Topic 1: Introduction to ITEC 200, IT and IS Professor J. Alberto Espinosa The Edge of IT ITEC-200...

Topic 1: Introduction to ITEC 200, IT and IS

Professor J. Alberto Espinosa

The Edge of IT ITEC-200 Spring 2007

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In fo r m a t io nD e c is io n S u p p o r tD is t r ib u te d C o l la b o r a t io nE n te r p r is e C o l la b o r a t io nF in a n c ia l M a n a g e m e n t

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( I n te r / I n t r a ) N e t w o r k

Topic 1: Introduction p.2

CourseIntroducti

on

Topic 1: Introduction p.3

Introduction

• The Edge of IT• Textbook:

Introduction to Information Systems Rainer, Turban and Potter, 2007 John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0471736368

• Unless otherwise stated in the course schedule, we will meet in the classroom for the first half of the class and at the Kogod Lab for the second half

Topic 1: Introduction p.4

Topic 1: Introduction p.5

My Background• Started as New faculty at AU in Fall’02• Previously at Carnegie Mellon University• PhD and MS in IS at Carnegie Mellon• Also, BS Mech Engineering & MBA• Many years of working experience• Designing, implementing and managing IT & as CFO• Mostly in international contexts• Teach: MIS, Systems Analysis, Database• Research focus:

• IT support for global & geographically distributed collaboration

• Effect of human factors on coordination in global software teams

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Contact• Office: KSB 33

• Office Hours:

• Tuesdays 2-8 PM (may change)

• And by appointment

• Telephone:

• Office: 202-885-1958

• Fax: 202-885-1992

• E-mail: alberto@american.edu

• Web: http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto

Topic 1: Introduction p.7

Class Web Site• Current versions of syllabus, class schedule, lecture

notes, and homework assignments will be posted on the Blackboard class web site.

• Course Syllabus also available at:http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/itec200/syllabus.html

• Class Schedule also available at:http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/itec200/schedule.html

• All homework assignments, lecture slides, and other class materials will be available via the Class Schedule link above, and also via Blackboard

• Class announcements, grades, and e-reserve articles will be available via Blackboard only

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What is Information Technology (IT)?

What is an Information System (IS)?

How are IT & IS different than computer science?

What is the role of IT and IS in today’s business environment?

Topic 1: Introduction p.9

Information Technology (IT) and BusinessBusiness World

Transactions

Transaction ProcessingB

usi

nes

sA

ppl

ica

tion

sIT

Infr

ast

ruct

ure

Database

Mainframes

InformationDecision SupportDistributed CollaborationEnterprise CollaborationFinancial Management

etc.

ERP, SCM, CRM, etc.

Microcomputers

(Local/Wide area) Networks

Client Appl

ServerAppl

Client/Server Computing

Distributed Computing

DB DB

Ubiquitous Computing

Security,Firewalls

Inter-Networking (Internet, Intranets)

Virtual Private Networks

Routers

Topic 1: Introduction p.10

RoadmapRoadmapBusiness

Applications

e.g., Supply Chain Mgt

(SCM)

e.g., Enterprise Resource Planning

(ERP)

e.g., Customer Relations Mgt

(CRM)

Topic 1: Introduction p.11

Information Systems

ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS(Business)(Business)

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY(IT)(IT)

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT(People)(People)

INFORMATIOINFORMATIONN

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

Topic 1: Introduction p.12

Information Technology (IT)vs. Information Systems (IS)?

IT Infrastructure

(HW, SW, database, telecom)

IT for Business

BusinessApplications

(DSS, EIS, ERP, CRM, SCM, Security, Ethics, etc.)

BusinessIssues in IT

(People, Organizations, Management Processes,

Strategy, E-Commerce, E-Business, etc.)

ITEC-350 (follow up course)Management Information Systems

Information Systems

ITEC 200The Edge of IT

Class Schedule

Topic 1: Introduction p.13

The Information Age

• First Electronic Messaging: In 1835, Samuel Morse developed the telegraph. Used magnetic transmitters and receivers to send signals.

• First Long-distance Communication: an iron wire, was strung between Baltimore and Washington, D.C. -- 37 miles.

• First Message: On May 24, 1844, the first telegraph message, "What hath God wrought," was successfully sent and received.

• First Information Code: Morse developed a language of signals called Morse Code, which used a combination of short and long signals - dots and dashes to represent numbers and letters.

Topic 1: Introduction p.14

The Information Age

• First Transatlantic Cable : Atlantic Cable was established in 1858 to carry instantaneous communications across the ocean. It was a failure after a few hours. Subsequent cables laid in 1866 were completely successful. The cable remained in use for almost 100 years.

