To what extent does identity shape our lives?smartynk/Ident/Ident.pdf · research sources on the...

1 • Exploring Identinomics • Pisoft Research

Identity as a unit of sociological quantificationIdentity can be seen as a unit of sociological quantification: Identity can beused as the smallest, indivisible measure of an individual or organization thatexhibits the properties and behaviors of itself. Much like the "billiard ball" modelof the atom presented by John Dalton, identity can only be seen as an indivisiblekernel of an individual, collective, nation, or economic system.

Individual identitiesAn Individual identity, for instance, is the smallest measure of character,behavior, thought, and reason that defines an individual. An individual identity isan individual's foundation in character: an individual identity defines thecharacter and behaviour of an individual. An individual without identity is anindividual missing the most important sociological quantification and cannotembrace nor defend an opinion, point of view, or stance. A person's opinion,moral stance, or point of view is the foundation to the identity an individualexpresses to the outside. Exterior presence is the view-point -- or stance -- anidentity chooses unilaterally to express to exterior forces such as otherindividuals, collectives, or nations.

Collective PolicyCollective policy is the collective will, presence, and action a collective canconsciously or subconsciously exhibit. Influences on collective policy areomnipresent in modern civilization, such as modern media, other collectiveidentities, and other various types of identities. Identities can be influenced tovarying extents, ranging from minor to moderate to extreme.

TToo wwhhaatt eexxtteenntt ddooeess iiddeennttiittyysshhaappee oouurr lliivveess??

VVooiicceess"" IIff yyoouu wwaakkee uupp aatt aa

ddiiffffeerreenntt ttiimmee,, iinn aa

ddiiffffeerreenntt ppllaaccee,,

ccoouulldd yyoouu wwaakkee uupp

aass aa ddiiffffeerreenntt

ppeerrssoonn??""

——CChhuucckk PPaallaahhnniiuukk

""TThhee vvaalluuee ooff

iiddeennttiittyy ooff ccoouurrssee iiss

tthhaatt ssoo oofftteenn wwiitthh iitt

ccoommeess ppuurrppoossee.. ""

——RRiicchhaarrdd RR.. GGrraanntt

CChhaapptteerr 11

WHAT IS IDENTITY?Identity is a concept that can be interpreted in an extremely diverse manner.

Artists, authors, and philosophers have been in a conundrum over the scope ofthe concept of identity for centuries. Identity has long been affiliated withexistentialism, exemplified by the works of Hermann Hesse. The scope of thestudy of identity is enormous, ranging from purely statistical accounting tocomplex internal and external sociological studies. For the purpose of ourstudies, we shall limit our scope of identity to a unit of sociologicalquantification.

Exploring Identinomics • Pisoft Research • 2

EExxpplloorriinngg...... AAccttiivviittyy

With a partner, identify the following identities, their collective policy, how their collective policyinfluenced other identities, and how their identities were shaped by exterior influences.

Collective identitiesCollective identities are examples of the collective will a collective can exhibit.A collective identity is the identity a collective can consciously andsubconsciously adopt when presenting itself as a synergetic, unified whole.Collective identities also express exterior presence. The process that collectiveidentities choose exterior presence can range from very structured and formal toalmost subconscious. Collective identities most likely to have a structuredprocess to choosing exterior presence include formal clubs, political entities, andnations. Examples of collective identities that choose exterior presence with lessstructure include your group of friends, and a consort of people on a casualbasis. Once a collective identity has chosen it's collective policy, it usually actsunanimously as a group.

As part of your explorations, you will further examine some collectives and the identities that theyexpress. In a group, write in essay form your informed responses to the following exploration starterquestions. Some examples of collectives and their collective identities are listed below to assist yourresearch. Be sure to plan your essay on the provided planning sheet.

1) What collective identity do the following collectives express?2) How have the following collectives expressed a collective policy?

Collective Collective Identity

Anonymous

A junior high-school sports team

The NDP

The CPC

Identity CollectivePolicy

Influencedother identities

Influenced it'sown identity

Anonymous

The NDP

The CPC

Nationalists

Students

Glocal Citizens

National geo-political identitiesNational Geo-political identities are a form of collective identity expressing thecollective exterior presence of a country or nation-state. National geo-politicalidentities can be the expression if a country's -- or nation-state's -- foreign policy.A nation-state can choose to set a foreign policy that expresses it's economicnational interests. For instance, the United States has set a foreign policy ofprotectionism to protect its industries. A nation's geo-political identity is not justsimply related to foreign policy, however. A nation-state that follows a feudal,capitalistic model of land ownership and value is said to be geo-politicistic.

