lene,a,ls'
m.dj hk jpkh mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka ,oaols' mD;=.Sis NdIdfjka mef.dajd^pagova& hkqfjka yÿkajkafka ,enqfõ kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk fohla lr .ekSug i|ydfokq ,enk uqo,ls'
m.dj Y%S ,dxlsl ck iudch ms<sl=,a iy.; fohla f,i i,lk nj idudkH
jHjydrfha§ ’crdj¶ f,i yeÈkaùfukau fmfka'
w,a,i jYfhka fok foa yrï neúka wms th Ndr fkd.kafkuq'
- u,sla 458 Y=oaO nhsn,h
"What you have offered as bribe is haram and we do
not accept it" - Malik 458
"ñksfil=f.ka w;a,ila .ekSu .jfhl= lKqjl neo
Wf.a msg fldkaog ;shqKq ie;lska weg ñÿ¨ ydrd
.kakjd jeksh'" Oïumo wgqjdj
21
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj úiska 2002 j¾Ifha§ m%pdrh lrk ,o ±kaùuls'
22
fojk mßÉfþoh
wms ÿießh ^¥IKh& yÿkd .ksuq
ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq l=ulao@
ÿießh ^¥IKh& hkq mejÍ we;s n,;, fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdackh i|yd
wh:d f,i mßyrKh lsÍuhs' (Corruption means abuse of entrusted power for personal
gain.)
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& úúO wdldr -
w,a,i ^Bribery&
hï ld¾hhla lsÍu ms<sn|j fyda hï ;SrKhla .ekSu ms<Sn|j whq;= f,i
n,mEï lsÍu i|yd hï jdishla ,nd§u" ,nd §ug fmdfrdkaÿ ùu fyda ,nd§ug
leue;a; m%ldY lsÍu w,a,ihs'
w,a,i u.ska jdish ,nkafka rcfha fiajlfhl=" fjk;a hï ;eke;af;l= fyda
hï wdh;khla úh yelsh'
foam< jxpd lsÍu ^Embezzlement&
ñka woyia jkafka iïm;a iy foam< ndrj isák ;eke;a;ka tu foam< ;u
fm!oa.,sl jdis i|yd fidrlï lsÍuhs'
WodyrKh (- .nvd Ndrlrefjl= ;ud Ndrfha we;s foam< úl=Kd uqo,a ,nd
.ekSu'
jxpdj ^Fraud&
jxpksl l%u Ndú;d lrñka ;udg ysñ fkdjk fohla ysñ f,i wkHhkag
fmkajd th jerÈ iy.; f,i ,nd .ekSu ke;fyd;a lreKq iÕjd ,nd.ekSu'
WodyrKh (- wdOdr fnod §fï§ fndre kï bÈßm;a fldg tu wdOdr ;ud i;=
lr.ekSu'
23
n,y;aldrfhka w;am;alr .ekSu ^Extrotion&
;u ks,n,h kS;s úfrdaë f,i Ndú;d lrñka n,y;aldrh mEfuka ;ud fj;
jdishla ,nd .ekSu'
WodyrKh(- ;udg hï jdishla i,iajkafka ke;skï" uyck fi!LHhg wys;lr
h hk moku u;" fydag,hla mj;ajdf.k hdu ;ykï lsÍug lghq;= lrk nj"
uyck fi!Lh mÍlaIljrfhl= úiska fydag,fha whs;slreg mejiSu u.ska udia m;d
hï uqo,la ,nd §ug fm<Uùu'
n,;, whq;= f,i Ndú;d lsÍu ^Abuse of Power&
hï ;eke;af;l=g whq;= iy.; jdishla fyda whq;= iy.; mdvqjla& isÿ lsÍfï
woyiska ;udg ysñ n,;, wh:d mßÈ Ndú;d lsÍu'
WodyrKh(- fgkav¾ m%odk l%shdj,sfha§" fgkavrh m%odkh lsÍug fmr" hï
ksYaÑ; fgkav¾lrefjl= yg fgkavrh ,nd §ug yelshdj we;a±hs fidhdn,k f,i
wud;Hjrfhl= úiska fgkav¾ uKav,hg fl,skau lSu fyda weÕùu'
wNsu;d¾: ms<s.egqu ^Conflict of Interest&
;udg fm!oa.,slj iïnkaO;djhla we;s ;eke;a;ka fyda wdh;k fj; jdisodhl
jk mßÈ ks, ;SrK .ekSu'
WodyrKh(- ;udf.a Nd¾hdj wOHlaIjßhla jk iud.ul fgkavrh ms,s.ekSu'
we;=,; fj,odu$ryis.; f;dr;=re wh:d mßyrKh ^Insider
trading/abuse of privileged information&
;udf.a rdcldrS iajNdjh wkqj oek .ekSug ,efnkakdjQ hï ryis.; f;dr;=rla
;udg fyda fjka wfhl=g ,dN m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd jxpd iy.; f,i fhdod
.ekSu'
WodyrKh (- hï NdKavhla i|yd bosrs oskl wdkhk noaola mekùug rch
;SrKh lr we;s nj tu NdKav wdkhkh lrk iud.ï lsysmhla w;=frka tla
iud.ulg l,a;nd oekqï §u'
24
wksis mlaImd;S;ajh ^Favouritism&
hï lreKla u; hï ;eke;af;l=g fyda lKavdhulg whq;= iy.; f,i
wkq.%yh oelaùu' fufia mlaI.%dyS ùfï§ i,ld n,kafka wd.u" cd;sh" Wmka m%foaYh"
foaYmd,k mlaImd;S;ajh wd§ ldrKd úh yel'
{d;s ix.%yh ^Nepotism&
;k;=re ,nd §fï§ fyda ;SrK .ekSfï§ ;udf.a {d;s ñ;%d§kag whq;= iy.;
jdis ie,fi mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu'
25
ÿießfha ¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKh
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrKÿießfha ^¥IKfha& j¾.SlrK
ÿießh ¥IKh& uev,Sfï§ iqúfYaIS jYfhka jeo.;ajk ÿießfha ¥IKfha& úúO
j¾.SlrKhka mßmd,k úoaj;=ka úiska y÷kdf.k we;' tu j¾.SlrKhkaf.ka lsysmhla
my;ska olajd we;'
uyd mßudK iy iq¿ mßudK ÿießh ^¥IKh& (
uyd mßudK ÿießh ¥IKh& fkdfyd;a foaYmd,kuh ¥IKh Grand corruption/Political
corruption& hkakg rcfha by< uÜgfï isÿjk ÿießh ¥IKh& we;=<;a jk w;r ck;djf.a
kdufhka kS;s iïmdokhg iy ilia lsÍug n,h mjrk ,o foaYmd,kuh ;SrK
.kakka Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k n,h" Tjqkf.a m%;s,dN fjkqfjka kS;s ilialr .ekSug
fhdÞ hkakd wjia:djka fuhska woyia fõ'
fuu.ska hy md,kh, kS;sfha wdêm;Hh iy wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh iïnkaOfhka jQ
úYajdikSh;ajh úYd, jYfhka ì| jeàulg ,la lrhs'
kso¾Ykh
remsh,a ì,shk 1000 l úhoñka wêfõ.S uyd ud¾.hla bÈlsÍug rch ;SrKh lrhs'
cd;Hka;r ñ< .Kka leojk ,o w;r m%ùKhkaf.a lKavdhula úiska ;dlaI‚l we.ehqu
isÿlrk ,§' jeäu ñ< .Kka bÈßm;a l< X keue;s iud.ug wud;Hjrhdf.a ±kqu
we;sj w;rueÈhl= m%fõY jQ w;r w;rueoshd yryd wud;Hjrhdg fldka;%d;a jákdlfuka
10] la ,nd fokafka kï fldka;%d;a;=j Tjqkg ,ndfok njg iy;sl úh' by<u ñ<
.Kka bÈßm;a lrk ,o wh tlS uqo,a Y%S ,xldfjka msg;§ f.ùug tlÕ úh' bka miq
±kqï§ulska f;drj ;dlaI‚l we.ehqï lñgqj úiqrejd yer kj lñgqjla m;a lrk ,§'
fuu lñgqj ish¿u wvq ñ< .Kka m%;slafIam lrk ,o w;r X keue;s iud.u úiska
bÈßm;a lrk ,o w¾mKh ^offer& ms<s.kakd ,§' m%Þkh lrk ,o fldka;%d;alrejka
jákdlfuka 10] l uqo, w;rueÈhd yryd fjk;a rgl§ wud;Hjrhd fj; ,nd fok
,§'
26
iq¿ mßudKfha ÿießh ^¥IK& fkdfyd;a ks<OdÍkaf.a ÿießh
^¥IKh& (Petty corruption/Bureucratric corruption) (
m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrk wjêfha§ mßmd,k l%shdÞuh ;=< mj;sk ÿießhhs ^¥IKhhs&'
mqrjeishka rdcH mßmd,kh iy fiajdjkaf.ka ^wdfrda.H Yd,d" mdi,a" m%dfoaYSh ì,am;a
ld¾hd," fmd,Sish" nÿf.ùï wêldßka& Tjqkf.a ffoksl jev rdcldÍ bgq lr .ekSfï§
fuu j¾.fha ¥IK w;a ú£ug isÿjk w;r idudkHfhka iq¿ mßudKfha uqo,a m%udKhka
yqjudre ùfï§ ;uka leue;s ie<ls,a, olajk njg fmdfrdkaÿjkakkag iq¿ jdis ie<iSu
fï hgf;a isÿ fõ'
kso¾Ykh
frda.Sfhl=f.a ×;sfhl=g frda.Ska n,k fõ,djka msg fõ,djl§ frda.shd ne,Sug
frday,g we;=<;a ùug wjYH fõ' fÞrgqj Ndrlre iy wdrlaIl ks,Odßhd Tyqg
we;=¿ ùug bv fkdfoa' túg Tyq fÞrgqNdrlreg iy wdrlaIl ks<Odßhdg re' 20
ne.ska ,ndfok w;r tAjd ,ndf.k Tjqka Tyqg frday,g we;=¿ ùug bv i,ihs'
iafjÉPdfjka isÿlrk iy n,y;aldrfhka isÿjk ÿießh
^¥IKh&' (Voluntary/Extortion)
mlaImd;S;ajhla wfmalaIdfjka iy jdishla ,nd .ekSfï wruqfKka mqoa.,hka
ks<OdÍka fj; m%fõY jk w;r Tjqkf.a lsisÿ n,mEulska f;drj iafõÉpdfjka ;E.s
m%Þkh lsÍu isÿfõ' iuyr wjia:djkays§ w,a,ia ,ndfokakka f.a mSvkhg ks<Odßhd
k;= jk w;r tjeks wjia:djka iafõÉpdfjka isÿ flfrk w,a,ila jYfhka ie<fla'
iuyr wjia:djkays§ kS;Hdkql+, fyda rdcldÍuh lghq;a; bgq lsÍug ,nd Èh hq;=
NdKav fyda fjk;a oE ks<Odßhd úiska b,a,d isà' tjeks b,a,Sula mokï jQ ÿießh
^¥IKh& n,y;aldrfhka isÿjk ÿießhls ^¥IKhls&' úfYaIfhkau ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaê
wdh;khka f;dr;=re tla/ia lr .ekaug fndfyda úg wfmdfydi;a ùu ksid iafjÉPdfjka
isÿ lrkq ,nk ÿießh ^¥IKh& uev,Sug ÿIalr nj fndfyda úg fmkS f.dia we;'
kso¾Ykh
<ufhl= mdi,g we;=<;a lsÍfï§ wÞ< kS;Sj,g msáka lsisÿ ;Hd.hla fyda uqo,la
ms<s.ekSug cd;sl mdi,l úÿy,am;sjrfhla m%;slafIam lrhs' fuf,i uqo,a ,nd.ekSu
m%;slafIam lrk úÿy,am;sjrhd wÞ, fouõmshka úiska fmd<Ujd.kakd w;r
wjidkfha§ fouõmshkaf.a n,lsÍu fya;=fjka iy úÿy,am;sjrhdg iïnkaO Tyqf.a
×;sfhla fyda hy¿fjla ud¾.fhka Tyqf.a ksji ioyd f.dvke.s,s øjH ms<s.kS'
<uhd mdi,g we;=<;a lr .ekSu ioyd úÿy,am;sjrhd f.dvke.s,s øjH b,a,d isáfha
kï fuu ;;a;ajh fjkia fõ'
ÿießh ^¥IKh& iïnkaOj ks;r kef.k m%YaK j,g ms<s;=re i|yd Wm
.%ka:h 2 n,kak
27
ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,ays ¥IKfha fmdÿ .=Kdx.
01' my< ;,fha muKla fkdj by< ;,fha o l%shd;aul fõ'
tneúka ixj¾Ok m%uqL;d m%;sm;a;s iy jHdmD;s j,g wod< uQ,sl ;SrK u;
úkdYldrS n,mEula we;s lrhs'
02' ¥IK uqo,a frdao fkdj ;gq ,nd we;'
oshqKQ rgl ¥IKfhkA Wmhk uqo,a fndfyda wjia:d j,oS wdfhdackh jkafka tu
rg ;=,uh' tkuq;a ol=Kq wdishdfõ ¥IKfhka Wmhk uqo,a fndfyda úg wdfhdackh
jkafka oshqKq rgj,a j,h'
03' isrf.h fkdj Wiiaùï ,nhs'
fndfyda úg ¥IK oe,g yiqjkafka f;dareka fudareka fkdj yd,aueiaikah' boysg
f;dare fudare yiq jQj;a l=uk fyda l%uhlska ovqjulska f;drj wjidkfhaoS
ksoyi ,nhs'
04' ñ,shk 515 lska iukaú; ÿmam;a ck.ykhla ;=< l%shd;aul fõ'
• ,xldfõ ÿmam;alfï f¾Ldfjka my," tkï osklg weurslka fvd,¾ follg
jvd wdodhula fkd,nk mjq,a 25] la we;'
ol=Kq wdishdfõ ¥IK uev,Su hkq fmdÿ ckd;jf.a cSú; fírd.ekSuhs'
¥IKh ukqIH;ajhg tfrys idmrdë jrols'
28
;=kajk mßÉfþoh
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%;súmdl
ÿießh ^¥IKh&
� iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,ksl w¾nqo we;s lrhs'
� ,laI ixLHd; ck;dj ÿlaÅ; ;;ajhg m;a lr id.skaorfhka ;nhs'
� kS;sh yd iudc ixysÈhdj ì| ouhs'
� udkj ysñlï W,a,x>kh lrhs'
� iudc widOdrKh we;s lrhs'
� rfÜ ixj¾Okh i|yd fhdojk uqo,a mqoa., ixj¾Okhg fhoùu u.ska rfÜ
ixj¾Okh mud lrhs'
� ck;djf.a uQ,sl wjYH;djka jk wdydrmdk" bÿï ysgqï yd /lS rlaId iemhSug
rch wfmdfydi;a lrjhs'
� rcfha wdodhu wysñ lsÍu iy rdcH úhou jeä lsÍu u.ska NdKav ñ, by,
hdug i,iajhs'
� rfÜ Woaoukh jeä lrjhs'
� wmrdOlrejkag .e,ùug bvlv ie,eiaùu u.ska wmrdO jeä lrhs'
� úfoaY wdfhdack yd úfoaY wdOdr ,eîu j<lajhs'
� kS;shg .re lsÍu ìojeà rg wrdðl ;;ajhg m;alrhs'
29
rch flfrys uyck úYajdih ì|jeàu
ÿießfha ¥IKfha& M,úmdlhla f,i rch flf¾ uyck úYajdih ìojeàfuka
iuia: iudchu wk;=rg m;aùfï wjodku lS¾;sOr jHdmdßlfhl= jk yegka keIk,a
nexl=fõ iNdm;s ßhkais úfÊ;s,l uy;d olsk whqre (-
’ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& yd n,h whq;= f,i fhoùfï úmdl wmf.a foaYmd,k
kdhl;ajh fkdmudj f;areï .ekSu rfÜ hym;g fya;=fõ' tfia fkdjkafka kï jerÈ
ud¾.hg fhduq l,d jQo" wkaOdkqldrfhka lghq;= l<djQ o ;reKhska úiska fkdj"
hym;a mqrjeishka jYfhka iemj;a Ôú;hla .; lsÍfï whs;sh meyer .kakd ,o"
W.;a" nqoaêu;a iy ksjerÈ ±laula iys; ;reK le,la úiska Èh;a lrkq ,nk le/
,a,lg kqÿre wkd.;fha§u uqyqK §ug wmg isÿjkq we;¶
ßhkais úfÊ;s,l- ,xld uka;a,s vhsfÊiaÜ - 2003 cQks l,dmh
" The sooner our political leadership realizes the
consequences of corruption and abuse of power,
the better it is for our country. If not, Sri Lanka,
in the near future, is likely to find itself on the
brink of another insurgency - led not by some
misguided group blindly following and
ideology, but by right - thinking educated young
people who have been deprived of the
opportunity of leading decent lives as law-
abiding citizen."
-Reinzie Wijethileke- LMD June 2003
30
ÿießh ^¥IKh& ñksia Ôú; ì,s.kakd whqre
;=¾ls fÄojdplh
1. The costs of corruption
by; oelafjkafka 1999 j¾Ifha ;=¾lsfha isÿ jq N+ñlïmdj ksid úkdY jQ uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾Khls' ta
wi,skau we;s uy,a f.dvke.s,a,g ydks ù ke;af;a N+ñlïmdj,g Tfrd;a;= fok ksis m%ñ;sfhka th
;kd we;s ksidh' kuq;a ydkshg m;a jQ uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾Kh ÿieß ¥IK& l%shdjkaf.a m%;sM,hla f,i
ksis m%ñ;sfhka bÈlrk ,oaola fkdjk nj ;yjqre ù we;'
^uQ,dY%h - g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a úYaj ¥IK jd¾;dj- 2005&
ñksiaiq N+ñlïmd ksid fkduefrk kuq;alvdjefgk f.dvke.s,s ksid ñh h;s'
31
ck wjOdkhg t;rï ,la fkdjqKQ › ,xldfõ
fÄojdplhla'
Èjhsk 2005'08'09
Èjhsk 2005'10'01
Èjhsk
32
ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd ixj¾Okh
ÿießh ^¥IKh& rgl ixj¾Okh wvd, lrkjd muKla fkdj iuyr úgl§ixj¾Ok wdmiq yrjd mßydksh lrd .uka lrùug fya;= ldrl fõ'
f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾ê;" ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk yd W!k ixj¾ê; rgj,af,i j¾. ;=klg fnod we;s w;r fuu rgj,a j, ÿießh ¥IKh& mej;Sfï uÜgu"rfÜ ixj¾Ok uÜgu iu. ixikaokh lsÍfuka ÿießh ^¥IKh& u¾okh lr we;sm%udKhg rg ixj¾Okh ù we;snj fydodldrju ±lsh yel'
uQ,dY%h (- • ,xldfõ iudc yd wd¾Ól o;a; 2004- • ,xld uy nexl=j'
ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Yl-g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a
¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylhudkj
ixj¾Oko¾Ylh2002
tal mqoa.,ksIamdokhwe't'c'
fvd,¾ 2002 2002 2003 2004 2005rg
ixj¾ê; rgj,a
fkda¾fõ
iaùvkh
TiafÜ%,shdj
cmdkh
mska,ka;h
fydxfldx
isx.mamQrej
ol=Kq fldrshdj
ixj¾Okh
fjñka mj;sk
rgj,a
fulaisfldaj
uef,aishdj
refïkshdj
;dhs,ka;h
ms,smSkh
• ,xldj
bkaÿkSishdj
W!k ixj¾ê; rgj,a
nx.a,dfoaYh
khsÔßhdj
wekaf.da,dj
rgj,a ixLHdj
1
2
3
9
13
23
25
28
53
59
69
76
83
96
111
138
151
166
170
24,806
36,600
26,050
28,260
26,940
26,190
26,910
24,040
16,950
8,970
9,120
6,560
7,010
4,170
3,570
3,230
1,700
860
2,730
8.9(8)
9.2(6)
8.8(9)
6.9(24)
9.7(1)
8.0(16)
9.3(5)
4.5(47)
3.6(64)
5.0(39)
2.9(87)
3.6(64)
2.6(102)
3.5(67)
2.0(133)
1.5(145)
1.5(144)
2.0(133)
145
8.5(12)
9.3(5)
8.6(11)
7.1(20)
9.7(1)
8.2(14)
9.3(5)
4.5(40)
3.6(57)
4.9(33)
2.6(74)
3.2(64)
2.6(77)
3.7(52)
1.9(96)
1.2(102)
1.6(101)
1.7(98)
102
8.8(8)
9.3(6)
8.8(8)
7.0(21)
9.7(1)
8.0(14)
9.4(5)
4.3(50)
3.6(64)
5.2(37)
2.8(83)
3.3(70)
2.5(92)
3.4(66)
1.9(122)
1.3(133)
1.4(132)
1.8(124)
133
8.9(8)
9.2(6)
8.8(9)
7.3(21)
9.6(2)
8.3(15)
9.4(5)
5.0(40)
3.5(65)
5.1(39)
3.0(85)
3.8(59)
2.5(117)
3.2(78)
2.2(137)
1.7(158)
1.9(152)
2.0(151)
158
2006 2007
8.8(8)
9.2(6)
8.7(9)
7.6(17)
9.6(1)
8.3(15)
9.4(5)
5.1(42)
3.3(70)
5.0(44)
3.1(84)
3.6(63)
2.5(121)
3.1(84)
2.4(130)
2.0(156)
2.2(142)
2.2(142)
163
8.7(9)
9.3(4)
8.6(11)
7.5(17)
9.4(1)
8.3(14)
9.3(4)
5.1(43)
3.5(72)
5.1(43)
3.7(69)
3.3(84)
2.5(131)
3.2(94)
2.3(143)
2.0(162)
2.2(147)
2.2(147)
179^¥IK ixLHd;
o¾Ylhg wod,&
33
rgl }ie]h ^¥IK& uÜgu ukskafka flfiao@
hï rgl mj;sk ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& uÜgu uek ne,Su i|yd we;s o¾Ylh
g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a ys ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylhhs' Corruption Perception
Index&' iólaIK l%u 10 la weiqfrka tla tla rfÜ ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Su ms<Sn|
o;a; /ialr tla tla rg ysñ ,l=Kq m%udKh ;SrKh lrkq ,efí' ,l=KQ mrdih
ìkaÿfõ ^0& isg oyh ^10& olajd jk w;r wka; ¥Is; kï ,l=Kq 0 la ,efnk w;r
ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& iïmQ¾Kfhkau f;dr kï ,l=Kq 10 la ,efí' jryka ;=, olajd
we;af;a tla tla j¾Ifha§ ,enQ ,l=Kq m%udKh wkqj tA tA rg ,nd.;a ia:dkhhs'
ÿießh ^¥IKh& ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï§ jeo.;a jkafka ,l=Kq m%udKh jk w;r
ia:dkh fkdfõ' ukao tla tla j¾Ihg mdol jk rgj,a ixLHdj wkqj ia:dkh fjkia
jk neúks'
wdishd;sl rgj,ays wd¾Ól o¾Ylhka yd ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylh w;r ixikaokh
^we't'c' fvd,¾& 2001
¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylho< foaYShtalmqoa.,
^wdodhu we't'c'fvd,¾& 2002
tal mqoa.,l%hYla;sh^we't'c'
fvd,¾& 20012002 2003 2004 2005
rg
isx.mamQrej
fydxfldx
cmdkh
uef,aishdj
o'fldßhdj
• ,xldj
Ökh
;dhs,ka;h
bkaÈhdj
ms,smSkh
mdlsia:dkh
bkaÿkSishdj
nx.,dfoaYh
21,500
25,330
25,610
9,120
16,950
880
890
1,940
480
1,030
420
690
360
22,850
25,550
25,560
9,068
17,380
3,260
3,976
6,230
2,820
4,070
1,860
2,830
1,600
9.3
8.0
6.9
5.0
4.5
3.5
3.4
3.6
2.8
2.6
2.1
2.0
1.5
9.3
8.2
7.1
4.9
4.5
3.7
3.5
3.2
2.7
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.2
9.4
8.0
7.0
5.2
4.3
3.4
3.4
3.3
2.8
2.5
2.5
1.9
1.3
9.4
8.3
7.3
5.1
5.0
3.2
3.2
3.8
2.9
2.5
2.1
2.2
1.7
2006 2007
9.4
8.3
7.6
5.0
5.1
3.1
3.3
3.6
3.3
2.5
2.2
2.4
2.0
9.4
8.3
7.5
5.1
5.1
3.2
3.5
3.3
3.5
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.0
34
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& Y%S ,xld uqyqKqjr
^2002$2003 ú.Kldêm;s jd¾;dj&
ud¾. ixj¾Okh wêldßh
weia;fïka;= .; lrk ,o m%udKh blaujd jeh lrk ,o remsh,a 143"914"306
la Khlrejka hg;g we;=,;a lr ;snqKo wdmiq ,nd .ekSug yelsfõo hkak iel
iys;h'
uQ,H m%ldYk j, yd wod, Wmf,aLk w;r remsh,a 14"674"037 l fjki
meyeÈ,s lr fkdue;'
Khlrejka 444 fofkl=f.ka remsh,a 15"777"354 la jir mylg jeä ld,hla
;siafia whlrf.k fkdue;'
f¾.= fomd¾;fïka;=j
2000 jir i|yd jk remsh,a 15"079"115 msßjegqï noao iy remsh,a 22"903"444
jk cd;sl wdrlaIl noao l¿;r yd .d,a, m%dfoaYSh ld¾hd, u.ska tl;= lr ke;'
cd;sl rlaIK ixia:dj
2002 jir ;=,§ cd;sl rlaIK ixia:dfõ fldgia m%d.aOkfha 39] úlsKsfï§
remsh,a ñ,shk 56'6 l mdvqjla lr we;'
kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh
1996 isg 2000 olajd ld,h ;=, remsh,a 429"450"000 uqo,la iud.ï 4 l
wdfhdackh lr ;snqKo 2003-02-31 olajd ta i|yd ,dNdxY lsisjla ,eî fkd;snqKs'
35
› ,xld uyje,s wêldßh
� iel lghq;= yd y÷kdfkd.;a yr yd ner fYaIhkaf.a uq¿ tl;=j ms<sfj,ska
remsh,a ñ,shk 3'424"889 la yd remsh,a ñ,shk 3'75 ls'
� .sKqï 8 l ;snQ meyeÈ,s lsÍula fkdlrk ,o fjki remsh,a ñ,shk 276'880
úh'
� remsh,a ñ,shk 11"079'883 la jQ lreKq 13 la iïnkaOfhka ú.Kkh lsÍu
i|yd idlaIs fkdùh'
� lsisÿ m%;s,dNhla fkdue;sj lr ;snQ wdfhdackhkaf. m%udKh remsh,a ñ,shk
21"133 la úh'
� wdodhï tl;=j wi;=gqodhl jQ w;r tl;= lrk ,o remsh,a ñ,shk 39'397 l
uqo,la wêldßh fj; hjd fkd;snqKs'
� .KqfoKq 6 la iïnkaOj y÷kd.;a mdvqj re' ñ,shk 172'56 ls'
Wmqgd .ekSu -
• ,xldfõ w,a,i yd ¥IKh - kS;sh yd kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh - udkj ysñlï iy ixj¾Okh
ms<sn| kS;sfõ§ ixúOdkfha wOHhk jd¾;dj - 2005 fkdjeïn¾' 75-79 msgq
36
y;rjk mßÉfþoh
ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& fya;=
ÿießh ^¥IKh& isÿjkafka wehs@
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& md¾Yj folls' b,a¨u yd iemhqu kHdh u; md¾Yjhka
