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Arab Academy for Science and Technology and
Maritime Transport
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Control Engineering
Three-Phase Four-Wire Shunt Active Power Filter For
Unbalanced Non-Linear Loads
Presented by
Eng. Abdalla Mohamed AbdEI-Aziz Mohmaed AbdEI-HaflZ Fahmy
From Egypt
A Thesis Submitted to Electrical and Computer Control Department in Fulfillment of the
Requirements
For the Master's Degree of Science
In
Electrical and Computer Control Engineering.
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Lotti
Electrical and Control Department
Arab Academy for Science and Technology
Dr. Mostafa Saad
Electrical and Control Department
Arab Academy for Science and Technology
Dr. Ahmed Kadry
Electrical and Control Department
Arab Academy for Science and Technology 2012
We certify that we have read the present work and that in our opinion it is
fully adequate in scope and quality as a thesis towards the partial fulfillment
of the Master's Degree requirements in
Supervisor(s):
Name:
I Position:
I Signature:
Name:
Position:
Signature:
Name:
Position:
Signature:
Examiners:
Name:
Position:
Signature:
Name:
Position:
Signature:
G" (~c../:;;v,·' n 'r>_ I, .. J-yo/ c-._ ".Hf<.I-,·IIf,t Specialization ........... ~; .~. c.v-. Cl '0 ,"-v'] ..J
From
College of . .f.t:6.{!f.'~~tl.':J.kk~:. (AASTMT)
Date .... ~a../.ul1d?/J....:.
Prof. Ahmed Ahmed Lotfy
Prof. College of Engineering and Technology
Arab Academy for Science and Technology
~ Dr. Mostafa Saad Abdallah Hamad
Assistant Prof. College of Engineering and Technology
Arab Academy for ~cience and Technology
~~'
Dr. Ahmed Kadry Abdelsalam
Assistant Prof. College of Engineering and Technology
Arab Academy for Science and Technology __ c:::=§' ~ hE" 1.
Prof. Ahmed Abdallah Hossam Eldee. A· A · #,Sc1't. 4 4~ · Professor of Electrical Engineering Alexandria University
Prof. Hamdy Salah EI Gohary
Professor of Power and Machine Ain Shams University
DECLARATION
I certify that all the material in this thesis that is not my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me.
The contents of this thesis reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University.
(Signature) .1.t1l,{J.. ../.t.C.i/..l.~ ...................................... . (Date) ...... .ILa./..//.,/...)p/..b .................................................. .
Table of Contents
Dedication ........................................................................................ .
Acknowledgements.............................................................................. ii
Abstract............................................................ ............................... iii
List of Symbols................................................................................... iv
List of Abbreviations ....................................................................... ..... vi
List of Tables..................................................................................... viii
List of Figures................................................................................ .... ix
CHAPTER 1 Introduction ................................................................ ..
1.1 Power Quality Problems ............................................. ..
1.2 Passive Filter............................................................ 3
1.3 Active Power Filter (APF) ............................................ 3
1.4 Research Objectives ........ ......... ....... ........... ................ 5
1.5 Thesis Outline........................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2 Overview on Shunt Active Power Filters (APF)... ................... 8
2.1 Introduction................ ........... ............................ ........... 8
2.2 Shunt Active Power Filter (APF) ...... ............ .............. ........ 8
2.3 Shunt APF in Three-phase Four-wire Systems ............ ......... 10
2.3.1 Reference Current Extraction Techniques ..................... 10
2.3.2 Current Control Techniques ............... ............. .......... 22
2.3.3 PWM Techniques................................................... 25
2.3.4 Shunt (APF) Topologies in three-phase four-wire system.. 27
2.4 Summary.................................................................... 30
CHAPTER 3 Power Quality Improvement in Three-phase Four-wire System.. 31
3.1 Introduction........................................................ .......... 31
3.2 Power Quality Approach in Three-phase Four-wire System..... 31
3.3 Proposed Current Extraction Technique ............. ................ 32
3.4 Proposed Predictive Current Control Technique ............. ...... 33
3.5 Summary ................................................................... 36
CHAPTER 4 Simulation, Experimental Setup and Methodology ............ 37
4.1 Introduction .................................................................. 37
4.2 Design of APF ........................ ........................................ 37
4.3 Simulation results ........................................................... 38
4.4 Experimental verification................................................ 42
4.5 Summary.................................................................... 48
CHAPTER 5 Results And Discussion...................... .............................. 49
5.1 Introduction..... ....................... ...... ...................... ..... 49
5.2 Simulation versus Experimental Results.. .................... ..... 49
5.3 Adequacy and effectiveness of the implemented technique .... 52
5.4 Summary ................... ......... ...... .............................. 55
CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Work ......... ...... ....... 56
6.1 Conclusions.............................................................. 56
6.2 Suggestions for future work..................................... ..... 57
Appendix A
References
List of Publications
B
C
Dedication
.. 0 '" ,.. J.