Geo-politicism is the fruition of of a feudal, capitalistic system of landownership where land is viewed as a source and cause of wealth. In contrast toindiginous peoples' view of land ownership, geo-polticistic nation-states embracethe concept of the border, a subjucational concept that serves an imperieral geo-polticistic nation-state while subjucating the indigenous people's on the land whohave an equal right to self determination. Capitalistic, geo-politicist nation-statesview bodies of water as borders between "their" land and other fifedoms.Indigenous peoples, on the other hand, have historically viewed bodies of wateras transportational methods of enhancing inter-tribal trade. Below is adiagramatic comparison between the two modes of land-ownership. The twoideologies of land ownership are shown in the diagram below.

Responses to Geo-PoliticismGeo-politicism has affected our lives in the past by indoctrinating individual

identities into a subjugational, selfish thought process. In contrast to indigenouspeople, who have long embraced the concept of communal synergy, geo-politicistic individual identies have long struggled with conflicting ideas ofownership, wealth sharing, and communal living. As the great philosopherSigmund Freud once said, "Civilized society is perpetually menaced withdisintegration through this primary hostility of men towards one another." . Thisquotation can express the pitfalls of Geo-politicism, and how it's perpetration hasshaped modern civilization.

As part of your explorations, you will identify how Geo-politicism has affected modern civilization.With a partner, prepare a ten minute presentaton for the class outlining how the following identitieshave been shaped by the perpetration of Geo-polticisism. Explain the following identities: yourindividual identity, the collective identity of your school, your cultural identity and it's expression, andyour national identity.

When you have completed the above chart, identify a possible alternative ideology to Geo-Politicism.List the pro's and con's of this proposed ideology and write a short paragraph identifying what it is,how it can be implemented, and for whom is it beneficial for. When you have completed, answer thefollowing questions.

1) To what extent is your solution a viable alternative to geo-politicism?2) To what extent will people embrace you alterntive proposal to geo-politicism?3) To what extent can geo-politicism, as an ideology of physiocracy, be replaced on an Earth shaped

by geography?

Identity How is the Identity Shaped?

TThhee VViieeww ffrroomm HHeerree

PPHHYYSSIIOOCCRRAATTSS

Several physiocratic perspectives are presented below. As you read each one, make note of the worldview expressed by eachperspective. How is each perspective an embrace or disembrace of either geo-politicism or communal synergy? How does eachperspective effectively use language to engage the audience?

Jethro Tull -- Horse-hoeing husbandry : or, Anessay on the principles of vegetation andtillage.

And, what is still more to belamented, these People are so

much attached to their old customs,that they are not only averse to alterthem themselves, but are moreoverindustrious to prevent others fromsucceeding, who attempt to introduceany thing new; and indeed have it toogenerally in their Power, to defeat anyScheme which is not agreeable totheir own Notions feeing it must beexecuted by the fame Sort of Hands.

Fredric Bastiat -- Selected Essays on PoliticalPolitical Economy: Property and Law(http://bastiat.org/en/property_law.html)

All our past constitutions proclaimthat property is sacred, a fact that

seems to indicate that the goal ofsocial organization is the freedevelopment of private associationsor individuals through their labor.This implies that the right to propertyis prior to the law, since the soleobject of the law would be to protectproperty. . . Whether liberty orproperty is in question, to respect theright of others is not to destroy orimpair the right, but rather torecognize and confirm it. It isprecisely because property as well asliberty is a right prior to the law thatboth exist only on condition ofrespecting the like right of others,and it is the function of the law to seethat this limit is respected, whichmeans to recognize and support thisvery principle.

EXPLORATIONS1) To what extent does each perspective exemplify an embrace of geo-politicism?2) In your own words, summarize the differences between geo-politicism and physiocracy. You may use authoritative secondary

research sources on the internet or your local library to assist your explorations. Summarize your findings on a pie chart.3) In essay form relate Tull's view on "introduc[ing] anything new" to the communally synergistic perspective presented.

WHAT ARE ECONOMIC IDENTITIES?An economic identity is the unified collective presence presented by a collectiveon the international stage that expresses the fiscal policies of a nation orcollective. Economic Identities can be expressed by formal and informalcollectives, such as a nation, a corporation, or a collective of individuals. Aneconomic identity can express a multitude of actions, such as investment,purchase, sale, aquirement, or trade relations.