l%shd;aul fõ'
fuu tla tla ;eke;a;ka ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& fldgialrejka ùu úúOdldr úh
yelsh'
� Ôj;a ùug iß,k jegqmla fkd,nk rdcH fiajlfhl= ;u wd¾Ól ÿIalr;dj
ksidu fok fohla ndr .ekSug fm<ôh yel'
� fldmuK ,enqK;a uÈ ksid ;udg ,efnk ´kEu wjia:djlska ;udf.a u,a,
mqrjd .kakd wkaofï rdcH fiajlhska ´kE ;rï we;'
� foaYmd,ksl lghq;= ^ue;sjrK jHdmdrh& i|yd w;s úYd, uqo,a iïNdrhla
wjYH jk fyhska tu úhoï mshjd .ekSug" leue;af;ka úhoï lrk ;eke;a;kaf.ka
uqo,a ,nd .ekSug" foaYmd,k n,OdrSka fm<ôh yel'
� ch.%yKh lsÍug bv we;s foaYmd,k mlaI ish,a,gu ue;sjrK wruqo,a
imhd tu.ska ljqre n,hg m;a jQj;a ;u lghq;= lrjd .kakd jHdmdßlhska
isáh yel'
fmdÿ ck;djfldka;%d;alrejka$
jHdmdrslhkaish¨u wdldrfhaksfhdacs;fhda
iemhqu Supply
rdcH ks,OdrSkafoaYmd,k n,OdrSka
cd;Hka;r ydfoaYSh ks, ;ka;%hka
b,a u Demand
37
� kS;s úfrdaë lghq;= lsÍfï§ we;s jk ndOd wju lsÍu i|yd ks¾f,daNSj
úhoï lsÍug leu;s iy ta ksidu ìh iel fkdue;sj wiSñ; ,dN ,eîug
lghq;= i,iajd .kakjqka isáh yel'
� n,Odßhd b,a,k foa fkdÿkafkd;a ;udg lsisjla fkd,efnk ksidfjka iy
l¿.,a j, T¿ ymamd .ekSug wlue;s fyhska w,a,ig wlue;af;ka fyda hg;a
jk wysxil ÿmam;=ka isáh yel'
� úúOdldr nÿ f.ùï j,oS" ks,Odßhdg ikaf;daiula §" wdKavqjg iq¿ .dKla
f.jd" ;udg f,dl= ,dNhla ;nd .ekSug ie§ meye§ isák jHdmdßlhka isáh
yel'
� yefudau .kakd ksid .kakd wh fukau yefudau §fuka jevlr .kakd ksid fok
who isáh yel'
38
ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd f,dal b;sydih
ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'ÿießh ^¥IKh& f,dal b;sydih mqrdu mej; tkakls'
udkj YsIaGdpdrfha wdrïNh iu.u" ÿießh ¥IKh& mej;s nj fukau ÿießhg
^¥IKhg& úreoaOj igka l, njg idOl" udkj b;sydih mqrdu yuqfõ'
Ökfha .d´ ;d´ úiska idok ,o ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Ok kS;s l%s'mQ' 46 isg 21 olajd
ld,h ;=, Ökfha Ishd rdcjxYh úiska l%shd;aul lrk ,§ ÿießhg ^¥IKhg&
ovqju jQfha k,f,a yxjvq .eySuhs'
miq ld,Skj Ök rdcjxY OQrdj,sh ;=< ÿießhg ^¥IKhg&" jrfoa nrm;,lu wkqj
urKSh oKavkh mekjqKq w;r j;auka Ökho ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& urKSh
oKavKh l%shd;aul lrhs'
neìf,dakshdfõ yuqrdì rc l%s'mQ'1792-1750& úiska ÿieß; ¥Is;& rdcH ks,OdÍkag
ovqjï ,nd§u ms<sn| igyka ;enQ ueá M,l yuq ù we;'
l%s'mQ' 14 jk ishjfia§ Bðma;= mdrdfjda fydfrï yela ÿieß; ^¥Is;& rdcH
ks,OdÍkag urKsh okavkh mekùh'
l%s'mQ' 70 § isfifrda frdaufha w.% úksYaphldr fyd.a yg tfrysj ÿieß ¥IK&
fpdaokd ms<sn|j kvq mjrd we;'
;u w¾: Ydia;%hh .%ka:fha§ fl!Ü,H pdKlH& ÿieß; ¥Is;& rdcH ks,OdÍka
ms<sn|j wk;=re wÕjkafka fufiah'
’uyck foam< ndrj isák rdcH ks,OdÍka tlS foam< ;u ,dN m%fhdack
i|yd fhdod .kafka o hkak fiùu c,fha msyskk ud¿fjl= tu c,h îug .kafka
±hs fiùu fuka ¥Ialrh¶
39
fuu ft;sydisl idOl wkqj fmr~mr foÈ.u f,dal ck;dj ;u YsIaGdpdrh
wdrïNfha isgu ÿießh ^¥IKh& msgq ±lsh hq;= nrm;, jrola f,i i,lk ,o nj
fmkS hhs'
tfy;a ;ju;a wm w;ßka ÿießh ^¥IKh& ;=rka ù ke;af;a wehs@
ÿießh ^¥IKh& iudc ixisoaêhls' ÿießh ^¥IKh& mej;Sug fya;= my;
i|yka mßÈ j¾. lr ±laúh yel'
wd¾Ól fya;= -
Ôjk úhoug iß,k jegqmla fkd,eîu
lrkq ,nk fiajdjg iß,k jegqmla fkd,eîu
wdodhï fn§hdfï úIu;djh
oßø;dj ^ÿmam;alu&
foaYmd,k fya;= (-
foaYmd,k taldêldrh
rdcH wdh;k foaYmd,kSlrKh
foaYmd,k wia:djrNdjh
n,hg we;s lEorlu
hqoaOh yd tys .kqfokq j, ryiHNdjh
mgq foaYmd,k u;su;dka;r
mj;akd ue;sjrK l%uh ;=, úhoï by,hdu
úOdhlh" jHjia:dodhlh yd wêlrKh w;r wiunr in|;djh
mßmd,k fya;= (-
rdcH fiajfha wld¾hlaIu nj
Wkkaÿ lsÍï yd fm<Uùï j,ska f;dr rdcH mßmd,k rgdj
rdcH fiajlhd ;u fiajh ms<sn|j ;Dma;shla fkdue;s ùu
mßmd,kfha ixlS¾K l%shdoduh
kqiqÿiaika by, ;k;=re j,g m;a lsÍu
ks,OdÍka i;= n,;, wiuñ;sl ùu
ks,OdÍka w;r n,h ksis mßÈ fn§ fkdhEu
wiSñ; n,;, N+la;s ú§u
ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaO ùug Yla;shla fkdue;s ùu
wd;au .re;ajh fkdue;s ùu
;u ks,fha .re;ajh ms<sn| fkdis;Su
40
kS;suh fya;= (-
mj;sk kS;sfha wvqmdvq ;sîu
kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh wld¾hlaIu ùu
kS;sh ms<sn| .re;ajhla fkdue;s ùu
kS;sh flfrys úYajdih fkdue;s ùu
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrk wdh;k ÿ¾j, ùu
kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkakka ¥Is; ùu
iudÔh fya;= (-
iudc wdl,am
iudc idrO¾u msrsySu
ck;dj wjÈfhka fkdisàu
ck;dj fj; f;dr;=re .,d tafï ksis l%ufõohla fkd;sîu
ÿießh ^¥IKh& ms<sn| ;elSula fkdue;s ùu
iudc yd wd.ñl kdhlhskaf.a ksis u.fmkaùula fkdue;s ùu
ksis l%ufõofhkaa neyer ùug ck;d leue;a;
isú,a iudch fNao ù ;sîu
isú,a iudch Yla;su;a fkdùu
isú,a iudch wjos ùu yd ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Okh
fydxfld foaYfha úch.%yKfha l:dj
² 1970 oYlfha f,dAlfha ÿieß;u ^¥Is;u& fmd,Sish úh'
² fmd,Sishg w,a,ia fkdoS lsisu wdldrhl jHdmdrhla l< fkdyels ;;ajhla
mej;=Ks'
² .Ksld ksjdi, iQÿ fmd<j,a ish,a,lau jl%dldrfhka fufyhjkq ,enqfõ fmd,Sish
úiskauh'
² Okj;au mqoa.,hska jQfha fmd,sia ks<OdrSkah'
² kS;sh l%Shd;aul úu wl%Shj mej;=Ks'
² Okj;a iellrejka lsisúfgl w;awvx.=jg .ekSu fyda Tjqkag tfrysj kvq
mejrSula fkdúh'
² mSg¾ f.dn¾ kï fmd,sia m%Odkshdf.a j;alï ms<sno 1974 § mqj;a m;la u.ska
fy<sorõ lrk ,§' uyck;dj úêu;a mßÈ ixúOdk .; ùulska f;drj ùÈ
nei tA ms<sn|j mÍlaIK mj;ajk f,i n, lrk ,§'
² wdKavqldrjrhd Bg m%;spdr olajñka fï iïnkaOj lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh
ms,sn| ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍug we,iag¾ íf,hd¾ l¾ Alesteir Blair – Kerr
lñgqj msysgqjk ,oS'
41
² lñgqj b;d blaukska mÍlaIKh iïmQ¾K l< w;r ks¾foaYh jQfha ÿieß
^¥IK& lghq;= fiùu i|yd fmd,Sisfhka mßndysrj iajdëk wdh;khla msysgqùug
lghq;= l< hq;= njh'
² ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys iajdëk fldñiu ^ICAC&1 ia:dms; lrk ,oS' tf;la
fmd,Sish i;=j ;snQ ÿieß ^¥IK& úu¾Yk n,;, fldñiug ,enqKs'
² fydxfldx fg,sfldï iud.fï by, ;k;=r w;ay< cela ldg¾ ^Jack Carter&
iajdëk fldñiug flduidßiajrhd f,i iïnkaO úh'
² fmd,sia m%Odkshdg tfrysj lghq;= lsrSug fldñiug n,h ,enqKs'
² fmd,sia m%Odkshd tx.,ka;hg m<dhk ,os'
² Tyqj kej; f.kajd kS;s u.ska lghq;= lrk f,i uyck Woaf>daIK we;súh'
² Tyqj tx.,ka;fhka fydxfldx fj; ndrfok ,oS
² idOdrK mrSlaIKhla meje;ajqKs. bka fmd,sia m%Odkshd jeroslre jQ w;r
ovqjï kshu úh' Tyqf.a Okh rdcika;l úh'
² wka fmd,sia ks<OdrSkaf.a j;alï msrslaiSugo lghq;= lrk ,oS. Bg tfrys jQ
fmd,Sish jev j¾ckh l<y'
² wdKavqldrjrhd" fmd,Sish yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj iajdëk fldñiu
(ICAC& w;r" fmd,Sishg tfrysj ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾Ok kS;sh wkd.;hg n,mdk
mrsos muKla l%shd;aul lrk njg tl.;djhla we;s lr.kakd ,oS' fmd,Sisho
w,a,iska yd ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& f;drj kS;s.relj ;u rdcldÍ bgq lrk
njg m%;s{d ÿkay'
² fmd,Sish ish m%;s{dj u; lghq;= lrk ,o w;r tu.ska úYsIag fmd,sia
fiajhla we;s úh'
¥IKh ke;s lsrSfuka fydxfldx foaYh oskd.;a foa
² rdcH fiajfhA wjxlNdjh
² kS;sh yd iduh ia:dms; ùu
² jHdmdrsl f,dalfha wjxl;ajh
² wdfhdack j¾Okh ùu
² ish¨u wdh;k m%;sixúOdkh ùu
² uyck uqo,a kdia;sh ke;sùu
² wdpdrYS,S iudchla ìysùu
1970 oYlfhaoS f,dalfha ÿieß;u ^¥Is;u& iy ÿmam;au rgj,a j,ska tlla jQ
fydxfldx foaYh wo f,dalfha ÿießh ¥IKh& wvqu iy fmdfydi;a rgj,a w;rg tlaù
isà' fydxfldx foaYh f,dalfha wdfhdackhla lsrSug fyd|u rg njg kï lr we;'
1
ICAC - Independent Commission Againts Corruption.
42
miajk mrsÉfPaoh
ÿießh ^¥IKh& ke;s lsrSu
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdfõ m%ldYkhlska Wmqgd .kakd ,È'
}ie]h ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï l%ufõoh
• ,xldj ;=, ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùu i|yd l%ufõohla we;' tkï ÿieß
^¥IK& je<elaùu i|yd kS;s iy tu kS;s l%shd;aul lsÍug úúO wdh;k we;'
ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok kS;s
1883 oKav kS;s ix.%yh -
w,a,ia" foam< jxl f,i idjoH mßyrKh" idmrdë úYajdih lv lsÍu"
jxpdj wd§ ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shd isr ovqjï ,eìh yels jroj,a f,i olajd we;'
43
1982 fmdÿ foam< ms<sn| jerÈ mk;
fmdÿ foam< tkï wdKavqfõ" jHjia:dms; uKav,hl" rdcH ixia:djl" nexl=jl"
iuQmldr ix.uhl fyda iñ;shl foam< ms<sn| jxpksl l%shd isroËqjï ,eìh yels
jrola njg m;alr we;'
1954 w,a,ia mk; - 1994 w,a,ia yd ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk
fldñIka iNd mk;
ish¨ wdldrfha w,a,ia §ï yd .ekSï" meyeÈ,s lsÍug fkdyels f,i j;alï
whs;slr .ekSï yd úhoï lsÍï yd ¥IKh isroËqjï ,eìh yels jrola njg olajd
we;'
Wmßu isr oËqju-w,a,i-wjq 07 - ¥IKh wjq 10 hs' ^¥IKh jro 1994 §
w,a,ia mk;g f.ktk ,o ixfYdaOkhlska yÿkajd § we;'&
^w,a,ia mkf;a úêúOdk ir,j Wm.%ka: 1 ys i fldgfia olajd we;'&
1975 j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfï mk;
mkf;a olajd we;s mqoa.,hka úiska jd¾Islj j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a
lr hq;= hehs kS;sh kshu lr we;s w;r ksYaÑ; uqo,la f.ùfuka tu jd¾;d mÍlaId
lsÍug;a" iy;sl msgm;a ,nd .ekSug;a mqrjeishkag whs;sjdislu ,nd § we;' ^jeä
úia;r i|yd Wm .%ka:h 1 ys ii fldgi n,kak&
2006 uqo,a úY=oaêlrKh je,elaùï mk; yd 2006 uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d
lsÍï mk;
kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ^¥IKho we;=,;aj& Wmhd.;a uqo,a kS;Hdkql+,
uqo,a njg m;a lsÍu je<elaùu fukau" widudkH uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍug fï
u.ska kS;s mkjd we;s w;r tu mk;a j, úê úOdk lv lsÍu isrovqjï ,eìh yels
jrola njg m;a lrhs' ^jeä úia;r i|yd Wm.ka: 1 ys iii fldgi n,kak&
wdh;k ix.%yh
� rcfha udkj iïm; ksis mrsos yeisrùu uQ,sl wruqKfõ'
� ÿießh ^¥IK& i|yd bv fkd,efnk mrsos rdcH fiajd m;a lsrSï" Wiiaùï"
udrelsrSï yd úkh mrSlaIK iïnkaOfhka wjYH kS;s we;=<;a lr we;'
� rcfha ks<OdrSka n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu md,kh isÿfõ'
� ÿieß; ^¥Is;& ks<OdrSka ms<sn| mrSlaIK meje;aùug bvlv ie,fia'
44
uQ,H fr.=,dis
� rcfha uqo,a yd wfkl=;a foam< ksismrsos fhoùug wod, kS;s we;=<;ah'
� rcfha ñ,oS .ekSï" rdcH ks<OdrSkaf.a úhoï" rcfha uqo,a fjka lsrSï ms<Sn|
kS;s we;=<;ah'
� rcfha uqo,a ÿieß; ^¥Is;& f,i fhoùu je<elaùug oeä m%;smdok we;'
ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok wdh;k
ú.Kldêm;s fomd¾;fïka;=j
� wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska msysgqjd we;s wdh;khls'
� cd;sl uÜgfï" m<d;a uÜgfï yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï we;s rcfha wdh;k
ú.Kkh lrhs'
� ú.Kkfhka miq jd¾;d md¾,sfïka;=jg bosrsm;a lrhs'
� m<d;a md,k wdh;khkays yd úYaj úoHd,hkays ÿieß ^¥IK& iïnkaOfhka
wêNdr mekùfï n,h we;'
� ú.Kldêm;s m;a lsrSu jHjia:dodhl uKAv,fha wkque;sh u; isÿ lrhs'
� m%dfoaYSh ld¾hd, we;'
� uyck meñKs,s o ú.KkfhaoS i,ld n,hs'
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj
� 1954 w,a,ia mk; u.ska ia:dms; lr ;snQ w,a,ia flduidrsia fomd¾;fïka;=j
yd w,a,ia flduidrsia ;k;=r wj,x.= lr" 1994 wxl 19 orK w,a,ia fyda
¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNd mk; u.ska w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd
úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj msysgqùh'
� w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd Ndr .ekSu" ta .ek úu¾Yk lghq;= lsrSu yd kvq mejrSu
yd kvq fufyhùu fldñifï ld¾hNdrh fõ'
fldñiu i;= iqúfYaI n,;, lSmhla
� ´kEu mqoa.,fhl= fldñiu bosrshg leoùug"
� Tyqg tfrys fpdaokd mrslaId lsrSug"
45
� mrSlaIK wjika jk;=re úfoaY .uka n,m;% w;a ysgqùug"
� foam, ysñlï udrelr ,shdmosxÉh je<elaùug"
� fpdaokd ;yjqre fõ kï kvq mejrSug iy fufyh ùug
fldñiug n,h we;'
� m%n,;u ÿ¾j,;djh jkafka fldñiug meñKs,a,la ,eîfuka f;drj w,a,ia
fyda ¥IK fpdaokdjla úu¾Ykh lsrSug we;s fkdyelshdjhs'
cd;sl fmd,sia fldñiu
� 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms; wdh;khls'
� foaYmd,k n,mEï j,ska f;drj fmd,Sish mj;ajdf.k hdu uQ,sl wruqKhs'
� fmd,sia ks,OdrSka udrelsrSu" Wiia lsrSu yd úkh mrSlaIK" foaYmd,k n,mEïj,ska
f;drj isÿ lsrSug bv ie,fia'
� fmd,Sishg tfrysj t,a, jk fpdaokd i,ld ne,Sug n,h we;'
� fmd,sia ks,OdrSkag wjxlj iy iajdëkj lghq;= lsrSug bvlv ie,fia'
� ta ;=<sska fmd,Sish i;= n,;," fmdÿ foam<j,g tfrys wmrdO" fmdÿ wruqo,a
wh:d mrsyrKh wdoS ÿieß ^¥IK& ÿr,Sfï ,d l%shd;aul lsrSug yelsjkq we;'
iajdëk ue;sjrK fldñiu
� 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms;h'
� ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhla ;yjqre lsrSu uQ,sl wruqKhs'
� ue;sjrK wh:d l%shd yd ¥IK u¾okh lsrSfï n,;, fldñiu i;=fõ'
� foaYmd,k lghq;= j,g fmdÿ foaam< fhdod .ekSu je<elaùu'
� ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhla Wfoid udOH wdh;k j,g ud¾f.damfoaY
,ndoSu'
� ue;sjrK j,oS idOdrK f,i rdcH udOH fhoùu'
� idOdrK ue;sjrKhla i|yd fmd,Sish yd wdrlaIl wxY fiajfha fhoùu iy
rdcH ks,OdrSka fufyh ùu'
hk n,;, fldñiu i;=h'
46
iajdëk rdcH fiajd fldñiu
� 17 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska ia:dms; wdh;khls'
� rdcH fiajfha iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre lsrSu uQ,sl wruqKh'
� rdcH fiajfha m;a lsrSï" Wiia lsrSï iy úkh md,kh iïnkaO n,;, fuh
i;=h'
� rdcH fiajlhkaf.a úkh úfrdaë l%shd iïnkaOfhka l%shd lsrSug n,h we;'
� ÿießh ^¥IKh& jro u; /lshdj wysñ lsrSfï n,h mjd ysñh'
� m<d;a rdcH fiajd fldñiu ta ta m<d;a uÜgñka rcfha ks,OdrSkaf.a úkh
úfrdaë l%shd ms<Sn| l%shdlrkq we;'
Tïnqäiauka jrhd
^mrsmd,kh i|yd jk md¾,sfïka;= flduidrsia&
� rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=" jHjia:dms; uKav," ixia:d" rcfha wêldÍka yd m<d;a
md,k wdh;k j,g úreoaOj flfrk meñKs,s úu¾Ykh lrhs'
� mqoa.,fhl=g ;u b,a,Su Rcqju Tïnqâiauka jrhdg fhduq l< yels w;r
úu¾Yk jd¾;dj, msgm;a wod, wdh;k m%Odkshd u.ska fm!oa.,sl ,sms f.dkqj,g
we;=,;a lrhs'
� tla cd;sl Tïnqâiauka jrfhl= yd ld¾hd,hla we;'
� fmd,Sish iy wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j,g muKla fomd¾;fïka;= Tïnqâiauka
jrfhl= yd ld¾hd,hla we;'
� ckdêm;s jrhd úiska m;a lrhs'
wêlrKh
� wêlrKhg wdldr follska ÿießh ^¥IKh& md,kh lsrSug yelshdj we;'
� wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ III jk mrsÉfPaofha i|yka uQ,sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn|
m%;smdok u.ska rdcH fiajh ;=< m;aùï yd Wiiaùï ,ndoSu" fiajfhka bj;a
lsrSu iy nojd .ekSu wdoS wjia:dj,o widOdrKhla isÿ jqjfyd;a fyda ÿieß
l%shd lrk ¥Is;& rdcH ks<Odrsfhl=f.a l%shdfjka uyck;djf.a uQ,sl whs;sjdislï
lv ùula isÿ jqjfyd;a wêlrKh u.ska iykhla ,nd .ekSu ;=,ska ÿießh
^¥IKh& wvq lsrSu isÿ fõ'
47
� w,a,i" ÿießh ^¥IKh& yd fmdÿ foam< wh:d mrsyrKh ms<sn| wêlrK
l%shdud¾.h ^fpdaokd úNd. lsrSu iy ovqjï meñKùu& ÿießh ^¥IKh& wvq
lsrSug bjy,a fõ'
md¾,sfïka;=j ^jHjia:dÞhlh&
� ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys kS;s iïmdokh'
� ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾ok wdh;k msysgqùu yd tAjdg n,;, ,nd§u'
� iNd .¾Nfha§ m%Yak ke.Su iy újdo meje;aùu u.ska úOdhl lghq;=
wëlaIKh lsÍu'
� rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj yryd rdcH wdh;k j, .sKQï mßlaId lsÍu'
� rdcH jHjidh lñgqj yryd rdcH jHjidh j, .sKqï mÍlaId lsÍu'
� rdcH wxYfha by, ;k;=re j,g m;ajkakka iïnkaOfhka by< ;k;=re
ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= ldrl iNd u.ska mÍlaId lsÍu'
ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys kS;s moaO;shla ;sfí kï iy tu kS;s
n,d;aul lsÍug wdh;k o we;s kï ÿießh ^¥IKh& ;jÿrg;a
mj;skafka wehs@
� ck;dj wjÈfhka fkdisàu'
� ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaO uyck u;hla fkd;sîu'
� ckudOH ÿieß ^¥IK& jd¾;dlrKfhka Tíng f.dia ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaë
wdl,amhla we;s lrùug W;aidy fkd.ekSu'
� ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& foaYmd,k wkqn,h yd wkq.%yh ,eîu - foaYmd,lhska
úiska ÿießh ^¥IKh& lsÍu'
� ÿießh ^¥IKh& je,elaúh fkdyels fohla hehs iïu;hla we;s lr.ekSu'
� ÿieß ¥Is;& ud¾.hlska fyda ;u lghq;a; blaukska iy myiqfjka lr .ekSug
ck;dj fm<Uùu'
� ÿießh ^¥IKh& idudkH fohela hehs is;Su'
� ÿießh ^¥IKh& ms<sn| ñ;Hdjka ;=< we,S .e,S isàu'
� ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾okhg uyck iyfhda.h m%udKj;a mßÈ fkd,eîu'
48
ÿießh ^¥IKh& u¾okhg ck;d iyfhda.h ,eìh hq;= whqre
’fuu mk; j,x.= jQ úg ¥IK
l%shd .ek jerosldrhska jk
ish,a,kau w,a,d .ekSug wmg
n,h ,efnkq we;' fï rfÜ
iEu mqrjeisfhl=u iyfhda.h
fkdolajf;d;a fuu mk; kS;s
ix.%yhg we;=<;a lsr Sfuka
jevl a i sÿ fkdfõ 'furg
uyckhd" hq;=lu ms<sn| fmdÿ
yeÕSfuka hqla;j bosrshg ú;a
w,a,ia ¥IK l%shd keje;aùu
i|yd wmg wdOdr osh hq;=h'¶
^tjlg .re wud;H •u;a fcdaka fld;,dj, 1954 wxl 11 ork mk; f,i
iïu; jQ w,a,ia mk;a flgqïm; md¾,sfïka;=jg bosrsm;a lsrSfïoS&
rgl ¥IKh k;r lsÍug uyck;djg fyda
md¾,sfïka;=jg fyda tfia;a ke;skï fjk;a
wdh;khlg muKla ;ksju l< yels l%shdjla
fkdj iEu wfhl=f.au iduQysl m%h;akhlska bgqúh
hq;a;ls' tfukau rdcH wxYfha mj;sk wdh;khkays
ld¾hlaIu;dj yd ukd l%shdldÍ;ajh ;SrKh jkafka
wdh;k msysgqjd we;s kS;s Í;s fyda fr.=,dis u;u
muKla fkdj th fufyhjkq ,nk yd ks,;,
ork ks,OdÍkaf.a yd ksfhdað;hkaf.a l=i,;djh
yd lemùu u;h'
ckdêm;s kS;S{ úchodi rdcmlaI
md¾,sfïka;= uka;%S yd rdcH jHjidh ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;s
49
ÿießh ^¥IKh& uevmeje;aùu iy kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh
kS;sfha l%shdldÍ;ajh ul=¿ ±,la jeks hehs merKs .%Sl lshukla we;' fuh
