Topics: Synonyms and Antonyms Word roots One word substitutes Prefixes and Suffixes Study of...

Topics:

Synonyms and Antonyms Word roots One word substitutes Prefixes and Suffixes Study of word origin Analogy Idioms and Phrases

What is Vocabulary?

a listing of the words used in some enterprise

the system of techniques or symbols serving as a means of expression (as in arts or crafts)

Need to Build Academic Vocabulary

The more terms a person knows about a given subject, the easier it is to understand – and learn – new information related to that subject.

This general knowledge about a subject is referred to as background knowledge.

When students have general knowledge of the terms that are important to the content taught in school, they can be said to have the necessary academic background knowledge.

Synonyms :

A synonym is a word that has a similar meaning to another word.

A thesaurus is a resource similar to a dictionary that helps writers to identify synonyms that they can use to make their own writing more interesting.  

Examples of Synonyms :

Help assist High lofty Great grand Pair duo Idea thought Cry weep End finish Big large

An antonym is a word that

mean the opposite of another

word.

Antonyms

Examples of Antonyms :

First last Up down On off Dry wet Get give Young old Hot cold Cool warm North South

Distraught Definition (adj.)

very much agitated or upset as a result of emotion or mental conflict

Synonyms: frantic, distract

Antonyms: calm, composed, collected

A root word is a word that has a prefix,

suffix, or both added to it. Underline the root words in

the following slides.

Circle the prefix or suffix.

unzipped

searched

enraged

unzipped

searched

enraged

dismount

unloading

tramping

dismount

unloading

tramping

disappointment

unfriendly

beloved

disappointment

unfriendly

beloved

One word substitutes

One word may often express the idea of a phrase

Examples

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1.Egoist (also Egotist): a person who is selfish, self absorbed and self centered

2.Infallible: incapable of making a mistake3.Omnipotent: a person who has power

overall

Prefixes and Suffixes

Prefixes are added to the beginning of a base word. They change the meaning of the base word.Un + happy = unhappyRe + do = redo

Prefixes

The prefix re means again.

Reread means to read again.

Rewrite means to write again.

The prefix un means not or the opposite of.

Uncomfortable means not comfortable.

Unpack means the opposite of pack.

Prefixes: Meaning and Connotation

Often Negative

dis-, de-

non- sub-

in- un- mis-

mal-anti,

contraa-

Somewhat Positive

pro- co- bene-

super- com- be-

en-, em-

ad-

Susan Ebbers 2005 24

Suffixes are added to the end of a base word. They change the meaning of the base word.wonder + ful = wonderfulrest + ful = restful

The suffix ly means in a certain way.

Quickly means in a quick way.

Loudly means in a loud way.

What does suddenly mean?

The suffix ful means full of.

Colorful means full of color.

Playful means full of play.

What does thankful mean?

Derivational Suffixes

Derivational suffixes change the part of speech

words ending with –tion are often nouns words ending with –ive are often adjectives words ending with –ish are often adjectives words ending with –ity are often nouns

What about -ment, -ous, -ness?

Susan Ebbers 2005 27

Study of word origin

The study of word origin is known as ETYMOLOGY

What is etymology?

"Etymology is the study of the roots and history of words; and how their form and meaning have changed over time".From another words, etymology is about words formation and definition of their roots from which you can understand the meaning of the words.

Susan Ebbers 2005 31

Basic Terms

root form: inspector, thermal

base word: unlikely

prefix: re-, un-, dis-

suffix: -able, -ive, -ly

derivation-a word formed from an existing word, root, or affix: electric, electricity

} affixes

Susan Ebbers 2005 32

Basic Old English Words

Down-to-earth and true-blue, the first learned and the last forgotten.

We work and eat and laugh and weep,

Sing and play and rise and sleep,

Hope and pray with all our might,

Shun the wrong and love the right.

Analogy

What is an Analogy? An Analogy is a relationship

between two things which may be unlike in some respects but similar in at least in one way.

In its general meaning, an analogy is a comparison between things which, on the surface, seem to be quite dissimilar.

General Analogies The figures of speech known as

similes and metaphors are basically analogies. “My love is like a red, red rose.” “Making sense out of that conversation was like swimming through molasses.”

Formal Analogies Formal analogies, like general

analogies, all make comparisons, but they match pairs of terms with similar relationships rather than comparing only two terms.

Formal analogies test your ability to see a relationship between two words and to recognize a similar relationship between two other words.

Formal Analogies Formal analogies have specific

rules of logic and conventions. One convention is the use of

the colon and double colon. In the verbal comparison, a

colon separates two words that can be compared

Formal Analogies

The colon is read as is to or is related to.

COLD:HOT reads “cold is to hot” and means the word cold is related to the word hot.

The double colon is read as to or in the same way as.

Formal Analogies

COLD:HOT::BAD:GOOD reads “cold is to hot as bad is to good” and means the word cold is related to the word hot in the same way as bad is to good.

A formal analogy is the verbal equivalent of a proportion in mathematics.

COLD:HOT=BAD:GOOD

Idioms and Phrases

Idioms are phrases which people use in everyday language which do not make sense literally but we understand what they mean

An idiom is an expression that has a meaning apart from the meanings of its individual words.

For example: It’s raining cats and dogs. Its literal meaning suggests that cats and dogs are falling from the sky. We interpret it to mean that it is raining hard.

Other Examples:

To break the ice is to be the first one to say or do something, with the expectation that others will then follow. Another idiom that means something similar is "get the ball rolling.“

To have a chip on one's shoulder is usually an expression to describe a person who acts, as you say, rudely or aggressively, but also in a manner that could be described as "aggressively defensive." The person seems always ready for a fight.

Idioms An idiom or idiomatic expression

refers to a construction or expression in one language that cannot be matched or directly translated word-for-word in another language.

Example: "She has a bee in her bonnet," meaning "she is obsessed," cannot be literally translated into another language word for word.

Food for thoughtThese idioms are all about food.

Taking two bits of the cherry

Selling like hot cakes

Playing gooseberry

Going bananas

Feel like a fish out of waterBe like a fish out of water

Meaning:Feel uncomfortable because you are in an

unfamiliar situation.If you feel like a fish out of water, you feel awkward or uncomfortable because

you are in an unusual or unfamiliar situation.

Todd is a country boy raised in a small town in Northumberland and was like a

fish out of water when he visited bustling London.

What does these mean really?

High Five: Slapping palms above each others heads as celebration gesture.

Icing On The Cake: When you already have it good and get something on top of what you already have

Knee Jerk Reaction: A quick and automatic response.

Knock On Wood: Knuckle tapping on wood in order to avoid some bad luck

Last but not least: An introduction phrase to let the audience know that the last person mentioned is no less important than those introduced before him/her.

Lend Me Your Ear: To politely ask for someone's full attention.

Method To My Madness: Strange or crazy actions that appear meaningless but in the end are done for a good reason.

On The Same Page: When multiple people all agree on the same thing.

“To be dog tired” means to be very tired, just like this dog.

•Phrase is an expression consisting of one or more words forming a grammatical constituent of a sentence •a short musical passage •give voice: put into words or an expression; "He formulated his concerns to the board of trustees"

Phrases

Types of phrases

1.Keyword phrase2.Noun phrase3.Catch phrase4.Pass phrase5.Kaikan phrase

carred with a sunroofsportyMy

Did you see what happened to this noun?

It’s just been expanded!!!

Too many cooks spoil the broth

burn down your bridges