How can collectives express economic identities?Because Economic identities can be described using a broad scope, it issometimes necessary to narrow the scope of study when identifying an economicidentity. Since an economic identitiy is the unified expression of a collective'seconomic descisions, economic identities can act using different methods. Forexample, a nation may choose to express a protectionist economic identity.Individuals of a particular collective may choose to unanimously enact in acertain way. Sociologist Christophe Owttrim has termed this phenomenon"voting with one's feet" .

How is a corporation an economic identity?Comprehending the origin, evolution, and limited-liability nature of corporationsis integral to understanding how a corporation is an economic identity.Corporations are the result of continual refinement of the free-market economicsystem presented by Adam Smith in 1776. Three distinct types of businessesevolved: proprietorships, partnerships and corporations.

Proprietorships were the first form of businesses. In a proprietorship, the ownerunilaterally was the sole owner and operator of the business. Owners weredirectly responsible for the successes or failures of their businesses. Unless theowner was extremely wealthy, the business remained small. The next form ofbusinesses to arrive were partnerships, formed for the purpose of extendingindividual business opportunities or for synergistically leveraging skills ortalents. Although partnerships could be informal, formal partnerships were morecommon; Formal partnerships agreed in contract form to combine both parties'capital and talent to produce goods or services that could be sold to the public.Both of these early forms of businesses were usually associated with cottageindustries, industries typically run out of one's home.

Corporations began to evolve once it became clear that businesses could notkeep up with the pace of rapid growth and the complexities of large-scaleindustrialization. Corporations were formed to meet the need for large scalecapital funding. Crucially, a corporation is incorporated as a legally separateunit, limiting the liability of their owners and employees. Limited liabilitycorporations (LLC's) do not hold individuals directly responsible for thedealings of the corporation: individuals are only held liable for the extent of theirown holdings. Thus, a corporation is an aggregate, a mass of separate wealth orpeople joined together to form an association.

Although corporations are aggregates of independently owned assets, capital,and labor, corporations can assume economic identities in the same manner thatindividuals assume an economic identity because a corporation is a legallyseparate entity that can act independently.

VVooiicceess""OOnnee ccaannnnoott bbeeggiinn

ttoo uunnddeerreessttiimmaattee tthhee

ccoonnsseeqquueenncceess ooff aa

ccoolllleeccttiivvee ooff

iinnddiivviidduuaallss tthhaatt aarree

aabbllee ttoo rraallllyy ssuuppppoorrtt

ffoorr tthheeiirr ccaauussee iinn

ssuucchh aa wwaayy ttoo

ddrraassttiiccaallllyy aaffffeecctt

eeccoonnoommiicc iiddeennttiittiieess

iinn aann uunnffaavvoorraabbllee

wwaayy.. ""

-- -- CChhrriissttoopphhee

OOwwttttrriimm

How are nations economic identities?Because nations can express policies, such as domestic andforeign policies, a country's government actions express acollective policy. Nation-states can express collective policyinternally — domestic policy —, or externally — foreign policy. Thefruition of domestic, foreign, and economic policies — collectivepolicy — expresses the unique mixture and implementation ofwealth that each nation-state embraces.

What is wealth, and how does it contribute to the wealth of nations?Wealth can be briefly described as having the land, labour, and capitalnecessary to participate in the industrialized world. All three are required for anation to be wealthy, a nation-state cannot fully industrialize without beingcapable of sourcing all three.

You will learn more about the relationship between wealth and economicidentities later in this course.

In essay form, explain how the accumulation of wealth affects a nation-states ability to enactinfluential collective policies on the international scale. Relate your points to a multi-cultural mosaic byintegrating various worldviews. Once you have completed, team up with a partner to prepare a severalminute presentation to your classmates about your findings. Retain your findings to be revisited later inthis course.

CChheecckk FFoorrwwaarrdd »»

YYoouu wwiillll rreeaadd aabboouutt

hhooww nnaattiioonnss hhaavvee

hhiissttoorriiccaallllyy

iimmpplleemmeenntteedd

eeccoonnoommiicc iiddeennttiittiieess

iinn tthhee nneexxtt cchhaapptteerr..

How are shareholders and corporations related?As we can see to the right, the shareholders of a corporation andthe corporation itself have different economic identities. Thedouble-headed arrow identifies the incfluence that shareholdershave on the direction of the corporation. Shareholders, the publicowners of a publically owned corporation, indirectly influencecorporations in shareholder meeting, consensus building activitiesthat allow corporations to be accountable and responsible to theirshareholders. Ultimitely, it is in a corporation's best interest to beresponsive to shareholders, as shareholders are able to sway acorporation's share price by triggering changing market conditions.You will read more about the relationship between shareholdersand corporations later in this course.