ul=¿ ±,a iy,laIKh Cob Web Syndrome& f,i yeÈkafõ' ul=¿ ±,la l=vd ueiaika
w,a,d.kakd kuq;a úYd, nUre" foUre jeks lDókag th myiqfjka lvdf.k hdug
bv i,id fohs' f,dalh mqrd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj kS;sh l%shd;aul jkafkao
fuf,ih hkqfjka fmdÿ ueisú,a,la mj;S' Y%S ,xldfõo w,a,ia yd ÿieß ^¥IK& ±,g
yd,a ueiaika yiqjk kuqÿ f;dare fudare yiqjkafka ke;s nj m%p,s; u;hls'
fuys§ nUreka yd foUreka fyda f;dareka yd fudareka f,i ck;dj olskafka
n,.;= mqoa.,hskah' tkï n,j;a foaYmd,k{hska iy Tjqkaf.a i.fhdah'
n,.;= mqoa.,hskag úreoaOj kS;sh l%shd;aul jQ wjia:d Y%s ,xldfõ o ±lsh
yel' bka iuyrla kS;sh yd foaYmd,ksl fyda wh;ksl iodpdrhg tfrysj lghq;=
lsÍu ksid kS;sfha yia;h ÈlajQ wjia:d jk w;r ;j;a iuyrla yqÿ foaYmd,ksl
fya;+ka u; u muKla fõ' foaYmd,ksl wjYH;d i|yd kS;sh ovóud lr .ekSu kS;sh
ms<Sn| .re;ajh ì| jeàug fya;= jk w;r fndfyda úg bka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka
fpdaokdj iïnkaO ksis mÍlaIKhla lsÍu fkdj úreoaOjdÈhd ksyv lsÍuhs' flfia
kuqÿ fujeks foaYmd,ksl wjYH;d u; fukau mqoa.,hd fld;rï n,.;= jQjla jrola
l,d kï kS;shg wkqj ovqjï ,eìh hq;=h hk iodpdrd;aul kHdh u; ÿieß ^¥IK&
fpdaokd i|yd jerÈlre jQ rdcH kdhlhska yd by, ks,OdÍka ms<sn| WodyrK yuqfõ'
j¾.SlrKhlska f;drj tjka isÿùï lsysmhla muKla fuys olajk w;r j¾.SlrKh
lr .ekSu Tng ndr lrñ' tkuq;a n,h" n,mEï lsÍu yd ;;ajh u.ska kS;sh ;ukag
´kE wdldrhg l%shd;aul lrùu fujeks wjia:d kS;sh l%shd;aul lrkakka úiska kS;sh
lvkafka ke;s jQj o kukq ,nk f,i ^not breaking but bending) ±lafjk w;r
th m%cd;ka;%jd§ mrudo¾Yh ksfIaOkh lsÍula jkq we;' jdKsc n,h" ;dlaIKsl
n,h yd hqouh n,h ;ks ;ksj fyda iyiïnkaê;j l%shd;aul jkq ±lsh yels jk
w;r fndfyda úg n,.;= rdcHhkays fuh ks;r isÿjkakls'
1941 jHjia:dodhl uKav,fha idudðlhkag tfrys w,a,ia fpdaokd úNd. l,
t,a'tï'ã' o is,ajd fldñIka iNdj ysgmq m<d;a md,k weu;sjrhd o we;=¿j iajfoaY
lghq;= ms<sn| lñgqfõ idudðlhska 4 fofkl=" fi!LH lñgqfõ idudðlfhl= yd
50
hqfrdamSh uka;%Sjre 03 fofkl= jerÈlrejka njg ;SrKh lsÍu yd tA u; iuyrla
b,a,d wiaùu yd b,a,d wia fkdjQ wh fkrmd yeÍu'
1949 tï'ví'tÉ' o is,ajd fldñIka iNdj u.ska 1947fld<U uy k.r iNdfõ
Pkaoh ms<Sn| w,a,ia fpdaokdjg mqrm;s jrhd jerÈlre lsÍu'
1959 ;,f.dvmsáh fldñIka iNdj u.ska md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjre 06 fofkla yd
weu;sjrfhla w,a,ia fpdaokd i|yd jerÈlre lsÍu'
1971-1975 olajd l%shd;aul jQ wmrdO hqla;s úksYaph fldñIka iNdj u.ska úfoaY
úksuh jxpd i|yd n,.;= mqoa.,hska jerÈlrejka njg kï lsÍu'
1978 ckdêm;s mÍlaIK fldñIka iNdj u.ska ysgmq w.%ud;Hjßh yd ysgmq
weu;sjrfhla n,h whq;= f,i fhoùu ms<Sn| jerÈlre lsÍu yd tys m%;sM,h f,i
m%cd whs;sh ke;s lsÍu'
w,a,i yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrys kS;sh úúêldrfhka f,dj mqrd l%shd;aul
fõ' Ökh w,a,i yd ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& m%;súmdlhka f,i iudchg jk ydksh i,ld
n,d urKSh oKavkh kshu lrk wjia:d we;' ^Wod(- 2007 iema;eïn¾ udifha§
wdydrmdk yd fT!IO md,k wëldßfha ysgmq iNdm;sjrhd w,a,ia fpdaokd ksid urKSh
oKavkhg ,la lsÍu&' cmdkfha wju jYfhka ysgmq w.ue;sjre 4 fofkl=j;a ÿieß
^¥IK& fpdaokd u; isr.; lr we;' fmare rdcHfha ysgmq ckdêm;s we,an¾fgda
mshqðfudß ±kg 6 jirl nkaOkd.dr .; lsÍug ,la ù we;' ms,smSkfha udfldaia
tfrysj kvq mejÍug fmr Tyq ñh .sh w;r tiag%dvd fï jk úg jerÈlre njg
wêlrKh úiska m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' bkaÿkSishdfõ iqy¾f;dag úreoaOj kvq
úNd.h wdrïN l< w;r kvq úNd.hg uqyqK §u i|yd Tyqf.a uy¿ nj ndOdjla
nj úksYaphldrjrekaf.a u;h jQ neúka kvq úNd.h fkdmeje;ajqKs'
Y%S ,xldfõ§ j;alï wh:d f,i Wmhd.;a njg ysgmq weu;sjre fofofkl=g
úreoaOj kvq úNd. lrk ,o w;r wêlrKh úiska tla weu;sjrfhla ksfodia fldg
ksoyia lrk ,o w;r wfkla weu;sjrhd kS;s m%Yakhla u; ksoyia lrk ,§' ysgmq
hqo yuqodm;sjrfhl=g tfrysj mjrd ;snQ j;alï ms<sn| kvqjlao fuf,i kS;s m%Yakhla
u; wjika lr we;'
51
ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùu i|yd M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka
ÿießfha ^¥IKfha& fhfokakjqkag ovqjï §fï kS;suh l%shdud¾.h u.ska isoao
jkafka jro lrkakg bv yer jro wkdjrKh jqjfyd;a ovqjï §fï idïm%odhsl
l%uhhs' fuu.ska je<elaùula ñi je<lSula isÿjkafka ke;' m%;sldrhg jvd je<elaùu
jvd hym;ah hk merKs wdma;h ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<lSu i|yd id¾:lj f,djmqrd
l%shd;aul lrñka mj;S'
f,djmqrd m<d;a md,k l%uhka wOHhkh lsrSfuka wk;=rej ÿießh ^¥IKh&
rdcH wxYh ;=< mj;skafka iy ta flf¾ n,mdkafka flfiao hkak ms<snoj .Ks;uh
iólrKhl wdldrhg wdpd¾h frdn¾Ü la,sÜ.dâ (Dr.Robbert Klitgaard) úiska
b;du;a ir, meyeos,s lsrSula lr we;'
C = M + D - A
¥IKh } tAldêldrh ¬ wNsu;dkqidrS n,h - j.ùu
Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion - Accountabillity
fuu iólrKfhka woyia flfrkafka tAldêldÍ ;;ajhla mj;sk úfgl rcfha
ks,Odßfhl=g ish n,;, l%shd;aul lsÍug wNsu;dkqidÍ n,hla mj;skafka kï iy
tu wjia:dfõ§ tu ks,OdÍhd lsisÿ j.ùulg ,la fkdjkafkakï túg ÿießh ¥IKh&
mj;sk njhs' ld¾hlaIu iy M,odhS rdcH wxYhl md,kh lrk ,o wNsu;dkqidrS
n,h iy j.ùu w;r b;d fyd| iunr;djhla wjYHfõ' rdcH fiajh ;=<
úksúoNdjhlska hq;= úIh uQ,sl iy j.ùu ixia:dmkh lrk Í;s moaO;shla yÿkajd
§ tAjd w¾: ksrEmKh fldg l%shd;aul lr .ekSug wjYH meyeÈ,s ia:djr iy
Ñria:dhS l%ufõohla yÿkajd §u u.ska rdcH wxYh ÿießfhka ¥IKfhka& j<lajd .;
yelsh' tjeks lreKq rdcH ks,OdrSka f.a md¾Yjfhka is¥jk wh:d lghq;= ioyd we;s
wjia:djka wju lr we;' ÿieß ^¥IK& l%shdjkays kshef,k ´kEu ks,Odrsfhl=
ffk;slj fyda foaYmd,kslj j.ùfï iïNdú;dj fuu.ska by< ouhs' fndfyda wjia:djka
ysoS kS;s iy fr.=,dis ´kE;rï ;sfnk nj oelsh yelsh' jeo.;a jkafka ÿießh
^¥IKh& os.ska os.gu meje;aùug je<elafjk mßÈ tlS rS;Ska yd fr.=,dis w¾:l:kh
lsrSu iy n,d;aul lsrSuhs'
52
1' f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh kS;s.; lsÍu'
uyck uqo,a yd foam< n,OdÍka úiska mßyrKh lrk wdldrh
±k.ekSug uyck;djg we;s whs;sh kS;sh u.ska ms<s.ekSug ,la lsÍu yd tA whs;sh
m%fhdackj;a f,i Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd fndfyda rgj,a f;dr;=re ±k .ekSfï whs;sh
kS;sfhka ,nd § we;' ixj¾ê; rgj,a ish,a,lau mdfya fuu whs;sh kS;s.; lr we;s
w;r wLKav uyck Woaf>daIKhl m%;sM,h jYfhka bkaÈhdj f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï
whs;sh kS;s .; lr we;' bkaÈhdfõ ÿießh ¥IKh& wvq ùug f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï
whs;sh buy;a msgqjy,la ù we;'
2' mßmd,k ld¾hdj,sh i|yd ck;d iyNd.S;ajh ,nd.ekSu'
;SrK .ekSu" ;SrK l%shd;aul lsÍu yd miqúmru hk mßmd,kfha
;%súO wjia:d j,§ ck;d iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSu u.ska uyck uqo,a ksis mßÈ
fhoùu fuu.ska iy;sl flf¾' fuu iyNd.S;aj l%shdj,sh b;d wE; w;S;fha isgu
mej; tkakla jk w;r ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a j, uE; ld,Skj foaYmd,kfha
isÿ jQ jHQjyd;aul fjkiaùï ksid wu;l fldg fyda mfilg ;,a¨ lrk ,oaols'
;ju;a l%shd;aul jk bkaÈhdfõ mxpdh;a l%uh yd ,xldfõ ;snQ .ïiNd óg fyd|
ksoiqkah' uE;§ wdrïN lr we;s ckiNd l%ufha fujekakl Pdhdud;%hla we;' ±kg
Ndú;d fkdlrk kuqÿ m%dfoaYSh iNdjkays lñgq j, idudðlhkaf.ka yß wvla m%foaYfha
uyck;djf.ka iukaú; úh hq;= njg kS;sfhka kshu lr we;'
mßmd,khg ck;d iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSfï wdldr lsysmhla we;'
I. iyNd.s;ajh whjeh (Participatory Budgeting)
n%iS,fha fmda¾fgda we,af.%a k.rfhka wdrïN jQ fuu l%ufõoh
±ka f,dalh mqrd k.r úYd, m%udKhl l%shd;aul fõ'
II' iyNd.S;aj ú.Kkh (Participatory Auditing)
W;=re ms,smSkfha wen%d m%foaYfha ck;dj úiska rdcH uqo,a úhoï
lr we;s wdldrh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su u.ska hymd,khg odhl jQ wjia:djls' fuys
úfYaI;ajh jkafka fuu ld¾hdj,sfha m%Odk l%shdldÍka jkafka .Dykshka" YsIH YsHdjka
iy ;reK fldgia j,ska iukaú; idudkH uyck;dj ùuhs'
53
III' iyNd.S;aj mßmd,kh (Participatory Administration)
jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdj u.ska id¾:l f,i w;ayod neÆ
l%uhls fuh' fuu jev ms<sn|j l%shd;aul ùfuka m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ nÿ wdodhu 300]
lska by, .sh w;r m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska bgq l, hq;=j ;snQ uyck ld¾hhka 80] la
m%dfoaYSh iNdfõu uqo,a u.ska wod, j¾Ih ;=,§ ksu lsÍug yels úh'
by; olajd we;s m%fõYhhkaf.a isoaê wOHhk i|yd Wm .%ka:h 3 n,kak'
4' iqms<smkak;d iïuq;shla (Integrity Pact)we;s lr.ekSu
ñka woyia jkafka foaYmd,{hska" rdcH fiajlhska jHdmdrlhska iy
isú,a iudch rfÜ iqms<smkak;djh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd iduQysl .súiqulg tlÕ ùuhs'
ol=Kq fldßhdfõ§ w;ayod neÆ fuh wo jk úg b;d id¾:l m%;sM, ,ndfoñka mj;S'
ol=Kq fldßhdfõ iqms<smkaNdjfha iïuq;sh
f,dalfha úYd,;u wd¾Ólh ysñ fldßhdj" b;du;a lK.dgqodhl f,i g%dkaiafmarkais
bkagkeIk,a ÿieß ¥IK& ixcdkk o¾Ylfha by, ia:dkhla ,nd .ekSfï ÿIalr;djfhka
fmf<a' Wiia rgj, uÜgu lrd <.d ùfï fldßhdfõ wNs,dYhg ¥IKh úYd,
ndOlhla ù we;'
w;S; mrsmd,lhka ksrka;rfhkau Tjqkaf.a ks,fha rS;Ska ¥IK úfrdaë ,xPkh hgf;a
m%isoaêhg m;a lr ;snqk kuq;a ksrka;rfhka ks,OdÍ me,eka;sh iy jHdmdßlhka w;r
ino;dj iy {d;S ix.%y jeks ÿieß ^¥Is;& wmpdrhka ksid tu Í;s l%shd;aul ùula
fkdùh' 1997 § úfoaY úksuh w¾nqohg mdol jQ yeka fnda wmpdrhg ^Han Bo
Scandal& m%Odk jYfhka ÿießh ^¥IKh& fya;= úh'
by, uÜgfï ÿießhka ^¥IKhka& ch.ekSug rdcH" foaYmd,ksl iy fm!oa.,sl
wxYhka iy isú,a iudch w;r iduQysl iyfhda.hla wjYH fõ'
tuksid" w;S;fha§ isÿjQ wid¾:l;ajhkaf.ka ñ§ug .;a jHdhduhla f,i rdcH"
foaYmd,k iy fm!oa.,sl wxYhkays ksfhdað;hkaf.a fmruqKla yryd ¥IK úfrdaë
l%uhla f.dvke.Sug isú,a iudc ixúOdkhka fhdackdjla f.k tk ,§'
fldßhd iïuq;sh ^K. Pact& f,i yÿkajk fuu ÿieß ^¥IK& úfrdaë iy úksúoNdjh
ms<sno fldßhdkq iïuq;sh ¥IKh ch.ekSug by; i|yka wxYhka y;r w;r
iyNd.S;ajh iy tl.;djh yryd ixj¾ê; iudchla ,.d lr.ekSug úksúoNdjfhka
hq;= ;sridr jHdmdrhla fõ'
54
5' mqrjeis m%{ma;s (Citizens' Charters)
;ukaf.a whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j ±kqj;a iy úYajdiS wdldrhg tAjd
;yjqre lr.kakd nqoaêu;a mqrjeis m%cdjla" rdcH wdh;khka ;=< iqms<smkakNdjh
iy;sl lsÍug iy mj;ajdf.k hdug w;HjYH fõ' rcfha j.lsjhq;=Ndjh j¾Okh
lsÍug n,iïmkak kjHlrKhla jkafka mqrjeis m%{ma;s j¾Okh lsÍuhs' fïjd ks,OdÍka
iy fiajd ,dNSka hk fowxYh iu. lrk ,o idlÉcdjla yryd t<eô mßudksl fiajd
;;ajhka y÷kajd §ug b,lal lr we;' ksfhdað;dh;khkag m%isoaO fiajd m%ñ;Skag fmdÿ
jYfhka wkq.;j uyck;djg úfYaIs; fiajdjka fhdod .kakd w;r;=r Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï
iy ysñlï ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s iy ixCIsma; f;ddr;=re ,nd fohs'
rdcH wxYfha ksfhdað; wdh;khkaf.a ieleiau" ld¾hNdrh iy fufyhqï ms<sn|j
f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍug o m%{ma;s Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsh' ck udOH" fmdÿ
mqia;ld, yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh wd§ ish¿ ud¾.hka Tiafia" f;dr;=re mq¿,A jYfhka
,nd .ekSug bv ie<ish hq;=h' WodyrKhla jYfhka bkaÈhdfõ mqrjeishkag fndfyda
wjia:djka ys§ w,a,ia whlr .kq ,nk fiajdjka ms<sn|j f;dr;=re j,g m%fõYh
,nd §u u.ska mqrjeis m%{ma;Ska my< uÜgfï ÿießhkaf.a ¥IKhkaf.a& uÕ weysßug
lghq;= lrhs' fuu m%{ma;s rch u.ska imhkq ,eìh yels fiajdjka" tAu fiajdj i|yd
ld, iSudjka" iïnkaO úh hq;= rcfha ks<Odßhd iy fiajdjka iemhSu isÿ fkdjk
úfgl tA fjkqfjka .; yels ms<shï ms<sn|j úia;r lrhs'
idudkHfhka m%{ma;Ska fiajh i<ik uyck;djg rcfha odhl;ajh ilia lrhs'
rcfha tA tA ksfhdað;dh;k u.ska imhkq ,nk fiajdjka f.a úia;r fuu m%{ma;Ska
u.ska idrdxY.; lrhs' tfiau tu fiajdjka ,nd .kafka flfia o iy fiajdjka u.ska
wfmalaIs; m%;sM,hka fkd,efí kï l=ula l< hq;= o hkak o fuu.ska úia;r lrhs'
fuu m%;smdokhka m%dfhda.sl jYfhka tAjd myiq f,i fhdod .ekSug iu;a jk
wdldrhg ilia lr ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' w¾: ksrEmKhka jHdl+, iy.; iy mq¿,a tAjd
kï uyck;dj tu.ska wmyiq;djhg m;a ù YS>% f,i wkjfndaOh j¾Okh úh yels
w;r isú,a fiajlhkago Tjqka <Õd ùug wfmalaId lrkq ,nk b,lalhka ms<sn|j
wmeyeÈ,s;djhla we;s jkq we;' uyck;dj iu. .kqfokq lrk fomd¾;fïka;=jla
fyda ksfhdað;dh;khla hk l=ul jqjo m%uqL;ajh ,nd foñka m%{ma;sfha msgm;a
m%o¾Ykh l< hq;=h'
Y%S ,xldfõo rdcH mßmd,k yd iajfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh 2007 jif¾§
yÿkajd ÿka mqrjeis m%{ma;sh id¾:l m%;sM, fmkakqï lrhs'
55
6' uyck wOHdmk yd f;dr;=re jevigyka
WÞyrK ( fydxfldxys iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñiu ^ICAC&
fydxfldx rdcHh ì%;dkHhka úiska md,kh lrk ,o ld,h ;=<
1974 fmnrjdß ui 15 Èk md,l uhqß uelaf,dfydia ^Murry Machehos& úiska
fydxfldx iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñiu ^ICAC& msysgqjk ,§' fydxfldxys wdKavqj
iy úfYaIfhkau tys rdclSh fmd,sia n,ldfha uq,aneif.k ;snQ ¥IKh uq,skqmqgd ±óu
tys wruqK úh' iajdëk ¥IK úfrdaë fldñifuys flduidßiajrhd úiska m%Odk;ajh
ork ,o uyck wOHdmk jevigyk uyck;djf.a wdl,amhka laIKhlska fjkia
l< fkdyels nj;a" ±kqj;aNdjh kexùfï§ tA ioyd ld,h iy bjiSu wjYH nj;a
;sridr m%;sM, ,Õd lr .ekSu ioyd wëIaGdkYs,S;ajh tlu u. nj;a fmkajd ÿks'
ICAC uyck wOHdmkh iy ±kqj;aNdjh kexùu flfrys jir 32 lg jvd jeä
ld,hla .;lr ;snqKs' ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;k iy fm!oa.,sl iy rdcH wxYhka w;r
iïnkaO;djh Yla;su;a lsÍug ICAC jd¾Islj ieis 2700 la mj;ajd ;snqKs' idudkHfhka
jirlg m%cd iïnkaO;d ks,OdÍka idlÉPd l%shdldrlï iy úfYaI jHdmD;s 800 la
yryd 200"000 la 300"000 la w;r ck;djla fj; hhs' uyck ieis" jevuq¿ mdi,a
yuq iy jHdmdßlhka iy jD;a;slhka ioyd iïuka;%K yryd ICAC ld¾h uKAv,h
jd¾Islj uyck;djf.ka 4] la 5] la w;r m%udKhla yuq jQy' óg wu;rj ICAC
ishqï f,i ck udOH fhdodf.k wjxl;ajfha ixialD;sh uyck;dj ;=<g ldjeoa§ug
lghq;= lrhs' ICAC ys úiska isÿ lrk fufyjrys ;j;a jeo.;a wxYhla jkafka
rEmjdyskS jevigyka wxYhhs' fuu Y%jH oDIH kd<sldj iqms<smkakNdjfha mKsúvh
m%j¾Okhg yd úksúoNdjh by< ±óug jQ flduidßiajrhdf.a wka;¾cd, fõÈldjhs'
fuu kd,sldj rEmjdyskS fiajd uOHia:dkh iy jevigyka uOHia:dkh f,i uOHia:dk
follska iukaú; fõ' uQ,ald,fha§ uQ,sl jYfhka kj ICAC jevigyka úoyd olajñka
o miqj jir mqrd ksIamdokh lrk ,o ICAC fg,skdgH ud,djlska o iu;aú; úh'
fuu fg,s kdgH ud,dj fydxfldx Èjhsk ;=, ckm%sh;u fg,s kdgH 10 ;=, úldY ld,
mßÉfþoh ;=,§ mej;sK'
óg wu;rj fydxfldx ICAC wdh;kh mdi,a uÜgfuka §m jHdma; wOHhk
jevigyka ud,djla l%shd;aul lrhs' iqms<smkak iudchla f.dvkexùfï mKsúvh mqyqKq
ieis jdr ;=,§ .=rejrekag ,nd§u u.ska th iuia: YsIH m%cdj mqrdu ikaksfõokh
lsÍug yelshdj ,eî we;' fydxfldx foaYh fï u.ska foaYfha wkd.;h iqrlaIs; lr .kS'
56
ñ;Hdj
ksoyia wd¾Ól rgdjla ;=, ÿießh ¥IKh&
;sîu je<elaúh fkdyel'
ikaf;daiï u.ska rdcH fiajh ld¾hlaIu
fõ' tneúka th rfÜ ÈhqKqjg fya;= fõ'
.,k .Õlska Èhfoda;la .;a;dg mdvqjla
isÿ fkdfõ'
w,a,ila u.ska kS;s úfrdaë fkdjk fohla
tkï orefjl= ckm%sh mdi,lg we;=,;a lrjd
.ekSu jekakla lr .ekSu ie,lsh hq;= jrola
fkdfõ'
ÿießh ¥IKh& iEfyk ld,hla ;=, l%ñlj
j¾Okh jQjls' tneúka th u¾Okh lsÍug;a
tjeksu ld,hla .;fõ '
foaYmd,k wkq.%yhla fkd,efí kï ÿieß
^¥IK& u¾Ok l%ufõoh id¾:l fkdfõ'
ÿießh ^¥IKh& .ek ñ;Hdj yd i;Hh
i;Hh
iïmQ¾K ksoyia wd¾Ólhla l%shd;aul lrk
isx.mamQrej yd fydxfldx rdcHhka ÿießh
^¥IKh& wju lrk ,o rdcHhka folls'
w,a,ia .kakd rdcH fiajlhd jev blauka
fkdlrhs' Tyq lrkafka w,a,ia fok whf.a
jev muKs' w,a,ia fkdÿkafkd;a jev fkdlrhs'
tneúka w,a,i rdcH fiajh lvskï lrkjd
fkdj thg ;srsx.hla f,i l%shd lrhs'
osh ìxÿj ìxÿj tla ù uyd id.rhla iEfokjd
fukau ìxÿj ìxÿj ysia ùu ksid uyd id.rhla
úh,S hEugo yelshdj we;'
w,a,ia u.ska jdishla i,id .ekSu iudc
iïu;h jQ l, n,mj;ajk idOlh jkafka
w,a,iska bgq lrjd .kakd lghq;af;a hqla;s
hqla; Ndjh fkdj w,a,ihs'
i;H úh yelsh' fndfyda hqfrdamSh rgj,a fï
i|yd Y;j¾I folla ;=kla .; l<y'
cmdkhg wjqreÿ 50la .;úh' tfy;a isx.mamQrej
wjqreÿ 10 la ;=,§ m%;sM, fmkajQ w;r fydxfldx
foaYhg .;jQfha wjqreÿ 4 la muKs'
foaYmd,k wkq.%yh ,efíkï th blauka
id¾:l;ajh ,eîug fya;= fõ' tfy;a fndfyda
hqfrdamSh rgj, ÿieß ^¥IK& u¾okhg
fya;=jQfha uyck l%shdldrlïh' tfukau
fydxfldx foaYfha§ wúêu;a uyck Woafhda.h
yd b,a u blauka m%;sM, f.k wdfõh'
57
is;d n,kakg '''''''''''''''''''''''''''
úÿyf,a lS¾;skduh wkqj .e,fmk w,a,ila oS ckm%sh mdi,lg ;u orejd
we;=,;a lr .kakd fouõmshka ta .ek Woï wkk w;r mdif,a úÿy,am;s;=ud w,a,ia
.;af;a jQjo ;udg Wmldrhla l< wfhl= f,i i,lhs' tneúka ta ms<Sn| meñKs,s
lsÍu fyda Tyqg úreoaOj idlaIs §ug foudmshka is;kafka ke;'
wo rfÜ idudkH ;;ajh'
fyfrdhska lsf,da 3 1$2 iu. w;awvx.=jg .;a ldka;djlg tfrysj kS;sh
l%shd;aul fkdlr isàug remsh,a ,laI 5 l w,a,ila b,a,d" flaj,a lsÍfuka miq
remsh,a ,laI 3 la ,ndf.k wod, ldka;dj ksoyia l< iqrdnÿ ks,OdÍka fofofkl=
úiska tu u;al=vq f;d.h úl=Kd .kakd ,§'
w,a,ia fyda ¥IK fpdaokd úu¾Yk
fldñIka iNdj úiska lrk ,o
úu¾YkhloS wkdjrKh jQ lreKq
fyfrdhska .%Eï 2 lg jvd jeä m%udKhla ,. ;nd .ekSu" fyda cdjdrï lsrSu
urKSh okavkfhka ovqjï ,eìh yels jrols'
igyk - fuu meñKs,a, fldñiug tl t,af,au ,enqKq meñKs,a,la fkdj" u;al=vq
úlsKSu ms<sn|j ,enqKQ ks¾kdñl meñKs,a,la úu¾Ykfha§ fmd,sia u;aøjH ksjdrK
ld¾hdxYh fj; ,enqKq f;dr;=re u; tu ld¾hxYh úiska w,a,ia fldñiu fj; fhduq
lrk ,oaols'
u;aøjH ksjdrKh i|yd ks, jYfhka lghq;= lrk iqrdnÿ
ks,OdrSyq w,a,ia .kakjd muKla fkdj u;aøjH fj<oduo lrkjd
fkdfõo @
58
b;sydi .; lreKq wkqj Y%S ,xldjdiS wmyg
ÿieß ^¥IKhg& bv ke;'
