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7/28/2019 Tools of Radio Production
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Production StudioAudio Production Console
CD Player, Recordable CDs
and turntables
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A studio is a primarily requirement of abroadcasting house, where alltransmissions are made and programs
are recorded in a very orderly manner.
It is a room-like structure which makes itdiverse is the special treatment given toits walls which are covered with a varietyof substances to ensure that no soundpasses through them.(*Sound-proof)
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To make sure that no sound is produced,special leather covering, or a carpet is
put on it and the doors are so tightly
closed.
Studios are fitted with proper
microphones, recording system, lightsand booths for producers to control
recordings or transmissions.
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1) News StudioThe simplest of all studios at a radio station.It is small in size, with a table fitted, a
microphone along with a chair, a table lamp if lights otherwise are not enough.
Radio news are read by one person, contrary
to TV news which are some time read by morethan two people in a single bulletin. Since nobackground effects are required at a newsstudio, no other equipment is placed there.
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2) Studios for Talk Shows/ Discussions
It has been a practice by differentbroadcasting houses to invite people from
different walks of life, their representatives,
city mayors, ministers and others toparticipate in talks & discussions.
A studio is not very large in size, its interior
also look different. There is a rather longtable, which could help about half a dozen
people to sit around.
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The arrangement of microphone also in a
manner that all of them could easily get
their voice recorded without creeping up to
the mike and special arrangement are madeto beat the extra noise with the help of
different soundproofing systems.
There is always a different position given to
the anchor-person so that he/she could
easily address others and indeed, control
them if one of them does not come to terms.
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3) Drama Studio
At a radio station studios meant to record
dramas usually have a standing
arrangement for the performers.
The performers keep standing as they
deliver dialogues by holding scripts in their
hands, and keep moving away a step or two,
to create an impression that they are coming
in or going out of the scene.
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Mike is usually placed in the center of half circle. But table and chair are placed within
the studio at some distance for people who
have to give background effects, by playingon the table itself or putting their equipment
for playing musical notes for sound effects.
More lights are needed compared to otherstudios so that performers could easily read
their script and receive cues from the
director.
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4) Music Studios
These facilities are tailor-made. Size of thestudio can vary according to the need.
It is rather difficult for the directors to
handle a music studio as it needs a propercabling.
Eg; Without proper cabling andarrangement, when music instruments andduet to be recorded at the same time, themike problem may occur and not get itseffects recorded properly.
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It becomes a very delicate job for thedirector and assistant directors to
manage matters in a smooth way. That is
why most radio stations employ directors who have a cut for such a job.
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Three Stages of Multitrack Recording
Recording (Tracking)
Overdubbing
Mixdown
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Signal path (signal chain)
Vertical signal flow through input strip
Strips are modular
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Preamp (boost signals 30 to 60 dB)
Mic and line levels
Auxiliary Send Section
Equalization
Insert Point (direct send/return) (direct
or insert)
Dynamics(compression/limiting/expansion)
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“Horizontal” signal flow from input
Can be fed to a mono or stereo output
bus
Used for any purpose
• Effects send
• Headphone cue
• Broadcast feed• Alternate mixes
• Alternate speaker outputs
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Used to adjust frequencies (bring out or
cut, to compensate for recording
discrepancies, or to create a certain
timbre)
Usually, 3 to 4 continuously variable,
overlapping frequency bands
Adjustable Bandwidth (Q)Boost or cut control (+/- 18 dB)
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Useful for inline, external signal
processing.
Unbalanced, stereo TRS jacks
• Mono send to first click: signal to direct out,
without interrupting channel signal flow
• Mono send all in: signal to direct out,
interrupting signal flow
• Stereo TRS all in: send/return loop
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Dynamics
Inline Dynamics processing is commonon higher-end analog consoles, and mostdigital consoles.
Monitoring A listening mix for the control room,
separate (indendent) from what’s going
to the record medium.Inline, separate section, or direct
insertion monitoring
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Some higher-end consoles incorporate a
small fader section above the main input
strip fader.