TToo wwhhaatt eexxtteenntt sshhoouulldd wweeeemmbbrraaccee eeccoonnoommiicc iiddeennttiittiieess??

CChhaapptteerr 22

The study of identinomics demands that we question the extent of our embraceof economic identities. The extent of our collective and individual embrace ofeconomic identities is shaped by the extent which economic identities directlyand indirectly shape economics. Economic identities not only directly andindirectly influence economics, but also shape individual and collective identitiesindirectly.

HOW CAN ECONOMIC IDENTITES SHAPE ECONOMICS?Economic identities can shape economics by playing a role in rotating the wheelof the economy, a representation of the cyclic nature of economics. The cycle ofthe of the economy moves in phases from Depression, to Expansion, to Boom, toRecession. Each phase of the cycle is marked by various extents of embraces ofeconomic identities. Most directly, economic identities have shaped economicsthrough corporations and national economic policies. Corporations directlyshape economics by altering position of the wheel of the economy.

How do corporations affect the wheel of the economy?Corporations directly affect the wheel of the economy by creating economicactivity by producing products and services. Depending on the industry level,these corporations use finished and unfinished materials from other suppliersand corporations. Primary industries are concerned mainly with mining rawmaterials. Secondary industry, sometimes reffered to as the manufacturingindustry, manufactures and finishes materials and goods created by the primaryindustry. Tertiary industry, "the service industry", is involved in the servicesbetween industries and final customers, such as transport and sales. Quaternaryindustries are primarily research industries, involved with high technologyadvances and studies.

CCaassee SSttuuddyy:: MMuullttiipplliieerrssAA ssttuuddeenntt wwhhoo wwoorrkkss aa ssuummmmeerr jj oobb

ddeecciiddeess ttoo bbuuyy aa nneeww ccaarr.. TThhee cchhaarrtt aatt

rriigghhtt iilllluussttrraatteess hhooww ggooooddss pprroodduucceedd

bbyy aa mmuullttiittuuddee ooff iinndduussttrriieess hhaavvee

llaarrggeerr mmuullttiipplliieerrss tthhaann ssiimmpplleerr ggooooddss..

EEaacchh rreeccttaannggllee rreepprreesseennttss aann

iinndduussttrryy tthhaatt pprroovviiddeess eemmppllooyymmeenntt,,

ddrriivviinngg tthhee eeccoonnoommyy.. SSiimmpplleerr ggooooddss

ssuucchh aass rraaww mmaatteerriiaallss aanndd

uunnmmaannuuffaaccttuurreedd ggooooddss hhaavvee aa ssmmaalllleerr

mmuullttiipplliieerr..

NNaattiioonn--ssttaatteess ccaann aallssoo uussee iinncceennttiivveess

ttoo eennssuurree tthhaatt iinndduussttrriieess wwiitthh llaarrggee

mmuullttiipplliieerrss rreemmaaiinn wwiitthhiinn tthheeiirr

ccoouunnttrryy.. TThhiiss ttrraaiitt,, aatt iitt'' ss eexxttrreemmee,, iiss

kknnoowwnn aass pprrootteeccttiioonniissmm ..

EExxpplloorraattiioonnss

WWiitthh aa ppaarrttnneerr,, ccrreeaattee aa ddiiaaggrraamm ssiimmiillaarr ttoo tthhee oonnee aabboovvee sshhoowwiinngg hhooww aa

pprroodduucctt oorr sseerrvviiccee iinnvvoollvveess mmuullttiippllee lleevveellss ooff iinndduussttrryy.. TThheenn,, wwrriittee aa bbrriieeff

ssttaatteemmeenntt ffoorr eeaacchh bbooxx eexxppllaaiinniinngg tthhee pprroocceesssseess iinnvvoollvveedd aanndd hhooww eeaacchh lleevveell

ccoonnttrriibbuutteess ttoo hhiigghh eemmppllooyymmeenntt..

How do national economic policies affect the economy?National economic policies can indirectly affect the economy by altering thelevel and rapidity of economic activity. By providing incentives and disincentives,nation-states can somewhat influence corporate economic identities throughseveral methods. Nation-states can provide tax incentives, grants, taxdisincentives, or fines. Each of these can be used to shape the market to giveotherwise unfeasible innovative firms a competitive advantage.

