The United States Conference of Mayors HUNGER AND ...the extent of and solutions to hunger and...

THE UNITED STATES CONFERENCE OF MAYORS

HUNGER AND HOMELESSNESS SURVEYA Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness in America’s CitiesA 38-City Survey / December 2016

The United States Conference of Mayors

Mick CornettMayor of Oklahoma CityPresident

Mitchell J. LandrieuMayor of New OrleansVice President

Stephen K. BenjaminMayor of ColumbiaSecond Vice President

Helene SchneiderMayor of Santa BarbaraCo-chair, Task Force on Hunger and Homelessness

Tom CochranCEO and Executive Director

The U.S. Conference of Mayors is the official nonpartisan organization of cities with populations of 30,000 or more. There are 1,393 such cities in the country today, each represented in the Conference by its chief elected official, the Mayor.

This is the first year the U.S Conference of Mayors is working with the National Alliance to End Homelessness on the Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness in America’s Cities.

The National Alliance to End Homelessness is a leading voice on the issue of homelessness. To accomplish its mission of ending homelessness, the Alliance uses data and research to identify the nature of, and solutions to, the problem. It analyzes policy, to determine how best to advance these solutions. And, it helps build the capacity of communities to implement strategies that help them end homelessness.

The Homelessness Research Institute (HRI), the research and education arm of the National Alliance to End Homelessness, works to end homelessness by building and disseminating knowledge. The goals of HRI are to build the intellectual capital around solutions to homelessness; to advance data and research to ensure that policymakers, practitioners, and the caring public have the best information about trends in homelessness and emerging solutions; and to engage the media to promote the proliferation of solid data and information on homelessness.

Authors: This report was prepared by the U.S. Conference of Mayors by Assistant Executive Director Eugene T. Lowe with the assistance of Aminatou Poubelle, Gail Thomas and by the National Alliance to End Homelessness by Samantha Batko and Jordan Layton.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 2

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 4

HUNGER IN U.S. CITIES .............................................................................................. 5

HOMELESSNESS IN U.S. CITIES .............................................................................. 13

Appendix A: Methodology ......................................................................................... 40

Appendix B: City Data On Hunger ............................................................................. 42

APPENDIX C: Cities Cited in the Survey .................................................................. 47

Appendix D: Survey Instrument ................................................................................ 49

Appendix E: Hunger and Homelessness Contacts by City ..................................... 53

Appendix F: List of Past Reports .............................................................................. 57

EXECUTIVESUMMARYTheU.SConferenceofMayors’ReportonHomelessnessandHungerservesasameasureofthehousingandfoodneedsofthemostvulnerablecitizensinU.S.cities.ItisintendedtoserveasareferenceforpolicymakersandjournalistsontheextentofandsolutionstohungerandhomelessnessinU.S.cities.Reportcontents:

ThisreportpresentsthenumberandcharacteristicsofpeopleexperiencinghomelessnessandhungerincitiesacrosstheUnitedStates,trendsinhomelessnessandhungerovertime,andinformationonthecityresponsestobothsocialissues.DatareportedtotheU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentandsurveyresultsfrommayorswhoserveontheU.S.ConferenceofMayors’TaskForceonHungerandHomelessnessareusedinthisreport.MoreinformationonthemethodologiesusedforthisreportcanbefoundinAppendixA.ReportHighlights:

Hunger• Forty-onepercentofsurveycitiesreportedthatthenumberofrequestsforemergencyfoodassistance

increasedoverthepastyear.Acrossthesurveycities,emergencyfoodassistanceincreasedbyanaverageof2percent.

• Amongthoserequestingemergencyfoodassistance,63percentwerepersonsinfamilies,51percentwereemployed,18percentwereelderly,and8percentwerehomeless.

• Lowwagesledthelistofcausesofhungercitedbysurveycities;,followedbyhighhousingcostsandpoverty.

• Cityofficialssaidthatmoremoreaffordablehousing,morejobsandincreaseinSNAPbenefitsareactionsthatshouldbetakentoreducehunger.Employmenttrainingprograms,betterpayingjobs,affordablechildcare,higherwagesareotherimportantactionstotaketoreducehunger.