• First Voice Communications: Alexander Graham Bell Exhibits Telephone in 1876

Topic 1: Introduction p.15

Circuit Switching and The Information Age

• Circuit Switching:

The first manual exchange was installed in New Haven, USA, in 1878.

The electro-mechanical switch was patented in 1889 by Almon B. Strowger, Kansas City, USA.

The first computer-operated exchange was put in service in 1960 in the US.

Today's telephone exchanges use circuit switchingcircuit switching technology, just like in the end of the 19th century.

Lucent Technologies’ 5ESS digital switch consists of generic hardware driven by software

With more than 80 million lines of instructions written by more than 5,000 software developers.

And serves over 130 million subscriber lines, in 66 countries

AB

Topic 1: Introduction p.16

Packet Switching and The Information Age

• Packet Switching:

President Eisenhower saw the need for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) after the Soviet Union's 1957 launch of Sputnik.

Military needed a network that would survive a nuclear attack. (no single outage point).

Data split into tiny messages called packets packets that may take different routes to a destination.

Hard to eavesdrop on messages. More than one route available -- if one route

goes down another may be followed.

B

A1

23

Topic 1: Introduction p.17

Net 1 Net 2

Internet and the Information Age Internetworking:

15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET (a defense network envisioned to survive a nuclear attack) in 1971.

E-mail invented—a program to send messages across a distributed network. E-mail is still the main way of inter-person communication on the Internet today.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) adopted in 1982—interconnecting independent networks rather than specific networks with an arbitrary design

The full story: http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/brief.shtml#Origins

Net 1

Appl

TCP

IP

Net 2

Appl

TCP

IPIP

RouterComputer 1 Computer 2

The Internet

Topic 1: Introduction p.18

The Web and The Information Age

World Wide Web: www: a friendly interface established in 1991 600 www sites in 1993 100,000 www sites in 1995 >800 million www sites in 1999 >70 million Internet users in the US more than 50% of US households have Internet access In the past 24 hours, >41 million persons went online 500,000 new users every month in 2000 2.1 billion online in 2000 The full story of the www: http://www.w3.org/History.html

Topic 1: Introduction p.19

Why are we here?• I.T. IS EVERYWHERE THESE DAYS:

• 1/2 of all new businesses today involve computer products or services

• Most of the ones that don’t, still use and rely on some form of IT to do business (e-mail, databases, Internet, etc.)

• Need to be knowledgeable about IT/IS to succeed in an organization today (whether in an IT job or not)

• Need to be able to discuss your IT needs with IT staff – i.e., need to have at least a basic understanding of IT

Topic 1: Introduction p.20

Information Systems Literacy• IT professional:

• Hands-on knowledge of IT• Understand how IT adds business value

• Non IT professional:• Ability to converse/interface with IT staff• Leverage the power of information via IS• Improve productivity in an IT context

• Everyone:• Understanding of organizations and individuals from a

behavioral perspective• Understanding of how to analyze and solve problems

Topic 1: Introduction p.21

Web Page Designand

Implementation

Topic 1: Introduction p.22

Please complete the IT Background Survey

Use your AU EagleNet login ID And password = “changeme” Log into the MIS Student System

http://www.jibe4fun.com/scripts/mis/misuserlogin.asp Change your password and then Click on Tech Background Survey Complete the survey and click Submit

Topic 1: Introduction p.23

Agenda Discuss basic design principles for web sites Learn the basics about web page development Get hands-on experience with FrontPage

Follow up course:ITEC-334

Computer Programming in the Web Era

Topic 1: Introduction p.24

What is the World Wide Web? The Internet vs. the WWW Internet applications:

– WWW, E-mail, FTP, Telnet, Internet EDI, etc. WWW:

– Sharing of electronic documents via the Internet– System and set of rules (standards) for storing,

retrieving, formatting and displaying information– Web servers and Web browsers

Topic 1: Introduction p.25

Web Servers and Browsers Web Servers:

– Located anywhere on the Internet– Store information to be retrieved– Serves electronic documents to users– Executes applications as needed

Web Browsers (clients):– Request information from Web servers– Formats and presents info to user– Standard user interface

The Internet

Web Page Request(click hyperling)

Send Web Page

BrowserWeb

Server

Browseri.e., Web Client

Web Server

Browser

The Internet

Web Page Request(click hyperling)

Send Web PageSend Web Page

BrowserWeb

Server

Browseri.e., Web Client

Web Server

Browser

Topic 1: Introduction p.26

HTTP & HTML

HTTP hypertext transfer protocol– A standard protocol to access Web documents– A protocol: needed for 2 apps to communicate– Protocol = communication rules– HTTP: designed for efficient document retrieval

HTML hypertext markup language– A standard file format used by Web browsers– Text is “marked-up” with tags– Hyperlinks to other documents

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Web sites are located by specifying the Uniform Resource Locator

– <access protocol>://<domain>/<file location>

– ex. http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/index.html

– The domain is the main Web site, which may consist of many Web serversand it translates to an IP Address, e.g.