wkqrdOmqr hq.h
—i;r jdy,alv rka ߧ uq;= ue‚la msrjQ n÷ka i;rla
;nd jev lrkq ,enQ m%udKhg iß,k fia f.k hkakg
okka yg bv ie,iQ
rejka je,s uyd iE l¾udka;h
uyd jxYh
ksYaYxlu,,rc
—w,a,i .kakjqka iy ¥IKfha fhfokakjqka B,Õ
wd;aufha§ n,a,ka iy lmqgka ù bmfokq we;˜
wU.uqj fi,a,smsh
isxy,fha rdc kS;sh
—wh:d wkaoñka ji a; =j /i afldg.;a rcfh a
ks,ulaldrjrekaf.a foam< rdc ika;l lsÍu˜
frdnÜ fkdlaia
—fidrlu isxy,fha fy<d ols;s' ÿisß;a w;=ßka Tjqka b;du
wvq jYfhka fhfokafka fidrlfuys nj lsj yelsh' iqpß;
O¾u" hym;a .;s.=K yd i;Hjd§ nj hk .=KO¾u j,g
jpkfhka muKla fkdj l%shdfjkao m%Yxid lr;s' .=K
j¾Kkd lr;s' fkdfyd| foa fkdfyd| nj ±k ±k;a
ñksidg wd.u O¾uh wkqj fyd¢ka Ôj;a úh fkdyelafla
;ukaf.a u ÿ¾j,lu ksid nj ms<s.ks;s—
17 jk Y;j¾Yh - tÞ fy, Èj
59
wfma rcacqrejkaj frdnÜ fkdlaia ÿgq yeá
fï rfÜ rgjeishka uyrcq fj; isrs;a mrsos mvqre mdlal=vï fkdfyd;a whnÿ
f.k tkafka w¨;a wjqreÿ ld,fhysh' uq,a wjosfhaoS rc;=ud fufia whnÿ ndr.ekSu
ks;H ksrka;rfhkau lrkak mqreÿj isáho" wmrNd.fhys rdc NdKavd.drh msrS b;srS
.sh fyhska" miq ld,fhys Tyq wh nÿ Ndr .;af;a b;d l,d;=rlsks' iaj,am jYfhks'
fï rcf;fï rgjeis ck;djf.a wh .ekSu ms<sl=,a fldg ie,l=fõh' rfÜ ck;djo
whnÿ f.ùu t;rï wjYH ke;s lreKla yeáhg is;+y' tfia jQjo we;eï jeisfhda
whnÿ f.ùu wjYH f,i i,ld rcq fj; mqo mvqre f.k .shy' wˆ;a wjqreÿ iufha
fndfyda fihska fufia lrkqq ,enqfõ wêm;s ckhdh' tfy;a wjqreÿ lSmhlau uy rcq
tnÿ mvqrej;a ms<Sfkd.;af;ah' ljr fyhskaoh;a @ f,dalfha lsisu fohla t;rï
w.h fldg fkdi,lkakg ;rï rcqf.a is; Wiia jQ neúks'
^tod fy< osj - frdanÜ fkdlaia - mrsj¾;kh - fâúâ lreKdr;ak&
wo wfma › ,xldj
60
@
yhjk mrsÉfPaoh
wms l=ula lruqo
wms l=ula lruqo @
� wmf.a yelshdjka wkqj" hym;a mqrjeishka f,i iemj;a cSú;hla .; lsrSfï
whs;sh • ,xldjdiS iEu fokdgu we;af;ah' w,a,i yd ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka&
f;dr rdcH ;ka;%hla mj;ajd .ekSu wmf.a whs;shls'
� whs;sjdislï bfí my, jkafka ke;' whs;sjdislï b,a,d isáh hq;=hs' túg
,efnkq we;'
� w,a,i yd ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& úreoaOj Tnf.a yv wjÈ lrkak' ÿießfhka
^¥IKfhka& f;dr rdcH ;ka;%hla b,a,d isákak' th wfma whs;shhs'
� uyck uqo,ska jegqma ,nk rcfha fiajlhdg;a" uyck uqo,ska hefmk
foaYmd,lhdg;a uyck uqo,a jxpd lsÍug;a kdia;s lsÍug;a bv fkd;nkak' ukao ta
wfma iy wfma orejkaf.a uqo,a neúks'
61
ÿießhg ^¥IKhg& tfrysj ke.S isàu - ldf.a j.lSuo@
n¨ l=K* - wfcdald ;shg¾
l:dj
tla;rd k.rhl k.rjdiSka Wfoa kskafoka msìfokjd;a iu.u tys m%Odk ùosfha mdr ueo uereKqn,af,l=f.a u< l=Kla olakg ;sìKS' fuu o¾Ykfhka Tjqka yeufofkla u uú;hg fukau wm%ikak;;a;ajhg m;aù fï lrorldrS ’n¨ l=K¶ .ek ish woyia m, l<y' tfia jQjo fuu m%Yakh .ek lsisÿl%shd ud¾.hla .ekSug ;rï Tjqka Wkkaÿ fkdjQ w;r ish iqmqreÿ rdcldrS j, ksr;jQy' Tyq tlsfkldiu. l,y lr.ksñka iy ;j;a iuyre ´md¥m m;=rjñka ish ffoksl ld¾hhkays ksr; fj;s'
tu k.rjdiS wh w;r ish Wvq /jq, .ek ksrreju Wkkaÿjk fm,jka kï ri leú,s fjf<kaod oish f¾irh .ek mqridrï fodvjk fukau .DyKshla jk wmd iu. md ¥m l:djg reisfhla jQ iq,aacakeue;s lrKjEñhd o ish nr wvqlr .ekSug ks;ru jHdhdufha ksr;jk kuq;a iqmqreÿ ¥IK lghq;=j, fhfok rdcH ks,Odrsfhla jQ u,slao" cqïuka keue;s lïue,s li, fYdaOlhdo" ’n¨ m%Yakh¶bosrsm;a lr ;j ;j;a oSukd iy ,eîï tl;=lr .ekSug hqyqiq jk wd.ñl kdhlfhlao" ish¨uidOdrK iy widOdrK ud¾. j,ska ;u foaYmd,k wruqKq bgqlr .ekSfï ksr; jk iNdm;s o Tjqkaw;r jQy' ta w;r fuu ’n¨ l=K¶ ksid tla Wu;= mqoa.,fhl= muKla buy;a É;a; mSvdjg ,lajkkuq;a Tyq ldf.a;a úfõpkhg ,lafõ'
fï ish¨fokdu rd;%S kskaog .shuq;a bjish fkdyels ÿ.| ksid kskafoka msìfoa' ÿ¾.kaoh uev,Su i|yd’yÿkal+re¶ fnodfoñka ’fuys t;rï ÿÕ|la keye - lreKdlr Tfí kdih .ek ie,ls,su;a jkak"fuu yÿkal+re mdúÉÑ lrkak¶ hkqfjka mjihs' fuu ÿr.kaOhg fm%alaIlhska o md¾Yjlrejka f,iye.S hkfia Tjqka w;r o yÿkal+re fnokq ,nhs' fuu lghq;= isÿùfïoS ’n¨ l=K¶ os.ska os.gu t;k;sfnk w;r th bj;a lsrSug fuf;la lsisu wfhla Wkkaÿ fkdjQfha ukaoehs Wu;= ñksid fm%laIlhskaf.kam%Yak lrhs'
iudcfha olakg we;s m%Yak iy ¥IK ;=rka lsrSug wmg M,odhS hula lsrSug fkdyelsùu ms<sn|jiuia; iudchu Wmydihg ,lalrk ydiHfhda;amdol fuu kdgH wjika jkqfha iudc ÿisrs;a ;=rkalsrSu i|yd ;u iSud udhsï bj;,d bosrsm;a jk f,i fm%alaIl ck;dj u.ska iuia; iudchguwdrdOkd lrñks'
f;audj
fuu kdgHfha n¨ l=K jQ l,S iudcfha olakg we;s ¥IK iy widOdrK l%shd ixfla;d;aulj fmkajdoSuhs' iudc ÿisrs;a ms<sn| uyckhd olajk WodiSk;ajho tajd ;=rka lsrSfï ld¾hNdrh wfkfll= u;mjrñka fndfydafokd ;u j.lSu meyer yrsñka m%Yakfhka uÕ yerSug .kakd W;aidyo ksrEmKh fõ'ÿ.| bjid.; fkdyels jQ úg tu ÿ.|g fya;=j ;ud wNshi ;sìhoS;a Tjqyq tlsfkldg fodia mjrd.ks;s'
fuu fodia mejrSfï l%shdj W.% jQ úg Tjqkaf.a iodpdrh /lSfï j.lSu mejrS we;s uq,a,d kï wd.ñlkdhlhd meñK Bg ms<s;=re f,i iqj| yuk yÿkal+re ,ndfoa tfy;a ÿ.| yeóug fya;= jQ jia;=j;jÿrg;a tu ia:dkfhau we;' fuu kdgH u.ska iudchg fokq ,nk mKsjqvh ilaiqola fia meyeos,sh'iudc ms<s, uq,skqmqgd oeóug wm is,a,kau lghq;= l< hq;=fõ'
* mkacdí ys w.kqjr jk iajdNdúl fi!kao¾hfhka msrsmqka Wiia ixialD;shlska wdNdIh ,enQ w.%.Kfhal,d ksmqK;ajhla we;s hym;a ñksiqka isák ’,dfyda¾¶ k.rfhaoS mlsia:dkfha cd;sl j.ùfï ld¾hxYh^National Accountability Bureau& u.ska ixúOdkh lrk ,o ’ol=KQ wishdfõ ¥IKhg tfrysj igkalsrSu¶ ^Combating Corruption in South Asia& uefhka 2004 fkdjeïn¾ ui 25-27 olajd mj;ajk ,oiïuka;%Kh wdrïNl oskfhaoS iudc idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| yvla k.k úYaj f.!rjhg md;%jQldka;djla jk ’wfcdald¶ úiska wOHlaIKh lrkq ,enQ ’n¨ l=K The Dead Dog&¶ kï by; ùos kdgHhfõosld .; lrk ,oS' fuu kdgHfha f;audj ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, cSj;ajk iudcfha iEu ;rd;srluck;dj úiska wjfndaO lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
w,a,i yd ¥IKhg úreoaOj jkak th Tfí mru hq;=luhs'
62
±kqj;a jkak "
wjÈjkak ""
l%shd;aul jkak """
wka whj;a ±kqj;a lr wjÈ lrkak """"
ch.%yKh ksh;h """""
´kEu ÿr .ukl wdrïNh tla mqxÑ mshjrls'
Wlg,S fkdjkak æ
63
wms f,dalh fjkia lruq æ
"To put the world in order, we must first putthe nation in order; to put the nation in order,we must first put the family in order; to put thefamily in order, we must first cultivate our per-sonal life; and to cultivate our personal life, wemust first set our hearts right"
Confucius
’f,dalh ms<sfj<la lsrSug kï m<uqj foaYh ms<sfj<la l<
hq;=h; foaYh ms<sfj<la lsrSug kï m<uqj mjq, ms<sfj<la
l< hq;=h; mjq, ms<sfj<la lsrSug kï wms m<uqfjkau wmf.a
mqoa.,sl cSú; yod .; hq;=h; wfma mqoa.,sl cSú; yod .ekSug
kï m<uqfjkau wfma yoj;a fl,ska ;nd .; hq;=h'¶
fldka*shqishia
f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'f,d alh fjkia l sÍug m%:u ud fjkia úh h q; =h'uy;aud .dkaê
w÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhgw÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhgw÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhgw÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhgw÷rg wf,dalh hgm;a l< fkdyels jQjo wdf,dalhg
w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'w÷r m,jd yeßh yelsh'
mer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshukla
wjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá myklawjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá myklawjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá myklawjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá myklawjqreÿ oyila mqrd ldurhl msÍ we;s w÷r tl bá mykla
±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'±,aùu u.ska ÿre l< yelsh'
mer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshuklamer‚ Ök lshukla
64
zzfï .fia fndfyda meKs fodvï ;sfímeys,d bos,d ìug keñ,d nrfj,d w;=kx.sghs ughs f.ä folla we;sjeäh lvk krl <fuda fyu fkdfõ wmsZZ
".Z hk we;a l=K bo uia ri gdis} ueo jeo jekiqk fuka lmq gd,o biqfrys f,dn l<fyd;a f;dm gdnj ihqfrka .ufkla ke; f.dv gd"
f,dajev iÕrdj
65
ÿießfhka ^¥IKfhka& msreKq wúpdrj;aiudch Wvq hál=re lruq'
iqms<smkak foaYhla
66
iqms<smkak m%;s{dj
iqms<smka foaYhla
u;= mrmqrg Þhdo lsÍfï
W;=ï mrud¾:fhka
m%cd;dka;%sl jákdlï o
ñksia whs;sjdislï yd hq;=lï o
iq/lSu fjkqfjka
mqfrda.dój lemfjñka
ukqIH;ajhg yd rfÜ m%.ukhg
wys;lr ljr n,fõ.hla wNsuqj jqj
wlïms;j
fm!oa.,sl yd jD;a;Sh Ôú;fha§
ukd úksúo Ndjhlska o
j.ùug yd j.lSug lem jQ oDIaáhlska o hq;a
ÿießfhka f;dr yrieß
Y%S ,dxflah mqrjeisfhl= fia
wNsudkj;a f,i
Ôj;ajk njg yd fiajh lrk njg
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' jk uu
±ä wêIaGdkhlska hqla;j
m%;s× foñ'
^g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh úiska 2007 § §mjHdma;j mj;ajkq ,enQ ;rÕhlska
fuu m%;s{dj ks¾udKh lrk ,§' fuu m%;s{dj fou< yd bx.%Sis hk NdIdjkago mßj¾;kh lr
we;'&
67
68
Wm .%ka:h 1
i fldgi
w,a,i yd ¥IKh iïnkaOj w,a,ia mkf;a
úêúOdk ir,j '''''''''
^1& m%( w,a,i hkq l=ulao@
W( rcfha fiajlfhl= úiska fyda rcfha fiajlfhl= fjkqfjka kS;Hdkql+,
fkdjk ;=gq mvqrla b,a,Su fyda ,nd .ekSu iy rcfha fiajlfhl=
fj; fyda Tyq fjkqfjka kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk ;=gq mvqrla msrskeóu fyda
msrskeóug ;e;a lsrSu w,a,ils'
^2& m%( w,a,i jrola jkafka flfiao@
W( i& ;=gq mvqr wheoSu" ,nd.ekSu" msrskeóu fyda msrskeóug ;e;a
lsrSu rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a ks, ld¾hhla bgq lsrSu i|yd fm<Uùula
fyda ;Hd.hla fyda jYfhka jkafka kï(
ii& rcfha fiajlfhl=j isáhoS ;u ks, ld¾hhlg wod< jQj;a ke;;a
;=gq mvqrla whoSkafka fyda ,nd.kafka kï(
iii& wdKavqfõ hï ld¾hd,hhla iu. .kqfokq lrk ;eke;af;l= tf,i
.kqfokq lsrSug fmr fyda miq wjqreoaol ld,hla ;=< tu ld¾hd,fha
fiajlfhl=g ;=gq mvqrla fokafka kï fyda tjeks fiajlfhl=
úiska tjeks ;eke;af;l=f.ka ;=gq mvqrla ,nd .kafka kï (
th w,a,ia mk; hgf;a jrols'
tfia jQjo by; (ii) wjia:dfõoS tlS ;=gq mvqr ,nd.ekSug kS;sh fyda rlaIdfõ
fldkafoais wkqj ysñlula we;s nj iy by; (iii) wjia:dfõoS tlS ;=gq m~qr oSu
fyda .ekSu wod< .kqfokqjg lsisfia;au iïnkaO ke;s nj Tmamq lsrSug yelskï
jroldrS;ajh mejfrkafka ke;'
^3& m%( ks, ld¾h bgq lsrSu hkakg we;=<;a jkafka fudkjdo@
W( ks, ld¾hh bgq lsrSu hkakg th blauka lsrSu" m%udo lsrSu" bgq lsrSug
ndOd lsrSu" bgq lsrSu je<elaùu" bgq lsrSfïoS mlaI.%dySùu fukau ks,
ld¾hhka bgq fkdlr isàula o we;=<;a fõ'
69
^4& m%( kS;sh fyda ;u rlaIdfõ fldkafoais wkqj rcfha fiajlfhl=g
,nd .ekSug n,h ,eî we;s mvqre ljrla úh yels o@
WodyrKhla fokak'
W( rcfha ffjoH ks,Odrsfhl=g hï hï fldkafoais j,g hg;aj fm!oa.,slj
;u jD;a;sfha fhoSug wjir ;sîu'
^5& m%( w,a,ila yd ;E.a.la w;r fjkila ;sfí o@ tfia kï ta
l=ulao@
W( ^w& w,a,i yd ;E.a. w;r meyeos,s fjkila we;'
^wd& ;E.a.la msrskeófïoS fyda Ndr.ekSfïoS t;ek lsisu whqrl jroldrS
woyila ke;' w,a,ila § iEuúgu jroldrS woyila we;' fuu
jroldrS woyi meyeos,sj fmfkkakg ;sfnk wjia:d fukau
ie.jqkq wjia:do we;'
^6& m%( jroldrS woyi ie.jqkq wjia:d fudkjdo@
W( WodyrKhla f,i rcfha fiajlfhl=g lsishï nexl=jla úiska tu
nexl=fõ .kqfokqlrejkag idudkHfhka n,mdk fldkafoais j,g jvd
,sys,a fldkafoais hgf;a Khla ,ndoSu'
^7& m%( rcfha fiajlhkag ;E.s ,nd.ekSug kS;suh ndOd we;so@
W( wdh;k ix.%yhg wkqj rcfha fiajlfhl=g kEoE ys;ñ;=rkaf.ka yqfolau
fm!oa.,sl ld¾hhka j,g wod<j" ;ukag ,efnk idudkH ;E.s fNda.
Ndr .ekSug wjirh ;sîu'
^8& m%( ¥IKh hkq l=ulao@
W( b;du fláfhka mjif;d;a ¥IKh hkq hï rcfha fiajhl= úiska ;u
OQrh fm!oa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd fhdod .ekSuhs'
^9& m%( ¥IKh jro lsrSu i|yd tu jrolrkakd whq;= ,dNhla ,nd.ekSu
w;HdjYH jkafkao@
W( ke;' rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a hï l%shdjla ksid wdKavqjg fyda fjk;a
;eke;af;l=g whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i fyda mdvqjla
isÿjkafka kï ¥IKh jro isÿfõ' tfukau rcfha fiajlhd fyda fjk;a
;eke;af;l= fyda whq;= iy.; f,i fyda kS;s úfrdaë f,i fyda jdishla
,nd .kafka kï túg o ¥IKh jro isÿfõ'
^10& m%( w,a,i mk; hgf;a jeros l< yelafla ldgo@
W( i& rcfha fiajlfhl= úiska ;udf.a fyda fjk;a rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a
ks, ld¾hhka iïnkaOj w,a,ila b,a,SfïoS fyda Ndr.ekSfïoS
fyda tu rcfha fiajlhd úiska (
ii& rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a ks, ld¾hhka bgq lrjdoSu i|yd ueosy;ajk
w;rueosfhl= úiska w,a,ila b,a,SfïoS fyda Ndr .ekSfïoS fyda
tu w;rueoshd úiska (
70
iii& rcfha fiajlfhl=f.a ks, ld¾hhla bgq lrjd .ekSu i|yd tu
rcfha fiajlhdg fyda fjk;a rcfha fiajlfhl=g ke;fyd;a
w;rueosfhl=g w,a,ila msrskeófïoS tf,i msrskuk ;eke;a;d
úsiska (
iv& by; jeros lsrSug ;e;a lrk" wkqn, fok iy l=uka;%Kh lrk
;eke;af;l= úiska (
^11& m%( w,a,ia mk;g wkqj rcfha fiajlhd hkafkka woyia lrkafka
ljqrekao@
W( w,a,ia mk;g wkqj my; i|yka wh rcfha fiajlhka fõ'
wud;H uKav,fha wud;Hjrfhl="
wud;H uKav,fha idudcslfhl= fkdjk wud;Hjrfhl="
l:dkdhl$ksfhdacH l:dkdhl$ldrl iNd ksfhdacH iNdm;s"
ksfhdacH wud;Hjrfhl="
m<d;a wdKavqldrjrfhl="
m<d;a wud;H uKav,fha wud;Hjrfhl="
md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrfhl="
rcfha iEu ks,Orfhl="
rcfha iEu fiajlfhl= fyda fiajd kshqla;slfhl="
mdrsY%ñlhla ,enqjo" fkd,enqjo¦
w' m<d;a iNdjl"
wd' m<d;a md,k wdh;khl"
wx' Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl"
wE' fldgia j,ska 50] lg jeä m%udKhla wdKavqj ork iud.ul"
iNdm;sjrfhl=$ wOHlaIjrfhl=$ wêm;sjrfhl=$
idudcslfhl=$ks,Orfhl=$fiajd kshqla;slfhl='
m<d;a rdcH fiajfha idudcslfhl= "
cQrs iNslfhl= "
n,h,;a ñkskafodarejrfhl= "
hï wêlrKhla fyda ksis n,Orfhl= úiska fyda hï ldrKhla fíreï
lsrSu msKsi fhduqlr we;s fíreïlrefjl= fyda fjk;a ;eke;af;l='
^12& m%( Wmf,aLk.; wdh;k hkafkka woyia jkafka l=ulao@
W( w,a,ia mkf;a Wmf,aLkfha i|yka hï uKav,hla" wdh;khla" ixia:djla
fyda fjk;a uKav,hla iy hï kS;shla hgf;a hï wdh;khla msysgqùfïoS
w,a,ia mk;g we;=<;a úh hq;=hehs úêúOdk i,iajd we;s wdh;khla
woyia jk w;r tjeks hï wdh;khla 51] lg fkdwvq fldgia
m%udKhla ork fjk;a uKav,hla fyda iud.ula o we;=<;a fõ'
71
^13& m%( w;rueoshl= u.ska w,a,ia f.k fuu jroska .e,úh yelso@
W( fkdyel'
hï ;eke;af;l=f.a oekqu fyda tlÕ;ajh fyda we;sj tlS ;eke;a;d fyda
fjkhï ;eke;af;l= fjkqfjka fyda wka whqrlska fyda ´kEu flfkla
w,a,ia jrola l<fyd;a tlS jro uq,a ;eke;a;d lrk ,o jrola f,i
kS;sh i,lhs'
^14& m%( w,a,i fyda ¥IKh ms<sn| meyeos,s idlaIs fkdue;s jQ wjia:dj,oS
tlS jro l<jqkag tfrysj kS;sh l%shd;aul lsrSug yelshdj
we;so@
W( yelshdj we;'
^15& m%( ta flfiao@
W( j;alï kS;sh hgf;ah'
^16& m%( j;alï kS;sh l%shd;aul jkafka flfiao@
W( hï ;eke;af;l= 1954 ud¾;= 01 osk fyda bka miqj wh;a lrf.k ;sfnk
uqo,a fyda uqo,a fkdjk fyda foam< tu ;eke;a;df.a oek.;a wdodhï fyda
,eîï j, fldgilaj fkdúh yels fyda fkdúh yelsj ;snQ fyda úfgl tu
uqo,a fyda uqo,a fkdjk fyda foam< w,a,ia u.ska w;alr.;a njg th tfia
fkdjk njg tu ;eke;a;d úiska Tmamq lrkq ,nk f;la& kS;sh i,lkq
,nhs'
^17& m%( foam< w;am;a lr .ekSu Nd¾hdjf.a kñka fyda orefjl=f.a
kñka fyda lsrSu u.ska ñka .e,úh yelso@
W( fkdyel' hful=f.a Nd¾hdj fyda jhi wjqreÿ 18g wvq wújdyl
orefjl=f.a fyda kug we;s uqo,a fyda uqo,a fkdjk fyda foam, mgyeksj
lreKq Tmamq lrkf;la& tu ;eke;a;d úiska w;am;a lr .kakd f,i
kS;sh i,lkq ,nhs'
^18& m%( j;alï kS;sh n,mdkq ,nkafka rcfha fiajlhskag muKlao@
W( ke;' ´kEu ;eke;af;l= 1954 ud¾;= ui 01 jeks osfkka miq w;am;a
lrf.k we;s foam, iïnkaOj fuu kS;sh n,mdkq ,nhs' tu ;eke;a;d
rcfha fiajlfhla o ke;a o hkak jeo.;a fkdfõ'
^19& m%( w,a,ia .ekSu fukau w,a,ia oSuo jrola kï fkdoekqj;alñka
fyda fkdoS isàug fkdyelsùu fya;=fjka w,a,ila oSfuka miq
meñKs,s lsrSfuka meñKs,s lrkakdg ovqjï ,efío@
W( w,a,ia mk;g wkqj w,a,ia oSu o" w,a,ia .ekSu fukau tl yd iudkj
ovqjï ,eìh hq;= jrols' kuq;a w,a,i ÿka ;eke;a;d meñKs,slre jk
wjia:djloS kS;sh tu ;eke;a;d jrolrefjl== f,i fkdj w,a,i
b,a,kakdf.a f.dÿrg ,la jQ wysxil mqoa.,fhl= f,i i,lkq ,nhs'
flfia jQjo hful= w,a,ila b,a,d isákafka kï w,a,i oSug fmr ta
ms<sn| meñKs,s lsrSu jvd;a iqÿiq l%shdud¾.hhs'
72
^20& m%( w,a,ila i|yd yqjudre úh hq;af;a uqo,a fyda uqo,ska w.h
uekshyels fjk;a foam,la fyda muKlao@
W( ke;' w,a,ila i|yd uqo,a" uqo,ska w.h ueksh yelsfohla fukau uqo,ska
w.h ueksh fkdyels fohla o yqjudre úh yel'
^21& m%( th meyeos,s lrkak'
W( w,a,ila i|yd yqjudre úhyels foa .ek b;d mq¿,aj w¾:l:kh lr we;'
mk;g wkqj w,a,ila"
^w& Khla" .dia;=jla fyda mdrsf;daIslhla fyda ,eîul wdldrfhka
úh yelsh'
^wd& hï OQrhla fyda rlaIdjla fyda ,ndoSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'
^we& hï Khla fyda ne|Sula fyda ksoyia lsrSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'
^wE& kvq mejrSulska fyda úkhuh l%shdud¾.hlska fyda wdrlaIdj
,eîul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'
^b& hï whs;sjdislula fyda ks,n,hla fyda l%shd;aul lsrSu fyda bka
je<lSulska úh yelsh'
^B& ljr fyda j¾.hlg wh;a fjkhï fiajhla Wmldrhla fyda
jdishla ,ndoSul wdldrfhka úh yelsh'
^22& m%( ljr j¾.hlg fyda wh;a fiajhla Wmldrhla fyda jdishla
hkakg we;=<;a jkafka fudkjdo@
W( ^w& ,sx.sl ;Dma;shla ,nd.ekSu ;=,ska ldhslj ,nkakd jQ fiajhla
w,a,ila úh yelsh'
^wd& orefjl= ckm%sh mdie,lg we;=<;a lrjdoSu u.ska ,nkakd jQ
Wmldrhla w,a,ila úh yelsh'
^we& úfoaY YsIH;ajhla ,nd.ekSu ;=,ska udkislj ,ndkakd jQ jdishla
w,a,ila úh yelsh'
^23& m%( w,a,ia yd ¥IK msgqoelSug Tnf.a iyfhda.h fldñIka iNdj
fj; ,ndosh yelafla flfiao@
W( ^1& Tnf.ka hï ;eke;af;l= w,a,ila b,a,d isáhfyd;a jydu
fldñIka iNdj fj; oekqï §fuka'