< .... £II.t' ~- ~ "\.AA- cS~.J·~.J .. ~ i:J! ji) ~.U __ ~ ~~ .. ~~ _
(162 :~lai~l)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I thank ALLAH for helping me throughout my research and enabling me to finish
my thesis.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this
thesis.
I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Dr. Mostafa Saad Hamad whose help, stimulating
suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis.
I have furthermore to thank Dr. Ahmed Kadry AbdElslam for the supervision, valuable hints
and outstanding support that he gave me which truly help , progression and smoothness in this
thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my study.
I would like to express the deepest appreciation to Prof Ahmed Lotfi , for his encouragement,
insightful comments, hard questions offering suggestions for improvement and his continues
help. Without his guidance and persistent help this thesis would not have been possible.
Special thanks are recorded to Prof Hessin Dessuki and Dr Ahmed Anss, who encouragement
was of a great help in difficult times.
Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my father indeed Dr. Adel EI-Sayd,
for his patience, motivation and enthusiasm. His guidance helped me in this research and writing
of this thesis.
Sincerely, I also would like to thank my parents, brother, sister and my uncle for the family
support and encouragement which helped me in completing this research. Special gratefulness
and thanks to my mother for her support and praying during my study.
Especially, I would like to give my special thanks to my wife Eman whose patient love
enabled me to complete this work.
Last but not least I would like to thank my friends especially Dr. Amr Galal , Dr. Braa
Mohamed, Mr Amr Shaban ,Eng. Ahmed Zewil and Eng. Ali Lamey Ghanim.
ii
Abstract
Harmonics is one of the power quality issues that influence to a great extent
transformer overheating, rotary machine vibration, voltage quality degradation, destruction of
electric power components, and malfunctioning of medical facilities.
Power quality improvement has been given considerable attention due to the intensive
use of nonlinear loads and the limitations required by international standards such as
lEEE519-1992, lEC 1 000-3-2, and lEC 1 000-3-4.
Those limitations were set in order to limit the disturbances and to avoid major
problems in power system. Since linear and/or non-linear single-phase loads are rapidly
increasing, zero sequence component and current harmonics are generated. This causes system
unbalance and overheating of the associate distribution transformers that may lead to a system
failure, especially in weak networks.
The harmonic current can be suppressed by using a passive or active power filter,
(APF). Passive filters are used due to their simplicity, ease of maintenance and low cost.
However, it has several disadvantages like the risk of series and parallel resonances, system
impedance dependency and aging effect of the filter passive components. Generally, APF sorts
out the classical passive filters problems. It can be used to mitigate the line current harmonics
and the neutral current in order to improve the system power quality and enhance the grid
connection.
In this thesis, a four-wire capacitor midpoint shunt APF with a predictive control
technique is used to mitigate both of the supply current harmonics and the neutral current,
hence achieving balanced supply current and improve power factor. The proposed strategy
provides a simple controller incorporating Phase Locked Loop, (PLL), independency,
minimized number of sensors, ease of practical implementation, and reduced system size and
cost. The proposed system's performance is investigated using a MATLAB simulation model.
In addition, a prototype is implemented to validate the proposed system performance
experimentally.
iii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Symbols
C Cdc
Cdc min
ea(t) Ema ea ep eo , , ia(t)
ia ip io , ,
.. .. .-'sal 'sb l 'se
ica , ieb ,icc
iLa,iLb,iLc
i~ is isn iL iLn
icn IH M(p_p)max
isa, isb, ise
KI I(p
Li L Ln N p
P P PL q q p q s Ts Vs
Definition
Capacitor DC -bus capacitor DC -bus capacitor Phase a voltage source Peak amplitude of the 'a' phase voltage Voltage terms in the aBO plane
Compensated line current Current terms in the aBO plane
Current terms in the dqO plane
Reference phase currents
Compensation phase currents
Load phase currents
Compensation reference current
Source current Source neutral current Load current Load current neutral current Compensation neutral current or inverter neutral current The harmonics content of load to be compensated The maximum peak to peak filter current
Source currents Integration constant of PI controller Proportional constant of PI controller Phases Interfacing inductor Inductor Neutral interfacing inductor The number of samples per fundamental period Instantaneous active power DC component of instantaneous active power AC component of instantaneous active power Active load power Instantaneous reactive power DC component of instantaneous reactive power AC component of instantaneous reactive power Instantaneous reactive power is the vector
Instantaneous apparent power Sampling time Source volta e
iv
v
" Vc
Vc
Vs
Vs x(n) Xa e 91
DC-bus voltage Dc-link reference voltage Reference compensating voltage Two capacitors' voltages Amplitude of the modulating signal
Inverter output voltage Supply voltage rms value of source voltage Input signal (voltage or current) at the sampled point n Complex Fourier vector of the ath harmonic Phase angle of load current Reference angle of the fundamental
v
LIST OF ABBREV ATIONS
Abbreviations
AC
APF
ANSI
CSD
CSI
DC
EN
EMI
FFT
OFT
DSP
GTO
HPF
LPF
IEC
IEEE
IGBT
PCC
PF
PI
PLL
PWM
RMS
SPWM
SMC
SRF
RSD
Nomenclatures
Alternating Current
Active Power Filter
American National Standard Institute
Current Synchronous Detection
Current Source Inverter
Direct Current
European Standards
Electromagnetic Interference
Fast Fourier Transform
Discrete Fourier Transform
Digital Signal Processors
Gate-Tum-Off Thyristors
High-Pass Filter
Low-Pass Filter
International Electro Technical Commission
Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
Point Of Common Coupling
Power Factor
Proportional-Integral Controller
Phase-Lock Loop
Pulse Width Modulation
Root Mean Square
Sinusoidal PWM
Sliding Mode Control
Synchronous Reference Frame
Resistance Synchronous Detection
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table NO. Title
5.1 Comparison between different shunt active filtering topologies
vii
Page
52
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no.