– Ex. http://147.9.18.105/~alberto/index.html

– For example, see domains to IP address mappingshttp://swhois.net/

URL = Uniform Resource Locatori.e., location of a web page

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Design Issue #1:Think of your page organization in advance

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Bad (or no) Design:

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Design Issue #2:Hyperlinks:

internal external within a page or to other pages(like a bookmark)

Link URL

Link #name

….

….

name

….

URL

….

….

….

….

….

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Design Issue #3:Hyperlink Types

LINK TO SPECIFIC POINTS IN A PAGE (use #)

Relative reference: within currently loaded page#ITReviews

Absolute reference: to other pages (ext docs)http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/itec200/syllabus.html#ITReviews

LINK TO OUTSIDE PAGES

Relative reference: within your web site (your docs)index.htmlstudents/teams/webpages.htmlstudents/teams/webpages.html#names

Absolute reference: external to web (ext docs)http://auapps.american.edu/~alberto/index.html

Topic 1: Introduction p.32

Other Important Design Issues

Too many graphics slow down loading of page Too much animation distracts Use top page as a menu or index Make navigation easy--back and forth Soft backgrounds (white is best for business docs) Dark or bright text (dark is best for business docs) Test your colors/fonts on a variety of monitors New things attract visitors—update your page Include your URL and e-mail address

Topic 1: Introduction p.33

Web Publishing Basics Many ways to create HTML pages

– By hand (Notepad), FrontPage, Dreamweaver, etc.– It helps to understand how HTML works

Tips to ensure your web site works well beforehand– Compose a quick html file and call it “test.html”– View this file using your browser– Copy this file to the www folder on your G drive– Then browse this HTML file and ensure it works

You will do this shortly

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HTML Files, Web Pages and Web Sites HTML file = Text (info) + HTML <Tags> (formatting)

Ex. <BOLD>Hello</BOLD> there!! Web page = HTML files + graphics & other files

HTML File

Text

HTML Tags

Graphics Files

(jpg,gif,etc.)

Other Files (video, sound)

Web Page

OtherWeb

Pages

Web Site

Topic 1: Introduction p.35

HTML Tags

General format:

<TAG attrib1=value1 attrib2=value2….>Text</TAG>

Ex. tag without attributes <BOLD> Ex. tag with attributes

<FONT size=2 color=blue> Need a beginning tag, e.g. <U> (underline) And often an ending tag, e.g. <U>Hello!</U>

Topic 1: Introduction p.36

Organizational Information

Systems

Topic 1: Introduction p.37

Data and Information:Difference ???

Data

Information

Topic 1: Introduction p.38

Data vs. Information

DataData - Raw Facts - No intelligence by itself, data alone is useless

InformationInformation - Data processed into meaningful intelligence – useful

What is Knowledge????

Information

Knowledge:

how people process and

relate to information

Topic 1: Introduction p.39

Information Technology (IT)Information Technology (IT)

• Technology Infrastructure(HW, SW, Databases and Networks)

• + Business Applications (HR, Finance, Accounting, ERP, CRM, SCM, etc.)

• Which allows business employees and managers to process data into useful information for managerial decisions and actions

• i.e., it is the TECHNOLOGY itself

Topic 1: Introduction p.40

Information Systems (IS)Information Systems (IS)

• More than just IT!!

• ISIS are systems to process data into useful information for managerial decisions and actions, but in addition to IT issues, it also involves an understanding o business and people processes employed to get the work done.

• Not just a computer or technical issue, but also:How an organization gets the work done and

what are the work processes employedHow people do their work and how they relate

to one another

Topic 1: Introduction p.41

Implementing Information SystemsImplementing Information Systems

• Implementing IS means change• It affects people, groups, structure, tasks,

processes, role relations, power structure, etc.• A successful IS implementation must take this

into account• It cannot rely on technology alone

Topic 1: Introduction p.42

MIS: Fit Organizations, IT & ManagementMIS: Fit Organizations, IT & Management

ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS(Business)(Business)

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY(IT)(IT)

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT(People)(People)

INFORMATIOINFORMATIONN

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

- Fit- Interdependence

Topic 1: Introduction p.43

Classification of Information Systems for Business

By:

1. Organizational Level

2. Functional Area

3. Support Provided

Topic 1: Introduction p.44

1. Classification By Organizational Level

Operational Level Systems (e.g. support production & operations workers)

Knowledge Level Systems (e.g., support engineers, lawyers, doctors, etc.)

