Topic 5.5 Classification. Why Classify? 1. How many ‘different sorts’ of living things are there...
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- Topic 5.5 Classification
- Slide 2
- Why Classify? 1. How many different sorts of living things are
there on the planet?
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- How many species are there in the world?
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- Lets start with some classification! Take 5 minutes to write
down ways in which we can classify the students in class today Key
features of a classification key are that it must be clear,
consistent, and easily implemented
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- Why Classify? In order to sort out and compare living things,
we need to organise them into manageable categories A good
classification system allows us to make generalisations AND
organise our ideas about organisms Classification involves giving
every organism an AGREED NAME Classification involves arranging
organisms into apparently related organisms
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- The American Robin (Turdus Migratorius) The European Robin
(Erithracus Rubecula)
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- What is taxonomy?
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- Taxonomy is the process of (scientific) classification Taxis:
Greek for Arrangement or Division Nomos: Greek for Method or Law
http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=F38BmgPcZ_I
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- Systems used to classify living organisms Linnaean Binomial
Nomenclature system Cladistics ( Ancient Greek Branch )
Phylogenetics
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- The evolution of taxonomy The Linnaean classification system
was created long before scientists understood that organisms
evolved. Because the Linnaean system is based on morphology (form
and structure) rather than on evolutionary theory Most biologists
are switching to a classification system that reflects the
organisms' evolutionary history Phylogenetic tree Cladogram
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- Cladistics A taxonomic system based on common evolutionary
ancestry The Method of choice for classifying organisms, since it
recognises and involves evolutionary theory Developed since 1958
Any group of organisms are related by descent from a common
ancestor. There is a bifurcating pattern of cladogenesis. Change in
characteristics occurs in lineages over time. Cladistics
introduction
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- Phylogenetic tree An Evolutionary Tree Shows inferred
evolutionary relationship among species based on
similarities/differences in their genetic material or physical
appearance
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- Linnaean Classification Developed by Carl Linneaus Swedish
botanist & taxonomist Is still used today, basis for
classification and naming of all new species. Based on physical
traits, most of his classifications are still accurate.
http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=F38BmgPcZ_I
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- Binomial Nomenclature Each species is assigned a two part
scientific name. Written in italics If handwritten, underline the
name First word is capitalized (Genus): NOUN Second word is
lowercase (Species): ADJECTIVE
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- Binomial Nomenclature Homo sapiens Modern human Hawksbill
Turtle ( imbricate: arrange so that they overlap like tiles) Genus
species The genus name can be abbreviated if you have already used
the full name in your text Eretmochelys imbricata
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- Linnaeus also defined four groups of humans, and the divisions
were based on both physical and social traits. By 21st-century
standards, his descriptions can be regarded as racist. How does the
social context of scientific work affect the methods and findings
of research? Is it necessary to consider the social context when
evaluating ethical aspects of knowledge claims?
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- There are seven (err, actually 8) levels of classification
Biological taxonomy is hierarchical As we move from kingdom
(domain) to phylum, all the way to species, organisms share more
and more characteristics. This system allows us to group organisms
while also assigning unique species names.
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- (Domain) K ing P hilip C ame O ver F or G ood S paghetti
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- From Kingdom
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- Linnaeus originally divided living things into 2 (then 3)
kingdoms Animalia Vegetalia (Plants) Mineralia (Minerals, since
abandoned) We now widely recognise FIVE kingdoms: 1. Kingdom
Plantae (the plants) 2. Kingdom Animalia (the animals) 3. Kingdom
Fungi (the fungi and moulds) 4. Kingdom Protocista (protozoa and
alga) 5. Kingdom Prokaryote [Monera] (the euBacteria and
archebacteria)
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- Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic Multicelluar Heterotrophic
Terrestrial and aquatic Sexual (a few are asexual) Motile (a few
are non- motile)
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- Kingdom Plantae 1. Eukaryote 2. Multicellular 3. Autotrophic 4.
Mostly terrestrial 5. Sexual and asexual 6. Nonmotile Mosses,
Ferns, flowering plants, conifers
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- Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Unicellular and
multicellular Mainly terrestrial Asexual and sexual Non-motile
Mushrooms, puffballs, yeasts, rusts, water moulds
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- Kingdom prokaryotae (Monera) Prokaryotes Heterotrophic and
autotrophic Anaesrobic and aerobic Aquatic, terrestrial and aerosol
Mostly asexual Mostly non-motile (one kind are motile)
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- Kingdom Protoctistae (Protists) Eukaryotes Heterotrophic and
autotrophic Unicellular Mostly aquatic Mostly asexual Motile and
non-motile Protozoa, slime moulds, algae Brown Algae
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- To Species A group of organisms which can interbreed and
produce fertile offspring. Species are named: Genus species
Heliconius charithonius The smallest taxonomic group, though many
subspecies are recognized. Might potentially interbreed if a
barrier or other challenge was removed (ie: distance)
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- 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using
simple external recognition features: bryophyta, filicinophyta,
coniferophyta and angiospermophyta.
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- 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using
simple external recognition features: porifera, cnidaria,
platyhelminths, annelida, mollusca and arthropoda.
- Slide 36
- NowAction! Go to Mr T@s slideshow in Classification Start on
Slide 14 (use the buttons at the bottom of the viewer to navigate).
By clicking on each picture you can link to information about each
type of plant. Slide 15: Make this table in your notebook. Slide
15: Fill in this table. If you're not sure what is meant by
sporangia, look it up! Don't simply write things down if you don't
understand them. You can also click back to slide 14 click on the
image of the plant type to get more information.
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- For tomorrow http://www.scenicoregon.com/webanic/play.htm Use
the Scenic Oregon I-animal website to write information about each
specific animal phylum. You dont need to prepare information about
each class. You will be sharing your information in class
tomorrow