^2& Tn fï jk úg;a w,a,ila oS we;skï ta ms<sn| úia;rhla fldñIka
iNdj fj; bosrsm;a lsrSfuka
^3& hï ;eke;af;l= uE;oS ;u wdodhug jvd jeä foam, w;am;a
lr.ekSula fyda úhoï lsrSula fyda .ek f;dr;=re Tn okafka
kï tu ;eke;a;d yd Tyq úiska w;am;a lrf.k we;s foam, fyda
lr we;s úhoï ms<sn| ukd úia;rhla fldñIka iNdj fj;
bosrsm;a lsrSfuka'
73
^24& m%( fldñIka iNdj fj; f;dr;=re ,ndosh yelafla flfiao@
W( ^1& ÿrl:k wxl 011-2586258 iy 011-2584872 weu;Sfuka ke;fydla
laI‚l weu;=ï wxlh jk 1954 weu;Su
^2& wxl 36" u,,fialr udj;" fld<U 07 msysá w,a,ia fyda ¥IK
fpdaokd úu¾Yk fldñIka iNdj fj; meñK fyda ;eme,a u.ska
f;dr;=re bosrsm;a lsrSfuka'
^3& sccy@sltnet.lk hk úoHq;a ,smskhg oekqï oSfuka'
^25& m%( fldñIka iNdj fj; f;dr;=re oekqï fokakdg ysrsyerhla
fõo@
W( fldñIka iNdj fj; ,efnk yeu f;dr;=rlu ryiHNdjh wdrlaId
lrk w;r kS;suh l%shdud¾.hla i|yd yer ,efnk f;dr;=re fy<sorõ
lsrSug wjldYhla fkdue;' tneúka f;dr;=re bosrsm;a lrkakd ms<sn|
fy<sorõ lsrSula lsisfia;au isÿjkafka ke;'
^26& m%( w,a,ia mk; hgf;a jrolg jrolre ùfuka ,eìh yels ovqjï
ljf¾o@
W( 1' w,a,ila oSula" ,nd.ekSula" wheoSula fyda by; ljrla fyda lsrSug
;e;a lsrSfïoS" l=uka;%Kh lsrSfïoS fyda wkqn, oSfïoS fyda"
w' wjqreÿ 7 la fkdblaujk ld,hlg nrm;, jev we;sj nkaOkd.dr
.;lsrSu fyda re' 5000$- fkdblaujk ovhla kshu lsrSu fyda by;
ovqjï folu
wd' by; ovqjï j,g wu;rj w,a,ig yqjudre jQ ;=gq mvqf¾ jákdlug
iudk uqo,la oKavkhla jYfhka wh lsrSu'
2' hï j;alula w,a,iska ,nd.;a njg Tmamq jQjfyd;a by; 1 ^w&
ovqjug wu;rj foam< j, jákdlug wvq fkdjk iy ;=ka .=Kh
fkdblaujk oKavkhla kshu lsrSu fyda ta fjkqjg foam< rdcika;ll
lsrSu'
3' ¥IKh jrog jrolre jqjfyd;a wjqreÿ 10 fkdblaujk ld,hlg
nkaOkd.dr .; lsrSula fyda remsh,a ,laIh fkdblaujk ovhla
fyda by; ovqjï folu fyda ,eìh yel'
^27& m%( by; ovqjïj,g wu;rj fjk;a wYlakq;djka j,g hg;aùug
isÿfõ kï ta fudkjdo@
W( ^1& ;udf.a /lshdj fyda OQrh wysñ ùu(
^2& md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKhlg kï wjq( 7lg iy m<d;a md,k
ue;sjrKhlg kï wjq' 5lg Pkaoh oSug fyda f;arSm;aùug kqiqÿiq ùu
^3& rcfha fyda Wmf,aLk.; wdh;khl /lshdjla fyda OQrhla ,eîfï
wjia:dj ioygu wysñ ùu'
74
ii fldgi
1975 wxl 1 ork j;alï yd nerlï m%ldYhg m;a
lsÍfï mk; idrdxY.;j'
1' j;alï yd nerlï m%ldY bÈßm;a l< hq;= ;eke;a;ka
^w& md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjre iy m,d;a md,k wdh;k j, iNslhska"
^wd& ckdêm;s úiska m;a lrkq ,nk úksYaphldrjre ^tkï fY%aIaGdêlrK
wNshdpkdêlrK yd uydêlrK úksYaphldrjre& iy rdcH ks,OdÍka"
^we& wud;H uKav,h u.ska m;alrkq ,enQ rdcH ks,OdÍka"
^wE& wêlrK fiajd fldñIka iNdj úiska m;alrkq ,enQ wêlrK ks,OdÍka
^Èia;%sla úksYaphldrjre" ufyaia;%d;ajre iy lïlre úksYaph iNd
iNdm;sjre& iy wêlrKhkays Wmf,aLk.; ks,OdÍka"
^b& wud;HdxY yd fomd¾;fïka;=j, udKav,sl ks,OdÍka"
^B& m<d;a md,k wdh;k j, iNslhka iy udKav,sl ks,OdÍka"
^t& ms<s.;a foaYmd,k mlaI j, ks,OdÍ uKav,h"
^tA& ,shdmÈxÑ jD;a;Sh iñ;sj, úOdhl ks,OdÍka fyda ckdêm;sjrKhla
md¾,sfïka;=" m,d;a iNd" m,d;amd,k ue;sjrK i|yd bÈßm;ajk Pkao
wfmalaIlhska"
^T& mqj;am;a wd× mk; hgf;a ,shdmÈxÑ mqj;am;a wdh;khkays ysñlrejka"
mqj;am;a l;Djreka iy l;D uKav, idudðlhska"
^W& rdcH ixia:d iy jeä fldgia m%udKhla rch orK iud.ïys iNdm;sjre"
wOHlaI uKav,h iy udKav,sl ks,OdÍka'
2' hï ;eke;af;la by; i|yka Oqrhlg m;aù udi 3 la bl=;a ùug fmr j;alï
nerlï m%ldYh ,ndÈh hq;= w;r wk;=rej jd¾Isl m%ldY ,ndÈh hq;=h'
3' j;alï nerlï m%ldYfha§ ;udf.a" ;u l,;%hdf.a iy wjqreÿ 18 g wvq wújdyl
orejkaf.a j;alï yd nerlï ±laúh hq;=h' orejl= wjqreÿ 18g jeä jQj;a ;udf.ka
hefmkafka kï tu orejd iïnkaOj o úia;r j;alï nerlï m%ldYhg tla l<
hq;=h'
4' ´kEu mqoa.,fhl=g" ksYaph lrkq ,nk uqo,la f.ùu u; kEu j;alï nerlï
m%ldYhla mÍlaId lr ne,Sug wjia:dj we;s w;r ;jÿrg;a ksYaÑ; .dia;=jla
f.ùula u; tu m%ldYfha iy;sl msgm;la ,nd.ekSu whs;sh we;' 1991'02'19 Èk
orK wxl 650$7 .eiÜ m;%h wkqj fuu .dia;=j wkqms<sfj,ska re' 500$- la yd
250$- f,i kshu lr we;'
5' idOdrK fya;=jla fkdue;sj j;alï nerlï m%ldYh bÈßm;a fkdlrk fyda
j;alï nerlï m%ldYfha§ jerÈ f;dr;=rla imhk fyda hï j;alula m%ldY
fkdlr isák fyda ;eke;af;la jrolg jrolre jk w;r" tu jro kElñkau
j;alula m%ldY fkdlr isàu kï" jrolre ùu;a iu. tu jrog mdol jQ j;alu
ish¿ ne§ï j,ska f;drj rchg wh;a fõ'
75
iii fldgi
2006 wxl 5 orK uqo,a úY+oaêlrKh je,elaùfï mk;
idrdxY.;j
hï foam<la Rcqj fyda jl%j hï kS;s úfrdaê l%shdldrlulska ,enqKq nj oksñkau
fyda oek.ekSug fya;= we;sj tjeks foam<la
� .KqfoKq lsrSu"
� Ndr .ekSu"
� ika;lfha ;ne.ekSu"
� i.jd .ekSu"
� neyer lsrSu"
� wdfhdackh lsrSu"
� Y%s ,xldjg f.k tau fyda Y%S ,xldfjka f.k hdu fyda'
jrola njg m;a lr we;'
mQ¾j ks.ukh
m%lg wdodhï fyda Ok m%Nj j,ska ,eî fkdue;af;a kï tu foam, kS;s úfrdaë
l%shdldrlulska ,enQ njg kS;sh úiska mQ¾j ks.ukh lrhs' bka woyia jkafka tu foam,
kS;Hdkql+, ud¾.hlska ,enqK njg foam, ysñlre yg Tmamq lsÍug fkdyels kï tu foam,
kS;s úfrdaë l%shdldrlulska ,enqkq njg i,lk njhs'
iv fldgi
2006 wxl 06 orK uqo,a .kqfokq jd¾;d lsrSfï
mk; idrdxY.;j
• wkqu; m%udKh blaujd uqo,a$.kqfokq l, yels idOk m;% YS% ,xldfjka f.khdu
fyda YS% ,xldjg f.k tau"
• mk;ska kshñ; jd¾;d bosrsm;a lsrSfïoS jeros fyda fkdu. hk iq¿ jd¾;d bosrsm;a
lsrSu"
• f;dr;=re fy,sorõ fkdlsrSu yd ksis fú,djg fy,s orõ fkdlsrSu"
• jHdc f,aLk ieoSu$f,aLkhl i;H;djh jika lsrsu"
• f,aLK úkdY lsrSu"
• jHdc fyda fndre kulska .sKqula újD; lsrSu fyda ls%hd;aul lsrSu$ tf,i lsrSug
n,h oSu"
jrola njg mk; u.ska m%ldYhg m;alr we;'
uQ,H .KqfoKq isÿ lrk iEu wdh;khla úiskau wëlaIK wêldßhla fyda
ú.Kljrfhl= m;al< hq;= w;r tu wdh;kfha hï .kqfokqjla kS;s úfrdaë ls%hdjla yd
iïnkaO njg iel lsrSug idOdrK fya;= we;súg ta ms<snoj uq,H nqoaê tallh fj;
okqï§ug tu wëlaIljrhd fyda ú.Kljrhd fyda kS;sfhka ne§ we;'
uq,H nqoaê tallh (-uq,H nqoaê tallh (-uq,H nqoaê tallh (-uq,H nqoaê tallh (-uq,H nqoaê tallh (-
fuu mkf;a úêúOdk ms<sno mrsmd,kh Ndr lsrSu ioyd wud;Hjrhd úiska .eiÜ m;%fha
m< lrk ,enq kshuhka u.ska kï lrkq ,nk wdKavqfõ fomd¾;fïka;=jla" rdcH ixia:djla"
jHjia:dms; uKav,hla" wdh;khla fyda wêldrshla woyia jk w;r" ta wdh;khlays hï
tallhla o we;=<;a fõ¡
76
Wm .%ka:h 2
ks;r kef.k m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re''''
fuu m%Yak yd W;a;r ilid we;af;a g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh" Y%S
,xld ixj¾Ok mßmd,k wdh;kh yd m%;sYaGdmk Odß;d m%j¾Ok jevigyk u.ska
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyfka odhl;ajh u; rdcH fiajfha ¥IK uev,Su
i|yd w;afmd;la ieliSfï l%shdÞufha fldgila f,iska" Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj, rdcH
fiajlhskaf.a iyNd.S;ajfhka mej;s jevuq¿j,§ bÈßm;a jQ m%Yak weiqfrks' fï i|yd
wÞ, ms<s;=re" ms<s.;a f,aLk.; uQ,dY% wdY%fhka ilid we;s w;r by; jHdmD;sh hgf;a
ms<sfh, lrk ,o w;afmdf;a fldgila jk ¥IK úfrdaë fuj,fuka Wmqgd .kakd ,§'
01& —¥IKh˜ hkak ks¾jpkh lrkafka flfiao@
fï iïnkaOfhka f,dju ms<s.;a ks¾jpkhla fkdue;s jQj;a b;du;a nyq,j fhdÞ.kakd
m%dfhda.sl ks¾jpkh jkafka —mqoa.,sl ,dN m%fhdack Wfoid" n,h fyda wêldÍ;ajh
wh:d f,i Ndú;d lsÍu ¥IKh fõ˜ hkakhs'
02&02&02&02&02& ¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@¥IKh hkq w,a,i muKlauo@
th tfia fkdfõ' idudkH jHjydrfha§ mqoa.,hska w,a,i hkak ¥IKhg iudk f,iska
i,lkq ,nk kuqÿ w,a,i hkq ¥IKfha wx. w;ßka tlla mu‚'
03&03&03&03&03& tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@tfiakï ¥IKfha wfkl=;a m%fNao fudkjdo@
¥IKfha úúO uqyqKjrhkag uqyqK mEug ck;djg isÿ ù ;sfí' w,a,i" whq;= f,i
w;am;a lr .ekSu" n,y;aldrfhka ,nd .ekSu" rdcH uqo,a jxpdj" ×;s ix.%yh" wHNka;r
.KqfoKq j, kshe,Su iy wNsu;d¾:hka ms<s.efgk mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu wdÈh nyq,j ±lsh
yels ¥IKfha m%Odk wx.hka fõ'
04&04&04&04&04& rdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskagrdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskagrdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskagrdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskagrdcldÍ lghq;= lrk w;r;=f¾ ;u ñ;=rkag ie<lSu fukau mlaI.%dyS iyhlhskag
úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @úfYaI ie,lSï ±laùu ¥IKhlao @
×;s ix.%yh yd ñ;% ix.%yh uyck;dj ksr;=reju w;aolsk ;;ajhkah' fï ;;ajh ;=<
jdis ,nkafka ÿIs; mqoa.,hska yd tA yryd Tjqkaf.a ×;Ska" ñ;%hska fyda iydhlhskah'
fmdÿ lghq;= j,§ tla;rd fldgilg wksis mlaImd;S;ajh ±laùu meyeÈ,sju ¥IKhls'
05&05&05&05&05& yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@yeu úgu ¥IKh uQ,H .KqfoKqjla yd neÈ mj;So@
th iEu úgu tfia fkdfõ' iuyr ¥Is; l%shdldrlï uqo,a iïnkaO fkdù jQjo isÿjk
wjia:d we;' WÞyrKhla f,i" w,a,i mjd uqo,ska f;drj isÿjh yelsh' hï lsis f.ùula
77
isÿfkdjk wjia:do we;' ×;s ix.yh hkq" tfia lsisÿ uQ,H .KQfoKqjlska f;drj wksis
ie,lSula fyda wkq.%yhla ±laùuhs'
06&06&06&06&06& rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@rdcldßh bgq lsÍu fjkqfjka ;Hd.hla ,nd.ekSu ¥IKhlao@
;Hd. §u yd ,nd .ekSu fndfyduhla iudc l%uhkays ms<s.;a iïm%Þhls' tA flfia fj;;a
rdcH ks,Odßfhl= úiska rdcldßuh lghq;a;la bgq lsÍu fjkqjka ;Hd.hla Ndr.ekSu
wmlaImd;S;ajh" jD;a;suh f.!rjh iy lS¾;skduhg wys;lr f,i n,mdk lreKls'
wfkla w;g wm rfÜ kS;sh wkqj tjekakla Ndr.ekSu w,a,ila jk w;r kS;s u.ska
lghq;= lr ovqjï meñKùugo yelsh'
07&07&07&07&07& Y%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysjY%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysjY%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysjY%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysjY%S ,xldfõ uyck;dj fj; fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fyda ¥IKhg tfrysj
igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@igka lsÍfï hq;=lula ;sfío@
th tfiah' iudch /l.ekSu iudch úiskau l<hq;= nj ms<s.;a m%cd hq;=luls' Y%s ,xld
wdKAvq l%u jHjia:dfõ 28 wE& jHjia:dj —fmdÿ foafmd, iqrlaIs; fldg wdrlaId lsÍuo
fmdÿ foafmd, wh:d mßÈ m%fhdackhg .ekSu iy kdia;s lsÍug tfrysj l%shdlsÍuo Y%s
,xldjdiS iEu ;eke;af;l=f.au hq;=lu jkafkah˜ hkqfjka olajd we;' iEu rcfha
ks,Odßfhlau wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iy kS;sh wdrlaId lsÍug mshjr .; hq;=h' fï ksid"
¥IKh hkak jrola f,i i,ld iEu rdcH ks,Odßfhl= úiskau Bg tfrysj lghq;=
lsÍfï hq;=lula mj;S'
08&08&08&08&08& úksúoNdjh ^úksúoNdjh ^úksúoNdjh ^úksúoNdjh ^úksúoNdjh ^Transparency& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao@
úksúoNdjh hkq ksrjoH;djh" wjxl;ajh iy újD;Ndjhhs' hï mßmd,kuh ;Skaÿjlska
w;Dma;shg m;a md¾Yjhlg tA ms<snoj fya;= ldrKd ±kqï Èh hq;=h' rdcH fiajlhska"
l<ukdlrejka iy Ndrlrejka úiska újD; f,i;a" wfmalaId l< yels f,i;a" wjfndaO
lr.; yels f,i;a lghq;= l< hq;= ùu úksúoNdjh yd ineÈ uQ,O¾uhka h' fï wkqj
úksúoNdjh hkak iu. m%fõYùfï yelshdj" wÞ,;ajh" .=Kd;aulNdjh iy
úYajikSh;ajh hk ,laIK ne`È mj;sk w;r" ld,Sk iy úYajdi lghq;= wd¾Ól iudÔh
iy foaYmd,ksl f;dr;=re j, b;du;a mq¿,a m%jdyhla mej;Su hkdÈ ,laIK mj;S'
úksúoNdjh mej;Su ;=<ska uyck;djg iy fjk;a wdh;k j,g foaYmd,k ;SrK
.ekSï ms<sno f;dr;=re ,eîug;a wdKAvqjl j.ùfï uÜgu by< kexùug;a bv i,ik
w;r" ¥IKhkag we;s bv m%ia:djka wju lrhs' iïm;a fn§hdu" ld¾hlaIu;djh m%j¾Okh
iy ,dN wfmalaIdjka m%j¾Okh jeks oE flfrys Okd;aul whqßka n,mdk ksid wd¾Óluh
jYfhkao úksúoNdjh jeo.;a ixl,amhls'
78
09&09&09&09&09& j.ùu ^j.ùu ^j.ùu ^j.ùu ^j.ùu ^Accountabilty& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @& hkq l=ulao@ th jeo.;a jkafka ukao @
PkaoÞhlhska fj; rdcH ks<OdÍkaf.a fyda foaYmd,k{hskaf.a fyda l%shdldrlï iïnkaOj
iïndOl meKùu ms‚i ysñ n,h u; mkjkq ,nk" Tjqkaf.a ksoyi iSud lrkq ,nk
m%;sfrdaOlhls' j.ùu hkafkys m%Odk;u wx. ;=kls' tkï úksúoNdjh" ms<s;=re §ug
ne§ isàu iy md,kh l< yels ùu hkakhs' ;ukag mejÍ we;s j.lSï bgq lsÍug;a
mj;sk kS;s Í;s fr.=,disj,g wkql+,j ;uka úiska .kakd ,o ;Skaÿ yd l%shdldrlï
idOdrŒlrKh lsÍug;a rdcH wdh;k" rdcH ks,OdÍka iy foaYmd,k{hska fj; mj;sk
ne§u —j.ùu˜ f,i yÿkd.; yelsh' ck;d n,fhka m;alrkq ,enQ ksfhdað;hska ue;sjrK
;=<ska Rcqju yd wêldßuh wdh;ksl rduq u.ska mkjkq ,nk ixjrK yd ;=,k l%u
u.ska jHx.fhkao ck;dj fj; j.ùfuka ne§ isàu —m%cd;dka;%sl j.ùu˜ f,i yeÈkafõ'
10& foaYmd,k mlaIj,g uQ,H wdOdr ,nd§u m%cd;ka;%jdoh wdY%fhka i,lk l,ays
whym;a l%ufõohlao@ th tfia fkdfõkï" foaYmd,k mlaI úiska iajlSh
wruqo,a ms<snoj uyck;djg fy<sorõ l< hq;af;a ukao@
uyck;djg ;ud leu;s foaYmd,k mlaIhlg uQ,H wdOdr §ug ysñlula mj;Sh hkak
ms<s.;a u;hls' tkhskau th m%cd;ka;%jd§ rduqjla ;=<§ neyerl< hq;= l%uhla fkdjk
nj m%lg lrhs' flfia fj;;a foaYmd,k mlaI úiska iajlSh wruqo,a ms<sno f;dr;=re
fy<sorõ lsÍu msßisÿ m%cd;ka;%jd§ mßphla mj;ajdf.k hEug jeo.;a jk nj o u;l
;nd .; hq;=h' tfia ,ndfok uQ,H Þhl;ajhkaa kS;Hdkql+, lsÍug;a iy ±kg n,fha
isák fyda n,h ,nd .ekSug wfmalaIs; foaYmd,k{hskag w,a,ia §u fyda n,mEï lsÍug
;e;a lsÍula fkdjk nj m%lg lsÍug kï foaYmd,k mlaI j,g ,efnk wruqo,a ms<sno
f;dr;=re fy<sorõ lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
11& rdcH ks,OdÍka fiajh lsÍug ne§ isákafka ld fj;o @
Y%S ,xldfõ wêlrK ;Skaÿ u.ska ksis mßÈ ms<sf.k we;s mßÈ" rdcH ks,OdÍka fukau
rcho ^wdKavqj& uyck;dj fjkqfjka uyck n,h Ndrhla f,iska orkq ,nhs' tfia
fyhska rdcH ks,OdÍkaf.a mru j.lSu jkafka uyck;djg fiajh ie,iSuhs'
12& by< ks,Orfhl= ,ndfok ¥Is; ksfhda.hkag lSlre fkdùug rdcH fiajfhl=g
yelso@
kS;s úfrdaë ksfhda.hkag lSlre fkdùug;a" ish¨u kS;Hdkql+, ksfhda. l%shd;aul lsÍug;a
iEu rdcH fiajlfhl=u ne§ isà' hï ks,Odßfhl= yg" ;ud ,o wK ¥Is; yd kS;s úfrdaë
tlla nj ye.Shkafka kï tjeks wK jpkhlg lSlre fkdùu ks,Odßhdf.a hq;=lu
jkafkah' tfia tjeks wK jpkhkag tfrys ùu ;=,ska Tjqkag hï hï ÿIalr;djhkag
uqyqK§ug isÿùu m%dfhda.sl ;;ajh jQj;a" fndfyduhla úYsIag .Kfha rdcH ks,OdÍka
úiska ;uka ,o kS;s úfrdaë ksfhda.hkag wjk; fkdù rdcH fiajfha iqms<smka;djh
iqrlaIs; lsÍug mshjr .;a wjia:djka /ila mj;sk njo u;l ;nd .; hq;=h'
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13& ¥IKhg tfrysj igkajeÈh yels tlu l%uh tjeks jerÈ j,g tfrysj kvq
mejÍu muKlauo@
¥IKhg tfrysj M,ÞhS whqßka kvq mejÍu w;HdjYH jk kuq;a ¥IKhg tfrysj lghq;=
lsÍfï tlu l%ufõoh th muKla fkdfõ' kvq mejÍula id¾:l ùug kï ld¾hlaIu
úu¾Yk mámdáhla mej;sh hq;=uh' ksrka;r w;aolsk ;;ajhka ;=<ska fmkS hkafka hï
rgl iajdëk yd ksis n,;, j,ska msßmqka ld¾hlaIu ¥IK úfrdaë wêldÍ n,h ork
wdh;khla fkdue;sj kvq mejÍfuka muKla ¥Khg tfrys igk id¾:l fkdjk njhs'
14& fmd,Sish jeks wfkl=;a kS;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï wdh;k ;sìh§ ¥IK úfrdaë
wdh;khla wu;rj mej;sh hq;af;a ukao@
by< fmf<a ks,OdÍka mjd ¥IKhg k;=ù ;sfnk ;;ajhl ¥IKh fya;=fjka uq¿ rggu
wys;lr ;;ajhla WÞfjk neúka" ¥IKhg tfrysj úu¾Yk meje;aùug yd kvq mejÍug
miqng fkdjkafka;a Bg yelshdj we;af;a;a ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khlg mu‚' tfukau
¥IK lghq;= úu¾Ykh Wfoid muKlau fjkajQ wdh;khla mj;sk úg thg" wka
wdh;khkag jvd ld¾hlaIu yd iQlaIu f,iska kQ;k ;dlaI‚l l%ufõohka Wmfhda.S
lr.kakd jQ ¥IKhka mjd úu¾Ykh lsÍug ;rï iqúfYaI YlH;djhka ysñlr.; yelsh'
ulaksidoh;a j¾;udkfha§ ¥IKfha fhfok wdldrhka muKla fkdj wÞ, .KQfoKq
l%shd;aul lsÍï mjd b;du;a kQ;k ;dlaI‚l l%u Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka lrkq ,nhs'
fndfyduhla wjia:dj,§ fujeks lghq;=j, kshef<kafka" ,sÅ;j kS;s u.ska n,hla
,nd § fkd;snqko" n,y;aldrfhka f.dvk.d.;a n,;, orñka kS;sh wNsnjdhk by<
fmf<a ks,OdÍka iy foaYmd,lhskah' tfia fyhska ¥IK lghq;= iïnkaOfhka úu¾Yk
meje;aùug;a" tjeks lghq;= j, kshef<kakkag tfrysj kvq mejÍu;a ms‚i iqúfYaIS
n,;, iys; iajdëk wdh;khla mej;Su w;HdjYH lreKls' tmuKla fkdj" kS;sh
l%shd;aul lrk wfkl=;a wdh;kj,g fuka fkdj fujeks ÿIK úfrdaë wdh;khla
fj; b;du;a mq¿,a f,i uyck oekqj;aNdjh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï jevigyka meje;aùfï
j.lSulao mejf¾' kuq;a kS;sh ls%hd;aul lrk wfkl=;a wdh;khkag fujeks lghq;=
ioyd wjYH ;dlaI‚l ±kqu tjeks ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khlg ;rï ysñ fkdfõ'
15& tjeks ¥IK úfrdaë wdh;khl iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre lrkafka flfiao @
fujeks wdh;khl iajdëk meje;au ;yjqre jkafka" Bg uQ,H iajdëk;ajh yd m%udKj;a
mßÈ iïm;a ysñ kï mu‚' tfia iajdëk;ajh idlaId;a lr.ekSu ms‚i úúO rgj,
fkdfhla l%ufõo Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' wÞ, wêldßfha ks, idudðlhskaf.a ks,ld,h
ia:djr lsÍu" whjeh iïnkaO iajdëk;djh" úOdhlh u; hemSfuka f;drj m%udKj;a
iïm;a m%udKhla iïmdokh lsÍu" lsisÿ ndOdjlska f;drj kEu ks,Odßfhl=g tfrysj
úu¾Ykh lsÍug;a kvq mejÍug;a yelsjk mßÈ mßmQ¾K n,;, ,nd§u" jHjia:dms;
fyda wdKavql%u jHjia:dkql+, ffk;sl rduqj m%;smdokh lsÍu wdÈh tjeks l%ufõohka
w;ßka lsysmhls'
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flfia jQjo kS;sh u.skau muKla tjeks wdh;khla iajdëk l< fkdyel' iajdëk;ajh
rÞ mj;skafka tjeks wdh;khla fufyh jk mqoa.,hka u;h'
16& ¥IKh wju lsÍu ms‚i ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg l< yels ld¾hh l=ulao @
ú.Kldêm;s OQrh hkq" wdKAvql%u jHjia:dkql+j msysgqjkq ,en we;s" ish¨u rdcH wdh;k
ú.Kkh lsÍu ms‚i mj;ajkakd jQ rfÜ W;a;Í;r ú.Kk wdh;khhs' flfia fj;;a
ú.Kldêm;s úiska jd¾;d l< hq;= jkafka md¾,sfïka;=j fj;hs' iqúfYaIS wjia:djka
iSñ; m%udKhl§ yereKq fldg wêNdrhla whlsÍfï n,;, ú.Kldêm;sjrhdg ysñ
fkdfõ' ú.Kldêm;sf.a rdcldÍ lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ rdcH wdh;k ;=< hï hï