For example, the California government provided incentives to electric carmanufacturers such as Tesla Motors. Incentives to produce green electric carscan cause corporations such as Tesla to make themselves more viable andcompetitive, overcoming startup financial and market inertia.

EExxpplloorraattiioonnss

With a partner, identify several innovative corporations that have had government-funded incentives.Identify what field the corporation is in, what it's products are, and how the corporation chosen hasovercome difficulties in the adoption of it's business model.

CChheecckk FFoorrwwaarrdd »»

YYoouu wwiillll rreeaadd aabboouutt

hhooww hhiigghh

eemmppllooyymmeenntt iinn tthhee

nneexxtt sseeccttiioonn..

What are some economic identities that have shaped economics?Blah blah blah

HOW CAN ECONOMIC IDENTITIES SHAPE GLOBALIZATION?Blah blah blah

How can nations shape economics?blah blah blah

WHAT ARE THE TRAITS AN ECONOMIC IDENTITY CAN EXHIBIT?Economic identities can exhibit many traits. Individuals of a particular collectivemay choose to unanimously enact in a certain way. Sociologist ChristopheOwttrim has termed this phenomenon "voting with one's feet" . A nation maychoose to express a protectionist economic identity.

National Economic IdentitiesInterventionist National Economic IdentitiesExamples of interventionist economic identities have traditionally beenassociated with the socialist movement, hypothesized by the great philosopheKarl Marx. Interventionist economic identities on the international inter-politicalsphere have traditionally been less interactive with nations that embrace free-market, Laissez-faire economic identities. During Britain's brief experiment withinterventionist economics in the late 19th century, for example, a Canadianpolitician termed the extent of Britain's international interaction as "splendidisolationism". Other nations embracing interventionist economic identities alsoembraced isolationism. The European Eastern Bloc, defined as the pact ofnations participating in the Warsaw Pact, also attempted to seclude themselvesfrom The West. This seclusion, beginning in 1917, eventually led to the formationof the Iron Curtain, a metaphorical curtain that describes the tensions betweenThe East and The West that resulted in several decades of political andmilitaristic posturing.

Embracing interventionist economic identities can also lead nation-states tooppress the basic rights of their citizens for the purposes of perpetrating theirinterventionist, command economies. Human rights abuses are capable ofdrastically altering an economic identity's future by means of motivating thepopulace to take arms against the repressive power. One nation-state that hasexperienced this is India. During Ghandi's "I quit India" movement, millions ofpeople crowded the desolate streets of Calcutta and Mumbai, stopping trade inprotest of the central government's poor management and allocation ofresources, goods, and wealth.

Some interventionist economic identities are faced with stagnation issues. TheSoviet Union, for example faced the Brezhnev Stagnation in the late 1970s, asharp decline in economic growth in the Soviet Union. China was also facing it'sown stagnation problems. As a result of the Great Leap forward, China had lostthree years of economic growth. As a result of market stagnation, some nation-states that previously embraced interventionist economic identities beganliberalizing their economies -- abandoning interventionist economic identitiesand embracing laisez-faire economic identities.

VVooiicceess""OOnnee ccaannnnoott

bbeeggiinn ttoo

uunnddeerreessttiimmaattee tthhee

ccoonnsseeqquueenncceess ooff aa

ccoolllleeccttiivvee ooff

iinnddiivviidduuaallss tthhaatt

aarree aabbllee ttoo rraallllyy

ssuuppppoorrtt ffoorr tthheeiirr

ccaauussee iinn ssuucchh aa

wwaayy ttoo ddrraassttiiccaallllyy

aaffffeecctt eeccoonnoommiicc

iiddeennttiittiieess iinn aann

uunnffaavvoorraabbllee wwaayy.. ""

-- -- CChhrriissttoopphhee

OOwwttttrriimm

CCaassee SSttuuddyy:: CCoommmmaanndd EEccoonnoommiieessIInn ccoonnttrraasstt ttoo mmaarrkkeett eeccoonnoommiieess,, ccoommmmaanndd eeccoonnoommiieess aarree eeccoonnoommiieess tthhaatt aarree

cceennttrraallllyy ppllaannnneedd,, rreellyyiinngg oonn cceennttrraallllyy aallllooccaatteedd qquuoottaass aanndd eexxppaannssiioonn ttaarrggeettss..