Management Level Systems (e.g., support middle to upper management)

Strategic Level Systems (e.g., support CEO’s and other executives)

Topic 1: Introduction p.45

2. Classification by Business Function

Systems for: Sales, Marketing Manufacturing, Production,

Operations Finance, Accounting Human Resources Etc.

Topic 1: Introduction p.46

Classification by 1. Organizational Level and Classification by 1. Organizational Level and 2. Functional Area (together)2. Functional Area (together)

Topic 1: Introduction p.47

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)A basic business system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to the conduct of the business. These are systems or system components that interact with the external world (e.g., customer registration, data entry, online purchases, point of sales, etc.)

Office Automation Systems (OAS)e.g., word processing, electronic mail, presentation graphics, desktop publishing

Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)e.g., engineering, software, medical systems

Management Information Systems (MIS)To extract data from data repositories and prepare management reports, e.g., budgets, financial summaries, client activity summaries, etc.

Decision Support Systems (DSS)To assist with decision analysis and application of business decision rules, e.g., loan application processing, investment analysis, etc.)

Executive Support Systems (ESS)To tie data from all levels and from external/strategic sources to the CEO and other business executives

Etc.

3. Classification by 3. Classification by type of Support Providedtype of Support Provided

Topic 1: Introduction p.48

Systems Often Interact with Each Other

ESS

TPSKWS

OAS

DSSMIS

Topic 1: Introduction p.49

IS also helps integrate business processes and

data across organizational levels and functions:

– Customer Relations Management (CRM)

– Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

And with other companies organizations

(e.g., suppliers, customers):

– Supply Chain Management (SCM)

Integrating Functions and Processes:A New Kind IS for Business

Topic 1: Introduction p.50

Business Processes

A process: manner in which work is organized and

coordinated to produce a product or service Some business processes take place within a function Some others cut across multiple business functions Involves workflows of material, information, and

knowledge Provides unique ways to coordinate work, information,

and knowledge

Example: processing a customer order

Topic 1: Introduction p.51

Integrating Across Functions in Business Processes

Topic 1: Introduction p.52

Traditional View of Business Systems

Topic 1: Introduction p.53

Newer View of Business using Business Process Systems

Topic 1: Introduction p.54

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) System

Manages ways to deal with existing and potential new customers

Coordinates business processes of a firm necessary to provides end-to-end customer care

Provides a unified view of customer across the company

Consolidates customer data from multiple sources and provides analytical tools for answering questions

Topic 1: Introduction p.55

Enterprise Systems orEnterprise Resource Planning

(ERP) Systems

• Organization-wide information systems that Organization-wide information systems that integrate business processes so that information integrate business processes so that information can flow through the necessary parts of the firmcan flow through the necessary parts of the firm

• Very expensive and difficult to implementVery expensive and difficult to implement• Integrates data from multiple business functions Integrates data from multiple business functions

(e.g., accounting, finance, inventory, etc.)(e.g., accounting, finance, inventory, etc.)

Topic 1: Introduction p.56

Supply Chain Management (SCM) Systems

Links the organization with customers and suppliers

(i.e., “the supply chain”) as one “virtual organization” Integrates all aspects of procurement,

production and logistics to deliver

products and services to clients Helps forecast and decide when

& what to produce Helps place/receive orders and

track their status Helps communicate product

design/specs changes Helps manage inventories Enables “just-in-time” (JIT) and

“stockless” inventory methods

(vendor managed)

Topic 1: Introduction p.57

MIS and The Digital FirmMIS and The Digital Firm

e.g., Supply Chain Mgmt

(SCM)

e.g., Enterprise Resource Planning

(ERP)

e.g., Customer Relations Mgmt

(CRM)

ESS

MIS DSS

KWSOAS

TPSOAS

Business Applications

Business Applications

Topic 1: Introduction p.58

A High Level View of ITBusiness World

Transactions

TPS

Bu

sin

ess

Ap

plic

atio

ns

ITIn

fra

stru

ctu

re

Databases

InformationHR, Finance, DSS, KWS, ESS, ERP, SCM, CRM,

etc.Reports

Networks(LANs, WANs, Internet, Intranets, Extranets, etc.)

Servers Clients

Security

Routers

Switches

Databases