isoaêuh fodaIhka fya;=fjka ¥IKhlg u.mdok nj fmkS hk úg fndfyduhla rgj,
tA ms<snoj md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< fukau ck;dj w;r wjOdkh ,la lsrSu ms‚i th m%isoaêhg
m;a lrkq ,nkafka ú.Kldêm;sjrhd úiskauh' ¥IKhkag tfrysj md¾,sfïka;=j i;=
iqmÍlaIK ld¾hNdrh m%Odk jYfhkau mejÍ we;af;a" iEu rdcH wdh;khlu jd¾;d
msßlaiSfï n,;, ysñ ú.Kldêm;sjrhd fj;hs' tfia fyhska ¥IKh uev,Sfï§
ú.Kldêm;s OQrh iqúfYaIS fufyjrla bgq lrkq ,nk nj meyeÈ,sh'
17& md¾,sfïka;=j ¥IKh uev,Sug lghq;= lrkafka flfiao@
¥IKhg tfrys igkl§ foaYmd,k kdhl;ajfha lemùu yd Wkkaÿj b;du;a jeo.;a
jk nj wújdofhka ms<s.; hq;= w;r" md¾,sfïka;=j o ¥IKh uev,Su ms‚i l%shdl<
hq;=h' cd;Hka;r ;,h i,ld n,k l,ays rg rgj, md¾,sfïka;= úiska ¥IKh uev,Su
Wfoid úúO l%ufõo Ndú;d lrk w;r iajlSh iqmÍlaIK n,;, tys,d uq,a;ekla
.kS' rdcH wdh;kj, .sKqï yd ld¾hNdrhka msßlaikq ,nk rdcH .sKqï ldrl iNdj
^COPA- Committee On Public Accounts& iy rdcH jHjidh lñgqj COPE - Committee
on Public Enterprises& jeks ia:djr uQ,H lñgq mq¿,a ld¾hNdrka bgq lrhs' wfkla w;g
¥IKh yd iïnkaO iEu me;slvhkau wmrdOhla f,i olajd jHjia:d iïmdokh yd
¥IK u¾ok wdh;k fj; m%udKj;a ffk;sl n,;, m%;smdokh ms‚i lghq;= lsÍug;a
md¾,sfïka;=jg n,h ;sfí' tfukau m%Yak ke.Su u.ska úOdhlfha lghq;= wëlaIKh
lsÍu;a" .eg¨ldÍ ;;ajhka ms<sno újdo lsÍu;a" ¥IKh wju lsÍu ms‚i md¾,sfïka;=jg
.; yels mshjrhka fõ'
18& rcfha wdh;kj,g iajlSh wdh;k rduqj ;=< mj;akd ¥IK uÜgu iy iajNdjh
ms<sno we.hqula l<yelso @
tfia lsÍug yelsjk w;r tA ioyd Ndú;d l<yels l%ufõo rdYshla mj;S' tA w;ßka
iuyrla l%ufõohka l%shd;aul lsÍug uQ,H iïm;a wjYH jk kuqÿ fndfyduhla
l%ufõohka l%shd;aul lsÍug wu;r úhoulska f;drj l<yelsh' fujeks lghq;a;lg
leue;a;la olajk rcfha wdh;khlg ;u wdh;kh iu. .KqfoKq lrk uyck;dj yd
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wfkl=;a wdh;k iu. idlÉPdjla meje;aúh yelsh' ^tjeks /iaùï wNsjDoaêÞhl
/iaùï f,i yeÈkafõ& tjeks /iaùula ;u wdh;kfha mj;sk ¥IK uÜgu ms<Sno
ksjerÈ we.hqula ,nd.ekSug WmldÍ fõ' tfukau wÞ, wd;kh úiska fuu o;a; /ialr
.ekSu ms‚i iólaIKhla lsÍug o yelsh' tfukau mQ¾j ±kqï§ulska f;drj isÿflfrk
kSÍlaIKhka u.ska wdh;khg;a" úfYaIfhkau l<ukdlrK uÜgfï ks,OdÍkag;a" iajlSh
wdh;kfha ¥IK ;;ajfha i;H iajNdjh jgyd.ekSu;a rdcldÍ bgqlsÍfï m%udKh
w;aú§ug;a yelshdj ,efí' ;u wdh;kh ms<Sno m%;spdr ±laùug uyck;dj Wkkaÿ lsÍu
u.skao wdh;kfha ¥IK uÜgu yd iajNdjh ms<sno we.hSula l< yels fõ'
19& wdh;kj, mj;sk ixlS¾K l%shdmámdàka iu. ineÈ ¥IK ;;ajhka j<lajd
.ekSfï ir, l%u fudkjdo@
wdh;khl mj;sk ixlS¾K l%shdmámdàka wju lsÍu tjeks wdh;khl .=Kd;aul nj
Wiia uÜgug m;alr.ekSug we;s m%Odk;u l%uhls' hï lghq;a;la bgqlr.ekSu ms‚i
wkq.ukh l<hq;= l%shdmámdáh ir, kï iy tA ioyd ks,OdÍka rdYshla iu. .kqfokq
lsÍug wjYH fkdfjkafka kï ¥IKhg u.mdok bvlv b;du;a wju fõ' tfia fyhska
ks,OdÍka úiska fyda wdh;ksl uÜgfuka fyda" wÞ, wdh;kj," wkjYH mßÈ ixlS¾K
mßmd,kuh mámdàka mj;S o hkak jßkajr úuid ne,sh hq;=h'
20& —la,sÜ.d¾â iólrKh˜ (Klitgaard Formula) hkq l=ulao@
rdcH fiajh ;=< ¥IKh mj;skafka flfia o hkak;a" tAldêldrh yd wNsu;h ;=,kh
l<yels fydou wdldrh l=ula o hkak;a fuu iólrKfhka fmkajd fohs' f,djmqrd
m<d;a md,k l%u .ek lrk ,o wOHhkhka mokï lr.ksñka uydpd¾ frdn¾Ü la,sÜ.d¾â
^Prof. Robert Klitgaard& úiska u;= ±lafjk iólrKh bÈßm;a lrk ,§'
¥IKh = tAldêldrh + wNsu;h - j.ùu
Corruption= Monoply + Discretion - Accountability
21& rcfha fiajlhskaf.a j;alï yd j.lSï fy<sorõ lsÍu jeo.;a jkafkao@
fuh m%d:ñl wjia:dfõ§u ¥IKh md,kh ms‚i mj;akd úksúoNdjh yd ineÈ b;du;a
M,ÞhS l%uhls' fï u.ska uyck Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;ajQjka fyda rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska
iajlSh j;alï ms<sno m%isoaêfha fyda wNHka;ßl jYfhka rcfha ¥IK u¾ok wêldßh
fj; fyda m%ldYhg m;al< hq;=h' ;u jD;a;suh Èúfha úúO ;rd;srï j,§ ;u j;alï
ms<sno mQ¾K fy<sorõ lsÍula Wfoid lghq;= fh§u u.ska ¥IKh u.ska lrkq ,enQ bmhSï
yÿkd.ekSug uQ,sl moku ilihs' fï wkqj hï iqúfYaIS foafmd<la ;u /lshdj lrk
ld,h ;=<§ w;am;alr.kq ,fÞ;a tu bmhqï ud¾.h l=ula o lshd fy<sorõ lrk f,i
±laúh yels w;r th kS;sHdkql+, uQ,hlska Wmhd.;a nj fmkaùu wÞ, ks,OdÍf.a j.lSu
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fõ' j;alï yd j.lSï fy<sorõ lsÍfï wfmalaIs; m%;sM,hka ksis mßÈ idlaId;a lr.ekSug
kï" j;alï yd j.lSï fy<sorõ lsÍfï kS;sh ukdj ieliS ;sìh hq;=h' WÞyrKhla f,i
¥IK u¾Ok wêldßh u.ska wÞ, fy<sorõ lsÍï iïnkaO wjYH úNd.hka mj;ajkafka
ke;skï j;alï yd j.lSï m%ldYhg m;alsÍfuka M,la ke;'
22& —wlghq;= kdokh˜ Whistle blowing& hkq l=ulao @
wlghq;= kdokh hkq hï ks,Odßfhl= fyda fiajlfhl= úiska" rdcH wdh;khl mj;sk
kS;súfrdaë mßphla fyda ¥IKhla fy<sorõ lsÍu ms‚i mshjr .ekSuhs' hful= úiska
tfia lsÍu u.ska" fujeks ;;ajhka ms<sno uyck ±kqj;aNdjh m%j¾Okhg o Tyq Þhl
fõ' ¥IKhka b;du;a ryis.;j isÿjk neúka" tjeks ;;ajhka fy<sorõ lsÍug mj;sk
fyd`ou yd M,Þhl l%uh jkafka wlghq;= kdokhhs'
23& wlghq;= kdolhskag /ljrKh ie,ish hq;= ukao @
fufia wlghq;=lï fy<sorõ lsÍug bÈßm;a fjk mqoa.,hska wÞ, wlghq;=lï j, kshe,s
whf.a ysßyerhkag ,la ùug bv we;s fyhska Tjqka fj; wdrlaIdj ie,ish hq;=hs'
fndfyda úg ¥IK md,k ;ka;%hla yd l,ukdldÍ;ajhla úiska wlghq;= kdolhska
lrorldÍ whj¨ka f,i i,lkjd ñi Tjqka we.hSulg ,lafkdlrk njo u;l ;nd.;
hq;=h' ¥Is; l<ukdlrK jHQyhka ;=<" jxpksl ks,OdÍ lKAvdhï úiska wlghq;= kdolhska
mSvdjg m;a lsÍu ms‚i úkh l%shdud¾. wksis f,iska Ndú;d lrhs' tfia fyhska tjeks
mSvdjkag f.dÿreùfuka wlghq;= kdolhska /l.ekSu ms‚i l%ufõohka mej;Su w;HdjYH
fõ' fndfyduhla rgj, fuu wruqK bgqlr.ekSu ms‚i úfYaIs; kS;s mkjd b;du;a
id¾:l wkaoñka l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk wdldrho oelsh yels fõ'
24& wm rfÜ f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ;sfío @
Y%S ,xldfõ kS;sh u.ska uQ<sl whs;sjdislula f,i f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï whs;sh ;yjqre
fldg ke;' tfukau iuyr jHjia:djka yd mßphka u.ska fuu ksoyi l%shdjg kexùuo
j<lajd ;sfí' tA flfia fj;;a Y%S ,xldjg o f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi m%;smdokh
flfrk kS;shla iïmdokh m%n, wjYH;djh uE; w;S;fha§ jßka jr mekke.=Kq w;r"
tjeks kS;shla flgqïm;a flrek o fï jk f;la th md¾,sfïka;=j u.ska iïu; ù
fkdue;' Y%S ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ uQ,sl whs;sjdislï mßÉfþoh u.ska NdIKfha
whs;sh ^woyia m%ldY lsÍfï whs;sh& ;yjqre lrkq ,en ;snqK o" f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï
ksoyi ms<sno m%;smdokhka ioyka fldg ke;' tkuq;a fY%aIaGdêlrK kvq ;Skaÿ rdYshla
u.skau wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ m%ldYs; yDo idlaIsfha ksoyfiys fldgila f,i i,lñka
f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ms<s.kq ,en we;' tjeks ;Skaÿ ,nd§ ;snqK o" tA .ek
;elSulska f;drj" mßmd,k mßphka yd wdh;k ix.%yh u.ska ;ju;a jeo.;a f;dr;=re
,nd.ekSfï ksoyi iSud lr we;'
25& f;dr;=re ±k.ekSfï ksoyi ia:dms; flfrk kS;shla ;sîfuka" ¥IKhg tfrysj
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igka je§ug ,efnk msgqjy, l=ulao @
tjeks kS;shla mej;Su u.ska" f;dr;=re ±k.ekSug we;s yelshdj m%j¾Okh jk uÜgulg
ffk;sl" wdh;ksl yd ld¾hmámdál moku o Yla;su;a ùug u.mdohs' tfukau kshñ;
wjia:dfõ§ ksjerÈ f;dr;=re m%isoaO lsÍu u.ska" fmdÿ ck;djg ukdj f;dr;=re ,nd
foñka wdKavqj j.ùfuka l%shdlrk ;;ajhla iy;sl lsÍug o bjy,a fõ' f;dr;=re
myiqfjka yd ksoyfia ,nd.ekSug yels úg" ¥IKhg we;s m%jK;djhka miq.dó fõ'
uyck;dj f;dr;=rej,ska ikakoaO ùu fya;=fjka rdcH ks,OdÍka úiska .kq ,nk"
jerÈ yd ¥Is; ;SrK ms<sno m%Yak lsÍug ck;djg n,h ,efnk w;r" uyck;dj o
ú.Klhska njg m;afõ'
26& ¥IKh fya;=fjka udkj ysñlï W,a,x.kh fõo @
¥IKfha l=uk m%fNaohlska mSvdjg m;a jQjo tu.ska tlS mqo,.hskaf.a udkj ysñlï
W,a,x>khla isÿjkafkah' WÞyrKhla f,i olajkafka kï" ;u ys; ñ;%d§kag wksis
ie,ls,s olajñka n,;, Ndú;d lsÍu hkq kS;sh bÈßfha iudk /ljrKh ,eîug wka
mqoa.,hska i;= ysñlu W,a,x>khls'
tfia fyhska" ¥IK lghq;= ioyd wdKavqjla yjq,a ùu u.ska" udkj ysñlï iqrlaIs; lsÍug
yd m%j¾Okhg rch fj; mj;sk j.lSu lv fõ' rdcH ks,OdÍka ¥Is; jk ;;ajhla ;=<
iuyr udkj ysñlï ;yjqre lsÍug bvla ,efnkafka ke;' ¥Is; fmd,sia ks,OdÍka
úiska" wi;H idlaIs ks¾udKh fldg lrk" w;awvx.=jg .ekSï yd r`ojd ;nd.ekSï
fya;=fjka" w;a;fkdau;sl f,i w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka yd r`ojd .ekSï j,ska ñ§fï
ksoyi W,a,x>kh ùu tA iïnkaOfhka lÈu WÞyrKhls' i;H jYfhkau ÿIKhg
tfrys wr.,h yd udkj ysñlï /l.ekSu ioyd jQ wr.,h;a hk folu" b;du;a iómj
.uka lrk" ch.%yKh lsÍu wNsfhda.hlaj we;s wr., fõ'
27& udkj ysñlï flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu flfiao@
¥IKh ksid ksr;=reju isÿjkakd jQ whqla;siy.; ;;ajhka fya;=fjka f,djmqrd fldaá
ixLHd; ck;djg udkj ysñlï wysñ fõ'
² udkj ysñlï w;am;a lr.ekSug ¥IKh u.ska ndOd t,a, fõ'
WÞ (- úÿy,am;sjrhdg w,a,ia fkd§fuka mdie,g we;=,;a ùug
fkdyelsjk orejdf.a whs;sjdislï W,a,x>k h fõ'
² ¥IKh ksid j.ùu ksis f,i bgq fkdfõ' uyck;djg ysñ foaYmd,ksl ysñlï
Ndú;fha bv m%ia:dj wysñ fõ'
WÞ (- foaYmd,k{hskag" wd¾Ól jdis ,nd§ Tjqkaf.a u;jdo fjkia
l< yels ùu'
fï u.ska m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl moku ìojefÜ'
² udkj ixy;sfha iudkd;au;djh yd rdcHh fj;ska iudk ie,l=ï ,eîfï
uQ,O¾uhka jkafka udkj ysñlïh'
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¥IKh hkq fjkiafldg ie,lSfï w;sYh wk¾:ldÍ ;;ajhls' tA ;=<ska foaYmd,k{hska
fj;ska iy rdcH ks,OdÍka fj;ska" wh:d ie,lSï jrm%ido wdÈh ,nd.ekSug ;e;a lrhs'
iEu mqoa.,fhlau tl yd iudk fiajhla wfmalaId lrkafka kï w,a,ia §fï wjYH;djhka
Woa.; fkdfõ' ¥IKh ksid ÿmam;=kag rdcH fiajd ,nd.ekSug we;s bv m%ia:d wysñ fjk
ksid Tjqkag ysñ foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï idlaId;a lr.ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid;a
¥IKh ;=<ska udkj ysñlï W,a,x.kh jk nj meyeÈ,s lreKls'
29& ¥IKh ksid yg.kakd wd¾Óluh mdvq fudkjdo @
¥Is; .KqfoKqj, jákdlu yd isÿfjk jdr .Kk wkqj;a" tA u.ska l=uk wd¾Ól
lafIa;%hka iy lskï ck fldÜGdYhla bka mSvdjg m;ajkafka o hk lreKq u; ¥IKh
ksid yg.kakd wd¾Ól mdvqj wjia:dkql+,j fjkia fõ' f.ùfï yelshdfjka b;du;a
wju uÜgfï isák ÿmam;a ck;dj fj; m%;s.dó wdldrfhka mSvdjka we;slrk fyhska
¥IKh mdßfNda.slhska u; fukau l%shdmámdàka u; mekfjk ks, fkdjk noaola
f,iskao yeÈkaúh yel' ¥IKh yd wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï w;r Yla;su;a wkshï ino;djhla
l%shd;aul fkdjk neúka" ¥IKfha i;H mßudKh ueŒu wmyiq fõ' tys m%;sM,hla
f,i id¾j wd¾Òluh úhoï we.hqug ,lalsÍu wmyiq fõ'
uyd mßudK ¥IKh yd w.;s.dó wd¾Òl m%;súmdlhka w;r iqúfYaIS iyiïnkaOhla
mj;sk nj fndfyduhla wd¾Ól úoHd{hska úiska ms<sf.k we;s lreKls'
tkï ¦
� fj<ofmd< l%uh l%shd;aul ùfï wdld¾hlaIu;d we;slsÍu'
� uyd mßudK bÈlsÍï" wdrlaIl .súiqï jeks w,a,ia úYd, m%udKfhka ,eîug
bvlv we;s l%shdlrlï j,g uq,a;ek foñka rdcH úhofï ixhq;sh jrojd ksrEmkh
lsÍu'
� wkjYH jehNdrhka tl;= lsÍu;a" wia:djr;ajhka ks¾udKh ùu;a ;=<ska" Rcq
úfoaY wdfhdack uÜgu wju ùu'
iq¿ mßudK ¥IK ksid wd¾Òlh flfrys úYd, n,mEula we;sùfï yelshdj iSñ; jQjo
tu.ska ÿmam;a ck;dj fj; widOdrK f,i jehNdrhka we;s lrhs' tmuKla fkdj uyd
mßudK ¥IKhka iuia; wd¾Òlhu mßydkshg ,lalsÍug fukau iuia; ck.ykhu
È<skaoka njg m;alsÍug ;rï m%n, fõ'
30& rgl ixj¾Okh flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu flfiao @
¥IKh fya;=fjka ixj¾Okh m%udo ùug;a" wjysr ùug;a" fkdu.heùug;a wjia:djg WÞ
lrhs' ¥IKh l%shd;aul jk wdh;ksl jHQyhka ;=<" ¥IKh fukau fjk;a ÿ¾j,;djhka
85
iy wld¾hlaIu;djhkao mj;sk neúka ixj¾Okh flfrys ¥IKfha n,mEu Rcqj
;SrKh lsÍu myiq fkdfõ' wdh;kj, mj;sk wld¾hlaIu;djhka iy j.ùfuka f;drj
lghq;= lsÍfï iajNdjhkag ¥IKh fya;=jla jkjd fukau tlS ;;ajhkaf.a m%;sM,hka
f,io ¥IKh yg.kakd ksid ¥IKh hkak úp,Hhla f,iska ixj¾Okhg lrk n,mEu
uekSu wmyiq fõ'
meyeÈ,sj ±l.; yels ldrKhla jkafka ÿ¾j, wd¾Ól j¾Okh ms‚i n,mdk wfkl=;a
wdh;ksl ÿn,;d w;f¾" ¥IKho tla fya;= ldrKdjla njhs' úfoaYSh fukau foaYSh
wdfhdack uÜgu my< ±óug ¥IKh b;du;a nrm;, f,iska n,mdk njg úYajdi
flf¾'
hï rgl Ñria:dhs ixj¾Ok jevms<sfj,la l%shd;aul lsÍug kï" rchlg wdrlaIl"
úYajdiÞhS yd l%udkql+,j m%j¾Okh jk wdÞhï uQ,dY%hla mej;sh hq;=h' kuq;a ¥IKldÍ
nÿ u.yeÍï fya;=fjka" M,ÞhS wdfhdackhla Wfoid wruqo,a fjka lsÍug ys.hla we;sfõ'
¥IKh mj;sk úg§ wd¾Òl j¾Okh flfrys m%n, f,i iqNÞhl jk wOHdmkh jeks
M,ÞhS jevigyka j,g fjka lrk uqo,a fjk;a ud¾. j,g .uka lsÍu" uyd mßudK
w,a,ia j,g u.mdok hqO WmlrK ñ,§.ekSï jeks lghq;= Wfoid rdcH m%d.aOk wdfhdack
ioyd fjkalr we;s uqo,a fhoùu jeks ;;ajhka Woa.; úh yel' tfia fyhska ¥IKh"
wdfhdackhka ÿ¾j, lrk nj;a" rdcH wdÞhï ud¾. ì|ouk nj;a" rdcH úhoïj, ukd
ixhq;sh wjq,a lrk nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ'
flfia jQjo ¥IKh md,kh lsÍu yd rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh wkqf,dauj iudkqmd; jk
njg idOl we; ^23 jk msgqj n,kak&'
31& ¥IK ixcdkk o¾Ylh hkq l=ulao@
cd;Hka;r ¥IK uÜgfï m%udKh ksrEmKh lrk tlu cd;Hka;r o¾Ylh jk ¥IK
ixcdkk o¾Ylfha ¥Is;u rgj,a o¾Ylfha my<skau msysgk w;r ¥IKh wju rgj,a
o¾Ylfha by<ska msysghs' fuu o¾Ylh g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh úiska 1995
j¾Ifha isg jd¾Islj ilikq ,nhs'
rdcH ks,OdÍka w;r fukau foaYmd,k{hka w;r mj;akd ¥IK uÜgu" ixcdkkh jk
m%udKh ^±fkk m%udKh& u‚kq ,efí' wju ¥Is; uÜgu ,l=Kq 10 f,i;a Wmßu ¥IK
uÜgu —0˜ f,i;a ,l=Kq mrdihl msysgqjñka" tA tA rgj,a wdY%fhka mj;ajk u; úuiqï
yd iólaIK u; mokïj tla tla rgj,g ,l=Kq §u lrhs' fï wkqj ¥IK ixcdkk
o¾Ylh hkq u; Pkaohla meje;aùug iudkh'
86
32& tAldêm;sjd§ md,k l%uhla ;=<ska ¥IKh wju l< yelso@
wd×Þhl md,k ;ka;%hla ;=< ¥IKh wju fjkjd fkdj by< hk njg fmkakqï lrk
idlaIs nyq,j ±lsh yelsh' m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k l%uhl kï uyck;djg m%ldYkfha
wjia:dj mj;sk fyhska ¥IKhg tfrysj igkaje§ug bv m%ia:dj mj;S'
33& ¥IKh mj;skafka hï úfYaIs; wd¾Ól l%uhl muKlao@
ke;' ¥IKh yeu wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k moaO;shla ;=<u ±lsh yels fõ' iudcjd§ rdcH"
Okjd§ rdcH fukau wd.ñl kdhl;ajhlska md,kh fjk rdcH j, o ¥IKh mj;S'
tfukau m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,khla" tAldêm;sjd§ md,khla muKla fkdj yuqÞ md,khla
fukau wka ´kEu wdldrhl md,k ;ka;%hlaa mj;sk rgl mjd ¥IKh mj;sk nj
fkdryils' tla tla moaO;sfhka moaO;shg úoHdudk fjk ¥IKfha m%udKh yd uqyqKqjr
fjkia úh yelsh'
34& mj;akd ¥IK m%jdyh wdmiq yerùug yelso@
fmdÿfõ .;a l, lsisÿ rgla ¥IKh uq,skqmqgd oud ke;s kuqÿ fndfyduhla rgj, ¥IKh
ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulg md,kh lrkq ,en we;s njg idOl we;' tjeks ;;ajhka ms<sno
kso¾Yk f,djmqrd úúO rgj,a j,ska ±lsh yelsh' hï rgl ¥IK m%jdyh wdmiq yerùu
ms‚i fhdÞ.; yels l%ufõohka fuh hhs fmkajd§ug iqúfYaIS l%ufõohla olakg ke;'
l%ufõoh rfgka rgg fjkiah'
35& M,ÞhS f,iska ¥IK úfrdaë wr.,hla f.khdu ms‚i foaYmd,k jHQyfha Wkkaÿj
yd lemùu wjYHh jkafka ukao @
ia:djr ¥IK úfrdaë l%ufõohla iïnkaOfhka rgl kdhl;ajh fmkakqïlrk lemùu
;=<ska fï ioyd foaYmd,k rduqfõ Wkkaÿj m%lg lrhs' cd;sl kdhl;ajfha iyfhda.h
fkd,efnkafka kï ¥IK úfrdaë igklg w;alr.; yelafla iq¿ mßudK ch.%yKhka
mu‚' ukao rgl kdhl;ajfha yeisÍu jHdmdßl lafIa;%hg" foaYmd,k{hskag" wdrlaIl
wxYhkag" rdcH fiajhg" iudchg fukau iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu wdo¾Yhla i,ihs' rgl
kdhl;ajh ¥IK l%shdldrlï j,ska jdis ,nd.ksñka ¥Is; md,khla f.k hk úg ¥IK
l%shdjkaf.ka neyerj lghq;= lsÍug wfkl=;a iudc jHQyhka Èß.ekaùula isÿ fkdfõ'
by< ;k;=re j,g kqiqÿiq mqoa.,hska m;alsÍu" ¥Is; úksiqrejreka m;a lsÍu" fukau ¥IK
lghq;= ms<sno fy<sorõ lrk ckudOHfõ§kag tfrysj kvq mejÍug lghq;= fh§u wd§
87
l%shdjka ;=<ska ¥IKhg tfrys l%shdldrlï wvmK lsÍfï yelshdj rdcH kdhl;ajhg
mj;S' m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,k rduqjla ;=< fukau md,k ;ka;%hla ;=< jQjo fujeks ;;ajhka
we;sùug mj;sk m%jK;djhg ksudjla fkdue;' ¥IK úfrdaë lghq;= Wfoid" foaYmd,k
rduqfõ Wkkaÿj wdrïNl wjia:dfõ§u mej;sh jQj;a ke;;a tjeks ;;ajhka WÞlr.ekSu
fyda th ia:djrj mj;ajdf.k hEu ioyd ksrka;r uyck n,lsÍula mej;sh hq;=h'
36& tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh (UNCAC) hkq l=ulao@
¥IK úfrdaë wr.,h fjkqfjkau lemjQ tlai;a cd;Skaf.a f,aLkh jkafka fuhhs' fuu
iïuq;sh 2006 j¾Ifha§ mkjd l%shd;aul lrk ,o w;r Y%S ,xldj úiskao tu iïuq;shg
mlaImd;Sj th wm rfÜ l%shd;aul lsÍug nefoñka w;aika fldg ^wmrdkqu; fldg&
;sfí' ¥IKh uev,Su Wfoid rdcHhka w;r iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSfï l%ufõohka fuu
iïuq;sh u.ska ;yjqre fldg ;sfí' tlS ldrKdjka fukau wdKavq md,kh úksúoNdjh"
¥IKh ;=rka lsÍu ms‚i isú,a iudcfha l%shdldÍ Þhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu wd§ wruqKq
l%shdjg kexùugo fuu iïuq;sh u.ska wjOdkh fhduqlr we;'
37& cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh ljÞo@
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh l%shdjg kxjk ,o Èkh jk foieïn¾ 09 Èk
cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh f,i i,lkq ,efí'
uyd mdml¾u y;
jev lsÍfuka f;drj Okh bmhSu
yDo idCIshg mgyeksj i;=gqùu
udkqIsl;ajfhka f;dr úµdj
.=Kj;a núka f;dr ±kqu
m%;sm;a;s .rel fkdjk foaYmd,kh
iodpdrfhka f;dr jHdmdr
mß;Hd.fhka f;dr mQcdjka
uy;aud .dkaê
88
Wm .%ka:h 3Wm .%ka:h 3Wm .%ka:h 3Wm .%ka:h 3Wm .%ka:h 3
ÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhkÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhkÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhkÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhkÿießh ^¥IKh& je<elaùfï M,ÞhS m%fõYhhka - isoaê wOHhk
isoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkh I
fmd¾fgda we,sf.%a"
n%iS,h(
rdcH uqo,a úúO ldhH_ i|yd fjka lsÍu yd tys mßmd,khg iyNd.sùfï m%fõYh
n%iS,h ( fmd¾fgda we,sf.%a - iyNd.s;aj whjeh uyck iyNd.s;ajh we;sj whjeh ilia
lsÍu'
miqìu
j¾I úiailg wêl ld,hla ^1964-1985& taldêm;s md,khla ;snQ n%iS,h j¾I 1998 oS
m%cd;dka;%sl wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïu; lsÍfuka wk;=rej idudkHfhka l%shdldÍjQ
uyck;djg ;jÿrg;a ksoyfia lghq;= lsÍug wjia:dj Wodúh' n%iS,fha ck.ykh fldaá
15'6 ls' uOHu m%udKfha wdodhï ,dNS rgj,a w;=ßka b;du;a wdÞhï wiudk;ajhla mj;akd
fuu rfÜ jik ÿmam;a ck;djf.a ixLHdj wka rgj,a wìNjd isà' j¾I 1998 oS taldêm;s
md,kh fmr,d ±uQ ck;dj lïlre mCIhla msysgqjdf.k ckm%sh mßmd,khla u.ska w;sYfhka
m%cd;dka;%sljQ rchla ìyslsÍfï lghq;a; ;u wNsm%dh lr .;ay' j¾I 1989 oS fldaáhlg wêl
ck .yKhla jdih lrkq ,nk ie´ fmdaf,da we;=¿ k.riNd lsysmhl Pkaofhka ch.%yKh
l< fuu lïlre mCIh k.r i|yd whjeh fhdackd ieliSfï kj w;ayod ne,Sula wdrïN
lf<ah'
fuu kj;u kd.ßl ie,iqï l%uh u.ska m%cd;dka;%sl f,i b;d oCI wkaoñka
wdodhï ud¾. mßmd,kh lsÍula y÷kajdoSu tlai;a cd;Skaf.a j¾I 1996 oS bia;dïnq,ays
wj;ekajQ ck;dj mosxÑ lrùu wrNhd meje;ajQ iuq¿fõoS m%Yxidjg Ndckh úh' fldaá tlhs
oYu ;=kl ck.yKh jdihlrk úYd,;u l¾udka; k.rh jk ßfhda .%ekaä foda iq,ays
msysgd we;s fmda¾fgda we,sf.%ays m%dfoaYSh wdrA:slfha jákdlu wefußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shk
y;ls' fuu m%foaYh úoaj;=kaf.ka yd idudkH ck;dj tla /iaù wêldÍ n,hg úreoaO ùug
iy fmdÿ Ôú;fha m%Yakj,g úreoaOj ke.S isàu i|yd fm<Uùug iu;a fndfyda ld,hl
isg m%isoaêhla orK lïlre iñ;s j,ska mßmQ¾Kh'
89
wkq.ukh l< l%shdud¾.h
kd.ßl n,h f.dvk.d we;af;a k.rdêm;s m%Odk ks,Odßhd f,i;a Tyqf.a ksfhdacH
k.rdêm;sjre jHjia:dodhl uKav,h f,i;a ie,lSfuks' k.riNd i|yd ;u n,m%foaY
j,ska ,efnk wdodhu úhoï lsÍu i|yd iïmQ¾K n,h yd ksoyi Tjqkg we;' fuu wdodhï
,nd.kafka foaYSh nÿ whlsÍu" ;Srenÿ iy uOHu rcfha uqo,a ,eîï j,sks' úOdhlh u.ska
fuu k.r iNdj, whjeh ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí' fuu whjeh Bg miq uKav,fhka wkqu;
úh hq;=h’ k.rdêm;s hgf;a ixúOdk folla we;' tajd kï ixj¾Ok fhdckd ms<sfh, lrkq
,nk ld¾hd,h iy uyckhdf.a iïnkaëlrKh we;sj k.rfha Ôj;a jk msßia yd tl;=ù
whjeh ms<sfh, lsÍfï ld¾hd,h fõ' fuys fojekak m,d;a iïnkaëlrkh lrk wh iy
ta ta ck fldgiaj, kdhlhska iu. idlÉPdlr ta ta fldgiaj, l< hq;= jev igyka iy
uyck;djf.a b,a,Sï fudkjd oehs fidhdne,Su ms,sn|j lghq;= lrk w;r m<uqjekak
;dCIKsl iy wdrA:sluh wjYH;d .ek fidhd n,hs'
fuu k.rh fldÜGdY 16 lg fnod we;s w;r idlÉPd l,hq;= ud;Dld miajeoEreï
fõ' tajd kï (I) .ukd.ukh yd m%jdyk (II) wOHdmkh" l%Svd iy ixialD;sh (III) fi!LH
yd iudc Y=N idOkh (IV) wdrA:sl ixjrAOkh iy nÿ whlsÍu' (V) k.r ks¾udK ixúOdkh
iy kd.ßl ixj¾Okh'
iEu j¾Ihla mdidu iEu fldÜGdYhlu tl ud;Dldjla hgf;a /iaùï jdr folla
mj;ajkq ,efí' ck;dj udrA;= udifhaoS tla/iaù m%:u /iaùug fmr ta ta mqrjeishdf.a b,a,Sï
fudkjd oehs fidhd n,d oekf.k m%Odk /iaùï jdrfhaoS tajd bosßm;a lsÍu i|yd ksfhdað;hka
f;dard .kq ,efí' uyck;djf.a fuu /iaùï j,g k.riNdj iyNd.S fkdfõ' úOdhlh
iy ck;dj w;r /iaùï wm%sfh,a udifhaoS k.rdêm;sjrhdf.a m%OdkFjfhka meje;afõ'
fuysoS miq.sh j¾Ifha wdrïN lrk ,o wdfhdack jev igyka .ek iy fï j¾Ifha fhdað;
jevigyka .ek idlÉPd lrkq ,efí' fuysoS ;jÿrg;a tu jevlghq;= ksÍCIKh lsÍfu
i|yd ksfhdað;hka Pkao l%uh wkqj m;a lrkq ,efí' m%:u iy fojeks idlÉPdjdr w;r;=r
tkï ud¾;= iy cQks udi we;=<; oS fkdfhl=;a ck;d iNd j,ska lïlre iñ;s" iuQldr
iñ;s" uõjrekaf.a ix.ï wdosh bosßm;a lrkq ,nk wdfhdack yd l%shd .ek idlÉPd
mj;ajkq ,efí' ;jo fuu b,a,Sï tajdg iyNd.S jkakkaf.a m%uqL;d wkqj igyka lr.kq
,efí' fïjdg úOdhlfhkaa tys wjYH;d wkqj ,l=Kq fokq ,efí' ta i|yd l%u folla
wkq.ukh flf¾' (1) lsishï fiajdjla i|yd we;s wjYH;dj ukskq ,nkafka fufia
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fiajdj u.ska fldf;la ÿrg tys ck;djg tys m%fhdack .; yelso hkak
yd ck.yk m%udKh wkqjh'
90
fï i|yd ,nd .; yels jeäu ,l=Kq m%udKh 15 ls' fï ,l=Kq 15 ;=ka wdldrhlg
fnod tllg 5 ne.ska oSu lrkq ,nkafka my; oelafjk lreKq wkqj hñkah' ishhg úiailg
jvd jeäfhkaa tu fiajdfjka m%fhdack .kafka kï ,l=Kq 5 hs' tys ck.ykh 120"000 jvd
jeä kï ,l=Kq 5 hs" th ;ukaf.a b,a,Sï ,ehsia;=fõ m%uqL;djh f.k we;akï ,l=Kq 5 hs'
fojeks jgfha idlÉPdj cQ,s udifhaoS mj;ajkq ,nk w;r m%foaY 16 ka tllska
fofokd ne.ska f;dardm;a lr .kq ,efí' fï i|yd uq,ska i|ykal< miajeoEreï ud;Dld
Ndrj isák wh fjkqfjka oifofklao" isú,a fiajlhkaf.a iñ;s j,ska tla ksfhdað;hl=
ne.skao" wi,ajdiS ck;dj fjkqfjka ksfhdað;hka fofofkl= ne.skao mßÈ wh jeh ;SrKh
lsrSu i|yd tlaù /iafjk ljqkais,h" 44 la jQ ksfhdacs;hka f.ka iukaú;fõ' fuu ljqkais,h
ish¿ fokdu ksfhdackh fjk m%Odk ixúOdkh fõ' fuysoS fï ksfhdacs;fhda k.r iNdfõ
uqo,a mrsyrkh ms<sn|j oekqula ,nd.kakd w;r" uqo,a fjka lr .ekSu i|yd jdo újdo l,
hq;= wdldrh" ;uka úiska ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk uyck fldÜGdYfha b,a,Sï iy wjYH;d
.ek i<ld n,d k.rdêm;s jrhd úiska iy m%Odk lñgqj úiska ms<sfh, fldg bosrs m;a
lrkq ,nk whjeh kej; ixfYdaOkhg Ndckh flf¾' fï i|yd foieïn¾ ui 30 jeks od
f;la i;sfhlg jrla meh fofla /iaùï jdr 4 la ne.ska mj;ajkq ,efí' Bg miq fï
wdldrfhka ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk whjeh jd¾;dj jHjia:d odhlh fj; bosrsm;a lrkq ,efí'
iema;eïn¾ iy foieïn¾ udi w;r;=roS whjeh fhdackd i|yd iyNd.Sjk ljqkais,h rdcH
uka;%K iNdfõoS ;ukaf.a whjeh wkqu; lrjd .ekSu i|yd m%n, f,i lghq;= lrhs'
fuysoS ;ukaf.a wdfhdackh i|yd bosrsm;alr we;s fhdackd iy ta ta m%foaYhg fjkalr we;s
uqo,a ms<sn| úia;rd;aul jdrA;d ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí' fuysoS md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdacs;hkag
oek.ekSug wjYH ish¿ f;dr;=re iïmdokh lrkq ,efí' wjidkfhaoS foaYmd,kuh ;SrK
.ekSï u; iy ta ta fhdackdj, we;s wjYH;djh i,ld uqo,a fnod fokq ,efí'
m%;sM,
1989 mgka fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a k.r iNd Pkaofhka fkdlvjd ;=ka jrlau lïlre
mCIh n,h ,ndf.k we;' fuh ,;ska wefußldfõ úreoaO mdlaIslhka fj; ,enqKq wka;
mrdchla f,i ye|skafõ' lïlre mlaIhg ,eî we;s uyck Pkao m%;sY;h j¾I 1988 oS ishhg
24 lajQ w;r th 1996 oS ishhg 56 olajd jeä ù we;' ;jo b;d m%isoaO jHdmdrsl m%ldYkhl
i|yka jkafka fmdarAfgda we,sf.%a k.rh úiska tys ck;djg w;s Wiia Ôú; ;;ajhla imhd
we;s njhs' fï nj ta m%ldYkfha i;rjeks jrg;a tfiau m%ldYfldg m%isoaêh ,ndoS we;'
91
j¾I 1986 g m%:u fuu k.rh uqo,a ;;ajh w;ska b;d WodiSk ;;ajhl miqjQ w;r
thg fya;=jqfha l¾udka; oshqKqjla fkdùu" msgia;r ckhd mosxÑh i|yd fuys meñKSu"
wêl Kh.e;s Ndjh iy wdodhï ud¾. ySk ùuh' tfy;a uQ,Huh m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul
ùfuka miq j¾I 1989-1991 ld,h ;=,oS b;d Wiia wdldrfha oshqKqjla fmkakqï lr we;'
fuhg fya;=ù we;af;a uyck;djf.a iyNd.sFjfhka we;slrk ,o whjeh ieliSfï l%shdj,sh
fõ' j¾I 1989 isg 1996 olajd ld,h ;=<oS k, c,h mdúÉÑ lrk ck ixLHdj 80] isg 98]
olajd by, f.dia we;' tfiau k.r iNdj u.ska md,kh lrkq ,nk le,s li, bj;a lsÍfï
ld¾h moaO;sh u.ska ck;djg fiajh iemhSu 46] isg 85] olajd jO_kh ù we;' ÿmam;a
m%foaYj, wOHdmkh i|yd mdie,aj,g YsIHhkaf.a we;=,aùfï ixLHdj fo.=Kù we;' j¾I
1989 isg fï olajd j¾Ihlg lsf,dóg¾ 30 lajQ uydud¾. ;dr oud m%;sixialrKh lr we;'
.kqfokqj, úksúo Ndjh ksid jHdmdßlhka úiska ish leue;af;ka whnÿ f.jk ,o w;r
wdodhu ishhg mkylska jO_kh ù we;' ;jo w¨f;ka wdfhdackh i|yd fjka lrkq ,nk
uqo,a m%udKh 1992 oS fvd,¾ ñ,shk 54 lajq w;r 1996 oS th fvd,¾ ñ,shk 70 olajd jeäù
we;' oeka n%iS,fha k.r 80 lg jvd m%udKhla fï fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a wdo¾Yh wkqj hñka
;u whjeh ilia lr we;s w;r" ,Õu msysgd we;s úhdï k.rh tys iajdëkFjh w;yer
fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a k.rhg wEÿk k.rhla f,i lghq;= lsÍug leue;a; m%ldYlr we;' fuu
fmda¾fgda we,sf.%a w;ayodne,Su m%cd;dka;%sl .sKqï .; lsÍu ms<sn| b;d m%n, WodyrKhla
jk w;r ish¿ ck fldgiaj,g tl yd iudkj ie,lSu" kS;sh ieug tlfia l%shd;aul lSÍu"
;SrK .ekSfïoS ish,a,kaf.a woyia j,g weyqïlka oS tfia lsÍu" foaYmd,kuh ;SrK iEu
fokdgu fmdÿ f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu wdosh .ek wdo¾Yhla fõ' mkaoyila muK w;sYh ÿ.S
ck;dj Ôj;a jk b,aydia m%foaYh b;du Okj;a ;=ka ,CIhla jdih lrk fiakafg%d m%foaYh
w;r ixjrAOkh i|yd ;SrK .ekSfïoS lsisÿ fjkila fkdmj;S' fuu ;SrK .ekSfï wjia:djka
i|yd iyNd.S jk whf.a wdodhu wju fõ;khg jvd ;=ka .=Khla muK fõ' ;SrK
.ekSfïoS ia;%S mqreI ixLHdj w;r iudk ;djla mj;S' tfia jQjo by, uÜgfï lghq;= j,oS
tu m%udKh jeäfhka mqreIhka fj; mejÍ we;' uq,ska lïlre mCIh flfrys jmr weiska
ne¨ uOHu mx;shg wh;a ckfldgia oeka fuu k.rh m;aj we;s lS¾;su;a ia:dkh fya;=fjka
fuu mCIh foi n,kafka b;d by,sks ;jo whjeh ms<sfh, lsÍfï lghq;= j, ksr;ù isá
;dCIKsl oekqu we;s Wiia ks,OdÍ me,eka;sh mjd idudkH ckd;dj iu. lghq;= lsÍfuka
;uka úiska mj;ajd .kq ,enQ wyxldr ;;aFjh w;ayer oud wjYH mßos osk pßhdj
fjkialrf.k we;' fï iu.u fuu lghq;= j, ksr;ù isá ;dCIKsl oekqfuka hq;= ld¾h
uKav,h ir, niska ;ukaf.a rdcldß lghq;= idudkH ck;dj fj; bosßm;a lsÍug fm<ö
we;'
92
;jo fu ks,OdÍka úiska bosßm;a lrkq ,enQ ;dCIKSl iy ta yd iudk fhdackd
ck;d lñgqj,ska m%;slafIam fldg tajd ck;djg .e,fmk wkaoñka ilialrjd .ekSï lrkq
,efí' fuu lghq;= fï wdldrfhka ilialr ;snqko ;ju;a fuu me,eka;sh ;uka f.a
woyia yqjd olajñka tajdu uyck;djg n,fhka ms,s.ekaùug lrk ,o W;aidyhkao ke;af;u
fkdfõ' fuu l%shdj,sh ms<n| i¾j iïmQ¾K f,i i,ld ne,SfïoS j¾I 1980 oS mej;s
úfrdaO;d u.ska lghq;= lrjd .ekSfï mqreoao iy ixialD;sh ke;sùf.dia ish¿ fokdf.au
woyia ùuid whjeh ilia lsÍu iïmQ¾Kfhkau uyck;djf.a idlÉPdjg Ndckhlr ta
ud¾.fhka bosßm;a lsÍfïoS úfrdaO;d fkdue;sj m%;sM, fk,d .ekSug iu;a ù we;s nj
m%ldY l< yelsh'
"lsuo in| kqU w,a,ia .kafkaljoo fï Kh f.jd oukafka"
2007 ¥IK úfrdaë mdG ;rÕfha ch.%dyS mdGhls'
93
isoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkh II
iyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkiyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkiyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkiyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jkiyNd.s;aj ú.Kkh ( hymd,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk
wen%d mqrjeisfhdawen%d mqrjeisfhdawen%d mqrjeisfhdawen%d mqrjeisfhdawen%d mqrjeisfhda ^CCAGG& ms,smSkhms,smSkhms,smSkhms,smSkhms,smSkh
W;=re ms,smSkfha wen%d l,dmfha l%shd;aul rcfha jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh lrk rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkhla jk —hy md,kh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a jk wen%d mqrjeisfhda˜" fyj;a CCAGG
(Concerned Citizens of Abra for Good Governance) msysgqjk ,oafoa ckdêm;sks fldrfidafkda
wlsfkda úiska fufyh jQ ixj¾Ok jev igyka j,g odhlùu i|yd isú,a iudc ixúOdk
fj; kj wjia:d Wodlr ÿka 1986 j¾Ifha§h' m%cd iyNd.s;aj kj m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a CCAGG
idudðlfhda" cd;sl wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok wêldßh iu. wjfndaO;d .súiqula w;aika lrk
,ÿj" jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh ms<sn| mqyqKqjla tu wêldßh fj;ska ,nd .;af;dah' fmdÿ há;,
jHqyd;aul jHdmD;s .ek mqrjeishka ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd CCAGG idudðlfhda m%dfoaYSh ckudOH
^.=jka úÿ,sh" mqj;am;a& fhdod.;a w;r m%cd /iaùï o ixúOdkh l<y'
wen%d m<df;a jHdmD;s 27 la id¾:l f,i ksu lsÍug ;uka iu;a jQ nj ±lafjk fmdÿ lghq;=
iy uyd ud¾. wud;HdxYfha ^MPWH& mqj;am;a ±kaùula ÿgq" m%cd /lshd iy ixj¾Ok
jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh lrñka isá CCAGG idudðlfhda úYauhg m;ajQy' fuu m%ldYkh wi;Hhla
nj ±k isá CCAGG idudðlfhda rch úiska wi;H f;dr;=re iemhSug tfrysj l%shdud¾.
.ekSug ;SrKh l<y' rdcH wdh;khg tfrysj ke.sh yels fpdaokdj Yla;su;a lrkq jia"
rch úiska lghq;= iïmQ¾K l< nj m%ldYhg m;a l< jHdmD;Skaf.a ienE ;;a;ajh ±lafjk
úia;rd;aul f,aLk CCAGG idudðlfhda ilia l<y' we;a; jYfhkau fuu jHdmD;s mej;sfha
;ju;a wdrïNl wjêfhah' ke;fyd;a bÈlsÍïj, uOHu wjêfhah' CCAGG idudðlhka
úiska tfia ilia l< f,aLk w;r jHdmD;s m%foaYj, mÈxÑ ckhdf.ka ,nd.;a Èjqreï
fm;aiï iy jHdmD;s jevìï ms<sn| PhdrEm o we;=<;a úh' CCAGG wdh;kh ;uka fidhd.;a
fuu lreKq ksjerÈ nj ;yjqre lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej rdcH ks,OdÍka lSm fofkl=g
tfrysj ¥IK fpdaokd hgf;a kvq mjrk ,§' ks,OdÍka lSm fofkl= jerÈlrejka ùu;a iu.
meñKs,a, fufyh jQ kS;s{fhda rdcH ks,OdÍka ms<sn|j idkqlïmslj i,ld ovqjï jYfhka
Tjqkag ks, jYfhka wjjdo lsÍula muKla isÿ lrk f,i wêlrKfhka b,a,d isáhy' fuu
fjkiaùu ksid fldamhg m;a CCAGG idudðlfhda uyck u;h f.dvke.Su i|yd l%shd
lf<dah' ta wkqj l%shd;aul jQ ie,ls,su;a mqrjeisfhda jerÈlrejka njg m;a jQ ks,OdÍkag ±ä
ovqjï muqKqjk f,i n, lrñka fmdÿ lghq;= iy uyd ud¾. wud;HdxY f,alïf.a
ld¾hd,hg úÿ,s mqj;a w;s úYd, m%udKhla hejQy'
94
wjidkfha§ f,alïjrhd ;u ±ä ia:djrh ,sys,a l< w;r" jxl Ndjh iy wh:d yeisÍu .ek
jerÈlrejka njg m;a jQ rdcH ks,OdÍka 11 fofkl=f.a fiajh ;ykï lrk ,§ 1'
thg
w;sf¾lj" fmdÿ lghq;= iy uydud¾. wud;HxYfha wen%dys m%Odk iy ksfhdacH m%Odk
bxðfkarejka fofokd jegqma rys;j fiajd w;aysgqùulg ,la fldg wkd.;fha lsisÿ Èkl
m<d; ;=< fiajfha fh§u o ;ykï lrk ,§' isú,a iudc ixúOdkhl iqmÍCIdldÍ;ajh
fya;=fjka" ¥IK fpdaokd ,o ms,smSkfha rdcH ks,OdÍka jerÈlrejka njg m;afldg Tjqkag
ovqjï ,nd ÿka m%:u wjia:dj fuh úh yel' tmuKla fkdj fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" wen%d
m<df;a jHdmD;s i|yd wruqo,a ,nd§ug m%:u ta i|yd CCAGG wdh;kfha tlÕ;ajh ,nd.;
hq;= nj ±lafjk Wmfoia ksl=;a lsÍugo fmdÿ lghq;= iy uyd ud¾. wud;HdxYfha l,dmSh
wOHCIjrhdg isÿ úh'
wk;=rej" CCAGG ish lghq;= taldnoaO fldg tys idudðlfhda rdcH m%;sm;a;s ksÍCIKh
lsÍug iu;a úYsIaG l%ufõohla f.dv kÕd .;ay' CCAGG idudðlfhda' tkï m%Odk jYfhkau
.DyKshka" YsIHhka iy ;reK idudðlfhda uyd ud¾. bÈlsÍï jHdmD;s ksÍCIKh fldg
;uka wkdjrKh lr.;a lreKq bxðfkarejka iy .Kldêldßjre jeks úfYaI{ Ndjhla
we;s i.hka fj;g bÈßm;a l<y' wk;=rej tu úfYaI{ ±kqu iys; ld¾h uKav, idudðlfhda
jHdmD;s jev ìï ms<sn| iúia;rd;aul mÍCIK isÿ l<y'
CCAGG mÍCIK u.ska úúO wkaofï rdcH jHdmD;s ms<sn|j ksÍCIKh lr;s' úfYaIfhkau"
wvq m%ñ;shla iys; øjH ^isfuka;s ñY%Khka& iy $fyda ÿ¾j, bÈlsÍï l%u Ndú;d lsÍu
we;=¿j ud¾. bÈlsÍï yd iïnkaO jHdmD;s" iy fldka;%d;a l%ufha ^fldka;%d;a;= ,nd§fï
wl%ñl;d& jxpd .ek wjOdkh fhduq lr;s' tla ud¾. bÈlsÍï jHdmD;shl fldka;%d;alrejl=
jHdmD;s wruqo,a .id lE wjia:djla CCAGG idudðlhka úiska wkdjrKh lr .ekSu tn÷
tla ksoiqkls' fuu lreKq fidhd .ekSfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka wdKavqj tlS fldka;%d;alreg
udj;la mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd ;u mqoa.,sl uqo,a fhdojk f,i n, lf<ah'
¥IK je<elaùfï l%shdj,sfha§ ixúOdkh úiska bgq lrk ,o ;SrKd;aul ld¾h Ndrh iy
fmdÿ lghq;= jHdmD;Ska ksÍCIKh lsÍug Tjqka w;am;a lrf.k we;s úfYaI{;djh .ek
i,ld neÆ —ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñiu˜ - ms,smSk SAI wdh;kh - wen%d l,dmh ;=<
iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk lghq;= isÿ lsÍu i|yd CCAGG iu. yjq,a tlÕ;djlg t<UQfkah'
ksYaÑ; jHdmD;shla $ jev igykla u.ska tys wfmaCIs; m%;sM, ,nd .; yelsùo hkak
ks.ukh lsÍu msKsi tlS jHdmD;sh $ jev igyk ú.Kkhg ,la lsÍu fuu ld¾hfha
wruqK úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jev igyk ^UNDP& u.ska wkq.%yh ,o fuu
lghq;a; id¾:l jQ nj Bg iyNd.S jQ ish¿ md¾Yajhkaf.a ms<s.ekSu úh' fuu
95
ld¾hfha m%;sM,h .ek úia;r l< ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñiu ^COA& th —b;d fyd¢ka
b,lal.; l< iy ld¾hCIu˜ tlla jYfhka ye¢kaúh’ miqj" ú.Kk l%shdj,sfha w;a±lSï
we;=<;a lrñka" —iyNd.S;aj ú.Kkh l%shdjg ke.Su˜ ms<sn| w;a fmd;la ú.Kkh ms<sn|
cd;sl fldñiu úiska uqøKh fldg ksl=;a lrk ,§'
fndfyda lreKq w;ska id¾:l jqjo isú,a iudc ixúOdk iy rdcH ú.Klhska w;r wkd.;
iyfhda.s;djh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= wNsfhda. lSmhla .eko" COA-CCAGG iyNd.S;aj
ú.Kk w;a±lSï ;=<ska fy<sorõ úh'
ú.Kk l%ufõoh ( ú.Kkfhka wkdjrKh jQ m%Odk fidhd .ekSï .ek m%cdfõ idudðlhka
iu. idlÉPd l< hq;= nj CCAGG ld¾h uKav,h úiska lrk ,o b,a,Sug ú.Kkh ms<sn|
cd;sl fldñifï ld¾h uKav,h úreoaO;ajh m< l<y' mYapd;a jHdmD;s ld,h ms<sn|
ú.Kkhla isÿ lsÍu je<elaùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka wkdjrKh lr .; yelsj ;snQ jákd
f;dr;=re wysñùfï wjodkula mej;sh yels nj CCAGG ld¾h uKav,h iel lf<ah'
;sridr;ajh ( iyNd.s;aj ú.Kk ld¾hh id¾:l tlla nj Bg odhl;ajh iemhQ ish¿
ixúOdk úiska m%ldY lrk ,o kuqÿ ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñifï l<uKdldÍ;ajh
fjkia ùu;a iu. th kj;ajd ±uk ,§' ú.Kkh ms<sn| cd;sl fldñifï kj
flduidßiajrhdg fjk;a m%uqL;d ;snQ w;r Tyq iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk ld¾hhka mfilg ±óh'
fuh iyNd.S;aj ú.Kk ld¾hh ;sridr f,i mj;ajd f.k hdu ms<sn| nrm;, m%Yak u;=
lrhs'
11 g%dkaiafmarkais bkag¾keIk,a ’ms,smSkfha m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ¥IK msgq±lSu ( 2000 jif¾§ hdj;ald,Sklrk ,§’http://www.transparency.org /pressreleases_archive/2000/2000.09.28 i_awardportraits.html#37.