SSL XL 9000
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Typical of older British consoles. Alsoused by Mackie and Tascam analogs tosome degree.
Digital Mixers (via the fader flip)Independent level, pan, effects, and
headphone control.Often have direct inputs to the monitor
section, and can be used at mixdown toincrease the number of effects returnsand electronic instrument inputs.
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Most often used when separate or inline
monitoring is not available.
Use direct send/receives for sending
signal to record device, then output of
record device back to mixer for
monitoring.
Record level set by preamp gain trim.
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Channel strip fader, determining strip’s
bus output level.
Pan Pot
Solo and Mute buttons
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Conceptually, a horizontal signal path.
Multiple entrance and exit points, and
ways to duplicate signals
Aux sends, monitor sends, channel sends,
and main outputs are all types of signals
that can be inserted to a bus.
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Master Stereo
Master Bus faders (group)
Bus faders can be used to change overall
levels while maintaining relative levels.
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LED, Peak, VU, Overload on input
Standard: RMS/root-mean-squared. (Not
peak and overload)
Analog: aim for near zero levels, but
slightly above may not be a problem.
Digital: anything over zero results in
unpleasant distortion.
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Contains accessible jacks that
correspond to the various inputs and
outputs of every access point within a
mixer or console.
Often contain input and output points of
studio effects, monitoring devices, and
connections between differentproduction rooms.
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TRS balanced 1/4”
RCA
TT or mini (telephone-type)
Rear connections can be any of above, or
hand-wired connections (punch
connectors or soldered)
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Open: without plugs inserted, each I/Oconnection entering or leaving the bay isindependent of other connections.
Half-normalled: without plugs inserted, eachI/0 connection entering the panel in the rearis electrically connected to the point belowit. When a jack is inserted to the top jack,the I/O rear connection is still intact,
allowing you to tap into the signal. Jacks intobottom connection break I/O connection.
Normalled: same I/O as half. Rear I/Obroken when a jack is plugged into either
top or bottom.
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Analog signal converted to digital at
mixer inputs, or prior to inputs
All internal signal routing done in digital
domain.
Centralized channel strip/control panel
• Fader, pan, mute, solo for each input
• One EQ and Dynamics section for wholeconsole.
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CD Player (Compact -Disk Player)
A device that plays audio CDs. The term mayrefer to any of three categories:
(1) a component in a stereo system that containsthe drive and electronics to decode the digitalaudio,
(2) a handheld, portable device that requires only
headphones for use,(3) a self-contained unit that includes amplifier andspeakers (the "boom box"). CD players read CD-DA music tracks, but may also decode MP3 filesand other compressed audio formats.
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Recordable CDs & Turntable
A simple way to convert * vinyl recordcollections to digital media, the CD recorder
turntable has become a popular solution. (*flat
disks made from a petroleum-based plastic)
Combining a turntable, speakers, analog-to-
digital (ADA) audio converter, and CD recorder
all into one unit, the CD recorder turntable is a
user-friendly, all-in-one approach to transferring
the music on phonograph records to CDs or
other digital audio media formats.
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Some models also include a USB port for connectionto a personal computer, plus a cassette tape playerallowing the user to convert recordings on audiocassettes to digital media. Other common featuresinclude an AM/FM tuner, headphone jack, and
auxiliary input and output jacks for connection toexternal audio equipment.
Converting a vinyl record to a CD using a CDrecorder turntable is quite simple. The user places ablank recordable CD (CD-R) or rewritable blank CD(CD-RW) in the CD drive, and then puts a record onthe turntable. With most models, recording begins when the turntable is activated
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Built-in software helps the CD recorder turntableto detect the individual song tracks on long-playing (LP) recordings. Manual overrides areusually available to help the user set thebeginning and ending points of individual songs
when automated track definition does not work well due to low sound levels.
Most of these devices also permit creating adigital file of each track that can be then played
with a digital audio player or edited using digitalaudioediting software. Options usually includeconversion to MP3, WAV, and other digital audioformats.
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