1.1
1.2
Title Page
Common types of passive filters and their configurations ......... 3
Schematic diagram for a shunt active power filter .. ................ 5
1.3 A three-phase four-wire supply feeding a three-phase four-wire
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
load ....................................................................... 5
Shunt APF: (a) with VSI and (b) with CSI ............................ ..
Fast Fourier Transform process ........................................ .
Physical meaning of the p-q-r reference frames (a) relation
between a-B-O reference frame and a' -13' -0 reference frame (view
from above the O-axis) and (b) relation between a'-B'-O reference
frame and p-q-r reference frame (view from below the q-axis) ..
The principle of synchronous fundamental d-q frame .............. .
The principle of capacitor voltage monitor ........................... .
PI-current control ......................................................... .
Hysteresis current control ............................................. ..
Three-phase YSI: (a) modulating and carrier signals, (b) inverter
output line voltage, v ,(c) inverter output phase voltage, v , Cab can
and (d) spectrum of v ........................... .................. .. Can
9
12
15
18
20
23
24
26
2.9 Three-phase YSI: (a) modulating and carrier signals, (b) switch
S.+ state, (c) switch Sb' state, and (d) inverter line voltage, v.... 27 Cab
2.10 Figure 2.10 Three-phase four-wire shunt APFs: (a) Split-
capacitor and (b) Four-leg. .... ....................................... ... 28
2.11 Three-phase four-wire shunt APFs Three full-bridge .............. . 29
3.1 A three-phase four-wire supply feeding a three-phase four-wire
load ......................................................................... 31
3.2 Four-wire capacitor midpoint shunt APF connected to three-
ix
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
phase four-wire system ................................................. .
Block diagram for controlling APF using predictive control ..... .
Predictive current control .............................................. .
Four-wire capacitor midpoint shunt APF connected to three-
phase four-wire system ................................................. .
Simulation results ....................................................... .
APF capacitors voltage simulation results .......................... .
Supply current rms value and balance before and after
compensation ........................................................... ..
The supply current THO before and after compensation ......... ..
Practical system setup ................................................... .
Photo of the practical system setup ................................. ..
The load current, h experimental results ............................. .
APF compensating currents, ic_abc experimental results ............ .
Supply current after compensation experimental results ........... .
Load neutral current, hn ,tiIter neutral current, icn, and supply
32
33
34
39
40
41
42
42
43
44
45
45
46
neutral current,isn, after compensation experimental results ....... 46
4.12 DC-link voltage ........................................................ ..
5.1 Results: (a) load current, h simulation results, (b) load current, h
experimental results, (c) supply current after compensation, is
simulation results and (d) supply current after compensation, is
5.2
experimental results ...................................................... .
Results: (a) load neutral current, hn simulation results, (b) load
neutral current, hn experimental results. (c) filter neutral current,
icn simulation results, (d) tilter neutral current, icn experimental
results, (e) supply neutral current after compensation, isn
simulation results and (f) supply neutral current after
47
50
compensation, isn experimental results................................. 51
x
5.3 APF capacitors voltage results: (a) the two-capacitor voltages,
Vdcl and,Vdc] simulation results, (b) the two-capacitor voltages,
Vdcl and,Vdc2 experimental results, (c) total voltage, Vdc simulation
results and (d) total voltage, Vdcexperimental results... ... ....... ... 5 J
xi
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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
1) Fahmy, A., Hamad, M. S, Abdelsalam, A. K., and Lotfy, A. , 'Power Quality
Improvement in Three-Phase Four-Wire System using a Shunt APF with Predictive
Current Control', IECON 2012 - 38th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics
Published
2) Fahmy, A., Hamad, M. S, Abdelsalam, A. K., and Lotfy, A. , 'Power Quality
Improvement of an Isolated Four-Wire Wind Energy Conversion System using a Shunt
APF with Predictive Current Control', IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics
Journal Under review
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