—w,a,iska ,o uqo,ska n;a tmd
ug ;d;af;a ˜
2007 ¥IK úfrdaë mdG ;rÕfha ch.%dyS mdGhls'
96
isoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkhisoaê wOHhkh III
jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdfjka wdo¾Yhla ''''
nÿ whlr.ekSfï kjH l<uKdlrK m%fõYhla
iyNd.s;ajh mrsmd,kh
m%dfoaYSh iNdj iy fmdÿ ck;dj w;r iyNd.S;aj iïnkaO;djhla fkdue;sùu;a"
mrsmd,k lghq;=j, úksúoNdjh;a fkdue;s ùu;a fya;=fjka jhU m,df;a" l=reKE.,
osia;%slalh ;=< msysá jdrshfmd< m%dfoaYSh iNdj W!k wdfhdack" ÿ¾j, fiajdjka" nÿ
f.ùug we;s fkdleue;a; iy m%udKj;a wdodhï mokula fkdue;slu hk úIu pl%hg
yiqù ;snq‚' m%foaYfha ck;dj;a m%dfoaYSh iNdj;a w;r ukd iïnkaO;djla f.dvke.Su;a"
m%dfoaYSh iNdj flfrys iqNodhS wdl,am Tjqka ;=< ckkh lsrSu;a Wfoid kd.rsl
l<ukdlrK ixúOdk fndfyduhl iydh we;sj kj l%ufõohka l%shdjg kexùug
lghq;= ixúOdkh lrk ,oS' m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ lghq;=j, úksúoNdjh j¾Okh ùu
fya;=fjka uyck;djf.a nÿ f.ùug we;s keUqre;djh m%j¾Okh jQ w;r j¾Ihla ;=<
80] l muK iajdëk hemqï uÜgulg <.dùug jdßhfmd< m%dfoaYSh iNdj iu;aúh'
ye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùuye|skaùu
Y%S ,xldfõ" jhU m<df;a" lreKE., osia;%slalfha msysgd we;s jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYSh
iNdfõ n,iSudj j¾. ls'ó' 195 la mqrd úysoS we;s w;r m%Odk k.rh jkafka jdrshfmd,
fõ' ta yefrkakg lgqfmd;" rUdjej" nuqKdfldgqj" uyfl<sh" yxyuqkj" mdfoksh"
wjqf,a.u iy ñkqjka.efÜ hk l=vd k.r 08 o tlS n,iSudj ;=< msysgd we;'
m%Odk k.rh jk jdrshfmd," j._ lsf,daógrhlg 5000 la muK ck .K;ajhlska
hq;=j ckdlS¾Kj mj;sk w;r l=vd k.r j, ck .K;ajh j._ lsf,daógrhlg 3000 la
muK fõ' uqyqÿ uÜgug jvd óg¾ 94'4 by<ska ;eks;,d N+ñhl k.rh msysgd we;' hym;a
uÜgul jd¾Isl j¾Idm;khla ^ó'ó" 1346 jd¾Isl& iy fi,aishia wxYl 32'05 l muK
uOHia: WIaK;ajhla jir mqrdu oelsh yels jdrshfmd, m%foaYh ;=, ù f.dú;ek fukau
fmd,a j.dj o nyq,j jHdma;h'
ck.ykh iu m%udKfhka jHdma;j mj;sk w;r miq.sh j¾I lSmh uq,q,af,au"
ld¾ólrKh" ú/lshdj iy orejkag fyd| wOHdmkhla ,nd.ekSfï wfmalaIdj hk
ldrKd u; mokïj k.rdikak m%Odk ud¾.hka wi,g iq¿ m%udKhl ck ixl%uKhla
oelsh yelsh'
97
.eg¨j.eg¨j.eg¨j.eg¨j.eg¨j
jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdj
wvq wdfhdack" ÿ¾j, fiajd ;;ajh
iy nÿ f.ùug we;s W!k
m%jK;djh ÿ¾j, wdodhï moku
hk úIu pl%hg yiqùh' fuys
oelafjk rEm igyk u.ska fuh
olajd we;' kd.r sl
mosxÑlrejkaf.a fukau oskm;d
k.rhg neyerska meñfKk
ck;djf.a wjYH;d m%udKj;a
mrsos imqrd,Sug m%dfoaYsh iNdjg
mej;s fkdyelshdj fya;=fjka nÿ
uqo,a f.ùug ck;dj ;=< fkdleue;a;la mj;sk neúka nÿ uqo,a tl;= lr.ekSfï
ÿIalr;djhlg m%dfoaYSh iNdj uqyqK oS we;s w;r m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ lghq;= i|yd uyck
iyNd.S;ajh ,nd.ekSuo .eg¨ iy.; ù ;snqKs'
tlS lreKq fya;=fjka" uyck;dj úiska m%dfoaYSh iNdjg jeros lreKq jd¾;d
fldg nÿ uqo,a f.ùu meyer yerSu;a m%dfoaYSh iNdj iu. fyd| in|;djhla mj;ajd.ekSug
Wkkaÿ fkdùu;a olakg ,enqks' fuu lreKq ish,a,f.au fya;=fjka m%dfoaYSh iNdj
uOHu wdKAvqfõ wruqo,a u; hemSfï m%udKh by< .sfhah'
l%ufõohl%ufõohl%ufõohl%ufõohl%ufõoh
jdrshfmd, m<d;a md,k wdh;kh jk m%dfoaYSh iNdj tlS iNdm;s iy Pkaofhka
m;ajQ uka;%Sjre 21 la u.ska md,kh fõ' m%Odk úOdhl ks,Odrshd jkafka iNdm;s jrhd
jk w;r m%Odk mrsmd,k ks,Odrshd jkafka f,alïh' wdh;k wxYh" wdodhï iy
.KldêlrK wxYh wdoS jYfhka m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ lghq;= wxY lSmhlg fnod we;'
j¾I 2005 jk úg" iajlSh j.lSï yd hq;=lï ukdj bgqlsrSug we;s fkdyelshdj
jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdj" úiska wjfndaO lrf.k isá fyhska" hym;a uq, msÍulg ux
fidhñka isáh§' cd;Hka;r ixj¾Okh ms<sn| weußldkq ksfhdað;dh;kh ^USAID&
wkq.%y u; l%shd;aul fjk wdishdkq mokfï ,xld mrsir l<ukdlrK EML& wdh;kh
iy cd;Hka;r k.r$.ï l<ukdlrK WmfoaYl wdh;kh ICMA& jdrshfmd, m%dfoaYSh
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98
iNdfõ iydhg meñKsfha fuu ld,iSudj ;=<oshs' tu.ska l%shd;aul l< jevigyka
mqyqK lsrSï u.ska b,lal lr.kakd ,oafoa ys. nÿ uqo,a whlr.ekSula m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ
fuu kj l%shd ms<Sfj; ms<sn| uyck ±kqj;aNdjh jeä lsÍu Wfoid;a" m%dfoaYSh iNdj;a
uyck;dj;a w;r wjfndaOh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska kd.ßl ck;djla ;=< m%dfoaYSh
iNdj flfrys hym;a wdl,am ckkh lrkq msKSi;a kj l%shdldÍ ie,iqula ilik ,§'
tlS ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka yryd .kakd ,o jeo.;au mshjr jQfha" nÿ uqo,a fkdf.ùu
ksid Woa.;jk wksis m%;súmdl ms<sn|j uyck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍuhs'
ysÕ nÿ uqo,a f.ùug" nÿ uqo,a f.jkakka Èßu;a lrkq jia m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska
—nÿ tla/ia lsÍfï i;shla ˜ m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§' fuu ld, iSudj ;=< m%dfoaYSh
iNdfõ idudðlhka nÿ f.jkakka yuqù Tjqka iu. ukd in|;djla f.dvk.d.ekSug
lghq;= lrk ,§' tfukau nÿ f.ùu meyer we;s yer we;s whf.a kï wod, n,iSudj ;=<
msysá ±kaùï mqjrej, m%isoaêhg m;a lrk ,§'
nÿ whlr.ekSu;a" ys. nÿ whlr.ekSu;a Wfoid .;hq;= mßmd,kuh mshjrhka
wka;¾.; lrñka" whnÿ m%;sm;a;shla ieliSugo m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska mshjr .kakd ,§'
tlS m%;sm;a;suh mshjrhka ksis mßÈ wdh;ksl jYfhka l%shd;aul lrkq msKsi f,alï
iy iNdm;sjrhd úiska j.n,d.kakd ,§'
m%;sM,m%;sM,m%;sM,m%;sM,m%;sM,
• iNdfõ lghq;= ksis f,i l%shd;aul ùu Wfoid l,g fõ,djg nÿ f.ùfï
jeo.;alu uyck;djg wjfndaO úh'
• nÿ fkdf.ùu" m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska uyck;dj fj; ,ndfok fiajdjkays
m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul Ndjh flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mdk nj uyck;dj
f;areï .ekSu'
• m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ lghq;= j, úksúoNdjh by<hdu fya;=fjka uyck;dj nÿ
uqo,a f.ùu flfrys Wkkaÿ úh' fulS kj ie,iqu l%shdjg kexùug fmr tl;=
jQ nÿ uqo,a m%udKh fuka ;=kaa .=Khlg;a wêl m%udKhla fuu l%shdldÍ ie,eiau
wkq.ukh lsÍu fya;=fjka tla/ia lr.ekSug m%dfoaYSh iNdj iu;a jQ fyhska
iajlSh lghq;= j,ska 80] la muKu iajYla;sfhka bgqlr.ekSfï ;;ajhg m%dfoaYSh
iNdj ,.d úh'
• uyck;djf.a wdl,am iqNodhSf,i fjkia ùu;a m%d' iNdfõ ld¾h uKav,fha
lemùu by, hdu;a fya;=fjka nÿ f.jkakkaf.a ld¾hNdrho myiq úh'
99
• jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYsh iNdfõ fuu kj l%shdldÍ ie,eiau TALG jevigyk u.ska
ms<s.ekSug ,la jQ w;r nÿ uqo,a whlr.ekSfï bÈß lghq;= Wfoid Èß §ukdjlao
m%odkh lrk ,§'
wm W.; hq;= mdvïwm W.; hq;= mdvïwm W.; hq;= mdvïwm W.; hq;= mdvïwm W.; hq;= mdvï
jdßhfmd, m%dfoaYSh iNdj úiska l%shd;aul lrkq ,enQ kj ie,iqu ksid" úksúoNdjh
yd uyck iyfhda.S;djh by< hdu ;=<ska nÿ f.ùfï m%jK;djh by,kxjd .;yels nj
iaMqg úh' tfia ,nd.kakd nÿ uqo,a wod, m%foaYfha Ôj;ajk mqrjeishkaf.a hym; msKsi
jQ fiajd iemhSï Wfoid wdfhdackh l< hq;=h'
nÿ tl;= lsÍu Wfoid iyNd.S;aj m%fõYhka wkq.ukh lsÍu" kS;suh l%shdud._
.ekSug jvd M,odhS nj fmkShhs'' m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ idudðlhska fmdÿ uyck;dj iu.
mj;ajd.kq ,nk mqoa.,sl iïnkaO;d fya;=fjkao m%dfoaYSh iNdj flfrys mj;sk uyck
úYajdih by< kxjd .; yelsh' uyck;dj fj; i,ikq ,nk fiajdjkays .=Kd;aul
;;ajh m%j¾Okh lsÍu hkq há;, myiqlï ms<sn| lghq;a;lg;a jvd ksis l<ukdlrKh
ms<sn| lghq;a;la fõ'
nÿ whlr.ekSfï m%;sm;a;shla iïmdokh lsÍu ;=<ska nÿ whlr.ekSfï ld¾hdj,sh
foaYmd,kSlrKfhka neyer jQ w;r iEu nÿ f.jkafkl=gu tl iudk whqßka ie,lSug
bv i,ik ,§' nÿ f.ùï meyer yßk whj¨kaf.a kï m%isoaO ±kaùï mqjrej, m%o¾Ykh
lsÍuo nÿ uqo,a f.ùu blauka lsÍug fya;= úh'
f,alï" m%dfoaYSh iNdj"
jdßhfmd,'
ÿ'l' - 0372267275
Bfï,a - wariyapolaps@sltnet.lk
T.A.L.G.,3/1A, Rajakeeya Mawatha,Colombo 07.
ICMA South Asia Office.Website : www.icma-southasia.org.Email : icmasouthasia@icma.org.
100
Wm .%ka: 4
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wka;¾ cd;sl ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;shtlai;a cd;Skaf.a wka;¾ cd;sl ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;shtlai;a cd;Skaf.a wka;¾ cd;sl ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;shtlai;a cd;Skaf.a wka;¾ cd;sl ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;shtlai;a cd;Skaf.a wka;¾ cd;sl ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh
^fulaisfldafõ ueßvd k.rfha§ 2003 foieïn¾ 09 Èk w;aika lrk ,§'&
iïuq;sfha uQ,sldx.
ksjdrKh
¥IK lghq;= isÿjQjdhska miqj Bg tfrys kS;suh mshjr .; yels kuq;a" Bg fmr
tu lghq;= j,lajd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu w;HjYHh' fuu iïuq;sh u.ska rdcH yd
fm!oa.,sl hk fowxYhgu wod, ¥IK flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'
rdcH wxYfhka .;a l,ays ¥IKhg tfrysj l%shd lrk wdh;k ia:dms; lsÍu yd
foaYmd,ksl uQ,H .kqfokq j, úksúo Ndjh ms<sn| iïuq;sh wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
l=i,;d moku u; n|jd .ekSï isÿ lsÍu" wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla y÷kajd §u" j;alï
m%ldY lsÍu wdÈho Bg we;=,;ah' rdcH wxYfha fiajlhska rdcH fiajh ksu ùfuka miqj
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha /lshd j, kshq;= ùu iïnkaOfhka iSud mekùu uÕska —neÈhdjka
w;r .egqu˜ ^CONFLICT OF INTEREST& j<lajd .ekSu ms<sn|jo tuÕska idlÉPd
lrhs'
rdcH uQ,H lghq;= yd rdcH foam, w;am;a lr .ekSfï lghq;=j, mej;sh hq;=
úksúo Ndjh yd j.lSfuka hq;= iajNdjh flfrys fukau wëlrKh jeks iqúfYaIS
ld¾hNdr bgq lrk fCIa;%hka flfryso iïuq;sfha ±ä wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sfí' ¥IKhg
tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd isú,a iudcfha odhl;ajh by, kexùu;a fuu jHikh
ms<sn|j uyck ±kqj;aNdjh jvd j¾Okh lsÍu;a iïuq;sh uÕska olajk ksjdrk l%u
fõohkag we;=,;a h' f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï whs;sh fukau iïuq;sfha olajkakdjQ jerÈ
iïnkaOfhka jd¾:dlrKfha fhfok whj¨ka ^wlghq;= kdolhska& ^Whistleblowers&
wdrlaId lsrSuo" idlaIslrejkag wdrlaIdj i,id §uo rdcH wxYhka fj; mjrd we;s
j.lSuls'
mqoa.,sl wxYh
mqoa.,sl wxYfha ¥IK lghq;= iïnkaOfhka .;a l,ays .KldëlrK yd ú.Kk
lghq;= i|yd m%ñ;Ska ilia lsÍu;a Bg wkq.; fkdjkakkag ovqjï lsÍfï l%ufõohka
y÷kajd§u;a l< hq;=h' mqqoa.,sl wxYhg wod, jk mßÈ wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla ìyslsÍu"
101
mqoa.,sl wxYfha ixia:dms; tallhka msysgqùug uQ,sl jkakka yd tajdfha l<uKdlrk
lghq;= j, kshef,k mqoa.,hskaf.a wkkH;djhka fy<sorjq lsÍu" jdKsc lghq;= i|yd
rdcH wdh;k fj;ska ,nd§ we;s n,m;% yd ksfhdað; n,;, whq;= Ndú;fha fhoùu
j<lajd .ekSuo l<hq;=h' wh:d f,i bmehQ uqo,a ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd .ekSu;a" th
j<lajd .ekSu;a l<yels jk mßÈ mßmQ¾K kshduk yd iqmÍlaIK l%fudamdhka rdcHh
úiska ieliSu wjYHh'
wmrdO jrola f,i kï lsÍu
mq¿,a fCIa;%hla mqrd mj;sk ¥IK l%shdjka wmrdO jrola f,i kï lsÍfï j.lSu
iïuq;sh u.ska rdcHhka fj; mjrd we;' w,a,i yd fmdÿ foam, whq;= mßyrKh jeks
uQ,sl wmrdOhkag wu;rj ¥Is; lghq;= j,ska Wmhd.;a kS;s úfrdaë j;alï iÕjd .ekSu
yd tajdhska lrkq ,nk cdjdrïo" jdkscuh lghq;=j,§ whq;= n,mEï lsÍu wdÈho" hqla;sh
mis|,Sug ndOd lsÍuo we;=¿j ¥IK lghq;= j,g iyfhda.h ,nd§uo fuhg we;=<;ah'
mqoa.,sl wxYfha wNHka;r jYfhka isÿflfrk w,a,ia §ï yd foam, wh;d mßyrkh
lsÍïo wmrdOhla f,i ye¢kaùug wjYH l%shdud¾. .kakd f,i tu iïuq;sh rdcH
md¾Yjhkaf.ka b,a,d isà' fulS ;;ajhka ta ta rgj, mj;sk cd;sl kS;s moaO;shkag
wkql+,j ilid .; yelsh'
cd;Hka;r ¥IK lghq;=
ksjdrk" úu¾Yk yd jerÈ lrejkag tfrysj ffk;sl lghq;= lsÍu we;=¿ ¥IKhg
tfrys iEu fCIa;%hl§u rdcHhka w;r wka;¾ iyfhda.S;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd
iïuq;sfha md¾Yjfhda j.lSfuka nef|;s' wêlrK lghq;= i|yd wjYHjk idlaIs tla/
ia lsÍu yd tu idlaIs ,nd§u fukau pQÈ;fhl= fyda jerÈlrefjl= jro l< rgg Ndr§u
^Wo¾mKh lsÍu& o Extradition& idudcsl rgj,a wfkHdkH ffk;sl iyfhda.fhka hq;=j
isÿ l<hq;=h' ¥IK lghq;= j,g tfrys ffk;sl l%shd mámdàkag wjYHh mßÈ wod< øjH
fyda mqoa.,hska y÷kd .ekSu" /l .ekSu Ndrfha ;nd .ekSu yd rdcika;l lsÍu u.ska o
idudðl rdcHhka úiska iajlSh iyfhda.h ,ndÈh hq;=h'
j;alï uqojd.ekSu Assets Recovery&
iïuq;sfha 5 j.ka;sfha ±lafjk j;alï uqojd .ekSu m%Odk uQ, O¾uhla f,i uq,a
wjia:dfõ§ ms,s.;a w;r miqj we;slr .;a tl.;djhkag wkqj fuu l%shdoduh myiq
lsÍfï l%u fõohka ìys lr.kakd ,§' ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, iajlSh wd¾Ól
102
j¾Okh Wfoid w;HdjYHu jkakd jQ iïm;a" by< fmf,a we;eï ¥Is; ks<OdÍka úiska
m%isoaêfhau lrkq ,nk wh:d ysñlr .ekSï iïnkaOfhka .;a l,ays fuh b;du;a jeo.;a
m%;smdokhls' ta ta rgj, mj;sk wdrlaIK ld¾h mámdàka flfryso wkq.; fjñka fuu
m%;smdokhka olajd we;' j;alï uqojd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka olajk fuu M,odhS m%;smdokh
u.ska f,djmqrd isák ´kEu ¥Is; ks,Odßfhl=g" Tjqka úiska wh:d f,i Wmhd.;a
foafmd, ñka u;=jg iÕjd ;eîug ;ekla fkdue;sh hk mKsúvh ,ndfohs' tuÕska ta
ta rg j,g ;u ;ukaf.a ¥IK úu¾Yk yd ksjdrK lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍug ukd
msájy,la ,ndfoa'
fyg Èkhg ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
fuu ¥IK úfrdaë iïuq;sh ^UNCAC& h:d¾:j;a f,i l%shd;aul lr .ekSu
i|yd f,dj mqrd úisÍ isák rdcH md¾Yjhkaf.a iyfhda.h wjYH jk w;r iïuq;sh
l%shd;aul lsÍug rgj,a 30 l wmrdkqu; lsÍu ^Ratify& wjYH fõ' tmuKla fkdj ;u
rgj,ays Bg wod, ffk;sl rduqj i,id .ekSuo jeo.;a fõ' bka wk;=rej tys l%shdldÍ;ajh
mss<sn|j l%shd;aul fjkq ,nk ukd ksÍlaIK l%shdj,shla u.ska fuys M,odhS l%shdldÍ;ajh
úksYaph l< yelsh' tlS l%shdoduhka iïuq;sfha rdcH md¾Yjhkaf.a iuq¿jl§ ;SrKh
lrkq ,efí' f,dj mqrd úisÍ isák ¥IK úfrdaë l%shdldÍka fj;ska g%dkaiafmarkais
bkagkeIk,a Y%S ,xld wdh;kh b,a,d isákafka fuu mshjrhka id¾:l lr .ekSug
w;aje,a ne|.kakd f,ih' foieïn¾ 09 jeksodg fhfok cd;Hka;r ¥IK úfrdaë Èkh
Bg lÈu wjia:djls'
103
¥IK úfrdaë lghq;= iïnkaO f;dr;=re
,nd.; yels jeo.;a fjí wvú'
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♦♦♦♦♦ www.tisrilanka.org
♦♦♦♦♦ www.worldbank.org
♦♦♦♦♦ www.oecd.org
♦♦♦♦♦ www.u4.no
♦♦♦♦♦ www.corisweb.org
♦♦♦♦♦ www.icac.org.hk
♦♦♦♦♦ www.unocd.org
♦♦♦♦♦ www.adb.org
♦♦♦♦♦ www.kicac.go.kr
♦♦♦♦♦ www.whistleblower.org
♦♦♦♦♦ www.ardcacp.com
104
we,sia ÿgq úiau,ka;h
• ,xldj b;d mqÿu iy.; f,i fjkia fjñka mj;S'
rg fld;rï fjkia ù weoao hkak ;jÿrg;a úia;r flfrk
mqj;la Bfha ^3 od& osjhsfka uq,a msgqfõ m< ù ;sfí' fld,a, l,a,shla
ux myrd" ux meyerSug ,la jQ msrsig lK.dgqj m< lsrSfï mqj;ls ta'
h<s u;la lroSu msKsi tlS l;dj b;d fláfhka lshuq' is;=,amõj je|
mqod.ekSug .sh jkaokd kvhla ikakoaO l,a,shla úiska jg,kq ,en
le,hlg f.k hk ,oy' tysoS jkaokd kvh i;= remsh,a yegoyil
muK foam< fld,a, lE fidre jkaokd kvhg fufia lSy' ’iudfjkak
wmg riaidj,a keye' talhs wms Thd,dj fld,a, lkafka ¶
fu;rï iqkaor fidrlula f,dal b;sydifha fld;klj;a wid
we;s njla Tng u;lo@ fu;rï úkS; fidrlula mxp ;ka;%fha fyda
wrdì ksfid,a,difha fyda lsisÿ ;ekl ;sfío@ funÿ fi!kao¾hd;aul
fidrlula wm ÿgq lsisÿ iajmakhl ;sìKso@ wjxlju ke;" fï jQ l,S
wo fï rfÜ mj;sk ;;a;ajhhs' rg ;=< mj;sk orsø;dj;a" wd¾:sl
mrsydksh;a" /lshd úrys;Ndjh;a ksid b;d úkS; jQ fp!r mka;shla
ìysj isá;s' fï fidre" fmr fidreka fuka ia;%S ¥IK fkdlr;s' ñksiqka
fkdur;s' myr fkdfo;s' b;d úkS;j fld,a, ld iudj b,a,d th
,enqK o fkd,enqK o mek h;s'
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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lrk ,o fidrlu iïnkaOfhka iudj fkdb,a,k" wvq .Kfka
;uka úiska fidrlula l< nj mss<s.ekSug mjd wleue;s" cd;sfha foam<
uxfld,a, lk fp!r mka;shla fï rfÜ isá;s' n,iïmkak
foaYmd,k{hkaf.ka iy rcfha by< ks,OdrSkaf.ka o iuyr
jHdmdrslhkaf.ka o ks¾ñ; tlS fp!r mka;shg w; ;eîu mjd ÿIalrh'
fï rg mj;sk ;;a;ajhg fy<sfï idmrdë j.lSu m%Ndlrka fukau
fuu jeo.;a fp!r mka;sh úiskao fnod yod .; hq;=j we;'
wo fï rg .uka lrkafka ljqre;a lsis lf,l;a fkdis;+ me;a;lghs'
fï hk .ufka .uka ud¾.fhaoS isÿúh yels foa fndfydah' iuyr úg
Tfí fyda uf.a lsÜgqu ñ;=rd Tng fyda ug msysfhka wek urd u<
ñkshg fufia lSug bv ;sfí' iudfjkak` ud fï msysh uqj;a ;enqfõ fï
oeka' thska wek n,kakg flfi,a .ila ,Õ fkd;snQ ksihs Tng wek
ne¨fõ `
2003 ud¾;= 04 jk wÕyrejdod ’osjhsk¶ l;= jelsh
105
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