OOvveerr tthhee 2200tthh cceennttuurryy,, bbootthh tthhee PPeeooppllee'' ss RReeppuubblliicc ooff CChhiinnaa aanndd tthhee SSoovviieett

UUnniioonn rraann ccoommmmaanndd eeccoonnoommiieess.. TThhrroouugghh eeccoonnoommiicc rreeffoorrmmss,, bbootthh ccoouunnttrriieess

ttrraannssiittiioonneedd tthheeiirr eeccoonnoommiieess ttoo mmaarrkkeett eeccoonnoommiieess ---- mmaarrkkeett lliibbeerraalliizzaattiioonn ---- ttoo

vvaarryyiinngg ddeeggrreeeess ooff ssuucccceessss.. BBootthh tthhee SSoovviieett UUnniioonn'' ss aanndd tthhee PPRRCC'' ss eeccoonnoommiieess

hhaavvee bbeeeenn hhiissttoorriiccaallllyy sshhaappeedd bbyy tthhee ttwwoo nnaattiioonnss '' iiddeeoollooggiiccaall ddiiffffeerreenncceess..

DDuurriinngg tthhee ttiimmee wwhheenn bbootthh ccoouunnttrriieess ooppeerraatteedd aa cceennttrraallllyy--ppllaannnneedd eeccoonnoommyy,,

hhoowweevveerr,, sseevveerraall ddiiffffeerreenncceess aanndd ssiimmiillaarriittiieess ccaann bbee nnootteedd bbeettwweeeenn tthhee ttwwoo

ccoouunnttrriieess..

AAfftteerr tthhee SSoovviieett UUnniioonn ssttrruugggglleedd ttoo mmaaiinnttaaiinn aa wwoorrkkiinngg eeccoonnoommyy vviiaa WWaarr

CCoommmmuunniissmm aanndd tthhee NNeeww EEccoonnoommiicc PPllaann,, iitt ssoooonn eemmbbrraacceedd aa ttoopp--ddoowwnn ffiivvee--

yyeeaarr--ppllaann bbaasseedd aapppprrooaacchh ttoo aallllooccaattiinngg llaabboorr,, rreessoouurrcceess,, aanndd ccoonnssuummeerr ggooooddss..

AAlltthhoouugghh tthhee SSoovviieett UUnniioonn'' ss mmoosstt ffaammoouuss ffiivvee yyeeaarr ppllaannss wweerree uusseedd dduurriinngg tthhee

rreeiiggnn ooff JJoosseepphh SSttaalliinn,, ffiivvee--yyeeaarr ppllaannss gguuiiddeedd tthhee SSoovviieett eeccoonnoommyy uunnttiill tthhee

ccoollllaappssee ooff tthhee SSoovviieett UUnniioonn iinn 11 999911 .. AAss wweellll ,, CChhiinnaa aallssoo uusseedd ffiivvee--yyeeaarr ppllaannss ttoo

gguuiiddee iitt'' ss eeccoonnoommyy..

CCaassee SSttuuddyy:: MMaarrkkeett LLiibbeerraalliizzaattiioonnPPrriioorr ttoo tthhee aatttteemmpptteedd rreevviittaalliizzaattiioonnss ooff eeaacchh nnaattiioonn'' ss ccoommmmaanndd eeccoonnoommiieess,,

bbootthh ccoouunnttrriieess wweerree ffaacceedd wwiitthh ssttaaggnnaattiioonn.. TThhee BBrreezzhhnneevv SSttaaggnnaattiioonn iinn tthhee

11 997700ss mmaarrkkeedd aa sshhaarrpp ddeecclliinnee iinn eeccoonnoommiicc ggrroowwtthh iinn tthhee SSoovviieett UUnniioonn.. CChhiinnaa

wwaass aallssoo ffaacciinngg iitt'' ss oowwnn ssttaaggnnaattiioonn pprroobblleemmss.. AAss aa rreessuulltt ooff tthhee GGrreeaatt LLeeaapp

ffoorrwwaarrdd,, CChhiinnaa hhaadd lloosstt tthhrreeee yyeeaarrss ooff eeccoonnoommiicc ggrroowwtthh.. TThhee PPRRCC llaatteerr

aatttteemmpptteedd ttoo rreeffoorrmm ssoocciieettyy iinnttoo aa ““ccoommmmuunniisstt ssoocciieettyy”” dduurriinngg tthhee CCuullttuurraall

rreevvoolluuttiioonn..

To what extent does identity shape our lives?smartynk/Ident/Ident.pdf · research sources on the...

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