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Tools and Machines
Prehistory
Takeover throughout the 18th Century
19th Century
Julie Johnson
Tool vs. Machine
Tool A device that provides a
mechanical advantage in accomplishing a physical task. (Wikipedia)
5 basic tools: lever, wedge, screw, pulley, and inclined plane
Tool vs. Machine
Machine A machine is any mechanical or
organic device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. (energy in for work out) (Wikipedia)
Components of a Machine: Combination of the 5 basic tools
Prehistory – Myth
Athena Workshop on Mt. Olympus Original inventor of all mechanical
arts Known for inventing the chariot Athena was senior partner to
Hephaestus which “means the goddess who removes from sight”
Prehistory - Myth
Minerva Roman goddess of handicrafts, known for
inventing the cart First to make iron weapons Specifically credited with inventing the distaff,
needle, weaving, olive “mills” and the technique of making olive oil
Prehistory - Myth
Brigit Celtic Triple Goddess before becoming an Irish
saint Required her bishops to be practicing goldsmiths
Tsenabonpil (Melanesia), Miti-Miti (Siberia), and Sarasvati (India)
Examples from primitive groups who credit women ancestors with giving people “all knowledge”
The Early Tools
Prehistory of Mechanics 5 primary machines
Lever Wedge Screw Pulley Inclined Plane
Wheel and Axle
The Early Tools - Lever
Lever is made of 3 parts: the weight, fulcrum, and power point. 3 types of levers based on where the 3
components are
Earliest form of the lever is the digging stick
The Early Tools - Wedge
A wedge is used to separate two objects, or portions of objects, through the application of force, perpendicular to the inclined surfaces.
Used for splitting trees, breaking masses of ore, lifting weights, and hafting stone tools
Examples –knives, axes, nails, looms
The Early Tools – Inclined Plane
The inclined plane permits one to overcome a large resistance by applying a relatively small force through a longer distance than the load is to be raised.
Since women were the burden bearers they are more likely to have invented the inclined plane
The Early Tools - Screw
A screw is used to translate torque into linear force. It can also be defined as an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft.
Mayan culture has a screw-top ceramic jar Pottery making was predominantly or exclusively
women’s work in 80 out of 105 societies
The Early Tools - Pulley
Pulleys are usually used in sets designed to reduce the amount of force needed to lift a load.
Amount of work is the same with or without pulleys Vertically or horizontally “dead-eye” pulley used rope wrapped
around a tree
Wheel and Axle
Rotary Motion Replaced back and forth motion
Fly-wheel Sister Tabitha Babbitt
Invented the circular saw in 1810
Wheel and Axle
Sindhi women and the rotary churn Meso-American culture Rollers
Women Eskimos Malta’s Temples
Primate Ethology
Chimps used natural hammers when cracking nuts in Ivory Coast, Africa Coula nut: easily use a rock on the
ground or eat in the “food tree” Hard-shelled Panda nut
Equal number ate the easy way Very few male chimps ate in the trees
or ate the Panda nut.
Takeover – Myth and History
Semiramis 3 different Middle Eastern queens Sammuramat, Naqi’a, and Nitokris
Sammuramat Assyrian Queen (ruled 810-738 BCE) War-like accomplishments Most likely the leader in her son’s wars Invented or improved siege engines Capitalized on the chastity belt brought from Near
East
Takeover – Myth and History Naqi’a (ruled 5 generations later)
Husband destroyed Babylon Large-flood control reservoir and flood walls Built mighty fortification wall, bridge across the
Euphrates, two palaces, reservoir outside the city, and a temple
Nitokris (Naqi’a in Herodotus) Legend of the subterranean hall, flooding it, and
drowning the men who murdered her husband Used a new kind of arch when building the third
pyramid of Giza Semiramis, Naqi’a, and Nitokris ruled in their own
rights
Takeover – Myth and History
Hypatia of Alexandria Very beautiful and educated Professor of astronomy, math, philosophy, and
mechanics Inventions include:
Astrolabe Method to distil water Instrument to measure water Hydroscope or hydrometer
Brutally murdered by Christian fanatics Symbolizes the end of ancient science
Takeover – The Printing Press Did women invent the printing press?
Arguable
3 major improvements Wood Engraving
15th Century, Isabella Cunio and her twin brother
Syllable Type 19th Century, unknown woman
Problem with perfect registry 19th Century, Helen Bruneau Van Vechten
Takeover
Religion Men were in charge/owned women including their
inventions and patents Domesticating Women
Loss of interaction with the environment Lack of education Lack of time Lack of money
Marx View Men controlled resources (women’s time)
Tools of the Ancient World
Egypt Level Square Scale Mallet
Tools of the Ancient World
Egypt Chisel Sketch Pigment Boning Rods
Tools of the Ancient World
China Foundry Hydraulics and Irrigation Two Man Silk Loom
The Mill
New Process Millstone Flour Mill, 1878 Water Powered Mills
Vitruvian Mechanism Rock to agitate the hopper to create an automatic feed Vertical versus horizontal blade alignment in water Gear ratios
Medieval Catapult
Could bring Castles down Hurl projectiles great distances Assembled on site Trebuchet and ballista
Leonardo DaVincci
Calculating machine Each complete turn changed a wheel 13 wheels
Other Machines Emergency Bridge Grindstone with Sieve
Landmark 19th Century Machines McCormick Reaper
Woman nailed shears on a board and wired them so one wire opened them and the other closed them
Revolutionize the agriculture industry
Small Electric Motor Emily Goss Davenport tore her wedding dress to
wind the silk around the coils of an electro magnet Are vital to household appliances
Landmark 19th Century Machines Burden Horseshoe Machine
Feminists of the 19th and 20th Centuries confidently claim that this machine was invented by a woman, but there are no names.
Cut the cost of horseshoes, improved horse drawn traveling
Landmark 19th Century Machines
Sewing Machine Helen Augusta Blanchard – zigzag stitch Nina H Piffard and Eva J. Hall – self-threading needle
Dishwasher Josephine G. Cochran – first commercial dishwasher
Landmark 19th Century Machines
Washing Machine Martha H. Sanderson – Washing fluid Margaret Plunkett Colvin – Triumph Rotary Washer
Typewriter Lizzy Streshley – Machine for the blind Anna M. Rothert – Upper case treadle attachment
Landmark 19th Century Machines
Electrical Mary Riggins – Railway crossing gate Elizabeth E. Bell – Telephone mouthpiece
Domestic Labor Saving Nancy Graham – 2 stove patents Sarah B. Stearns – Improved carpet cleaner
Industrial and Manufacturing Mary Dixon Kies – straw weaving machine Mary Jane Montgomery – improved apparatus for
punching corrugated metal
Landmark 19th Century Machines
Office Machines Ellie N. Sperry – Check punch Mary E. Winter – Adding machine
Power Generation and Engines Maria Beasley – Steam generator Margaret Knight – Rotary factory-driving engines
Transportation Annie H. Chilton – Combination horse detacher
and brake Sarah P. Mather – Submarine telescope and lamp
Landmark 19th Century Machines
Key Women Inventers Mlle Crepin – Band saw in 1846 Mary Jane Montgomery
Improved war vessel, improvement for
locomotive wheels, bridge
Harriet Ruth Tracey – 16 patents Elevators, sewing machines, fire escape, stove
Maria E. Beasley – 14 patents Barrel making machines, Barrel-setting-up machine,
steam generator, anti-derailment device
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