• Thecitiesreporteda5percentaverageincreaseinthenumberofpoundsoffooddistributedduringthelastyear.

• Acrosstherespondingcities,theaverageincreaseinthebudgetforemergencyfoodpurchaseswas8percent.

• Acrossthesurveycities,13.8percentofthedemandforemergencyfoodassistanceisestimatedtohavebeenunmet.

• Inforty-sevenpercentofsurveycities,theemergencykitchensandfoodpantrieshadtoreducethequantityoffoodpersonscouldreceiveateachfoodpantryvisitortheamountoffoodofferedpermealatemergencykitchens.Intwenty-ninepercentofthecities,theyhadtoreducethenumberoftimesapersonorfamilycouldvisitafoodpantryeachmonth.Also,becauseoflackofresourcesinforty-sevenpercentofthecities,facilitieshadtoturnpeopleaway.

HomelessnessOnasinglenightinJanuary2016,544,084peopleexperiencedhomelessnessintheUnitedStates.1InthesampleofU.S.cities2examinedforthisreport,171,520peopleexperiencedhomelessnessrepresenting31.5percentofallpeopleexperiencinghomelessnessinthenation.

• Therateofhomelessnessinstudycitieswas51peopleexperiencinghomelessnessper10,000peopleinthegeneralpublic.Thisishigherthanthenationalrateofhomelessnessof17peopleper10,000.

• Themajority(75percent)ofstudycitieshadratesofhomelessnesshigherthanthenationalrateofhomelessness.Ratesofhomelessnessincitiesstudiedrangedfrom11peopleinWichita,KSto124peopleinWashington,D.C.

• Forthemostpart,homelessnessintheU.S.overalllooksrelativelysimilartohomelessnessinthestudycities,buttherewasgreatvariationamongstandbetweencities.

• Thepercentofpeoplewhoareunshelteredinthestudycities(24.7percent)islowerthanintheU.S.overall(31.6percent).Onlynineofthestudycitieshadratesofunshelteredhomelessnesshigherthanthenationalaverage,butthesecitiesaloneaccountforapproximatelyoneofeveryfivepeopleexperiencingunshelteredhomelessnessinthecountry.

• Nationally,homelessnesshasbeendecliningforseveralyears—a12.9percentdecreasefrom2009to2016,includinga2.6percentdecreasefrom2015to2016.Two-thirds(65percent)ofstudycitiesfollowedthelong-termtrend,reportingdecreasesfrom2009to2016,andtwo-thirds(62percent)alsoreporteddecreasesfrom2015to2016.

• Forthemostpart,trendsinhomelessnessinthestudycitiesfollowedtrendsseennationally,withsomenotableexceptions,particularlyintrendsinunsheltered,individual,andchronichomelessnesswhereincreasesinstudycitieseithercontradictnationaltrendsoraredrivingincreasesnationally.

HomelessAssistance

Communities,regardlessofbeinganurban,suburban,orrurallocality,respondtohomelessnesswithavarietyofhousingandserviceprograms,includingemergencyshelters,rapidre-housing,permanentsupportivehousing,andtransitionalhousing.Ashiftinhomelessnesstowardpermanenthousingsolutions—namelyrapidre-housingandpermanentsupportivehousing—hasbeenseensince2013.Citieshavemainlyfollowedthistrend:

• Thepermanenthousingsolutionstohomelessness—permanentsupportivehousingandrapidre-housingcombined—serveasthelargestcomponentofboththenation’sandstudycities’responsestohomelessness.

• Permanentsupportivehousingiscurrentlythebedtypeinwhichthehomelessassistancesystemnationallyandinstudycitieshasthemostcapacity.

• Followingnationaltrendsfrom2009to2016,permanentsupportivehousingcapacitygrewandtransitionalhousingcapacitydecreasedsignificantlybothintheU.S.andinstudycities.

• Rapidre-housingcapacitymorethantripledinthestudycitiesbetween2013and2016.• Instudycities,evenifeveryemergencyshelterbedandtransitionalhousingbedweretobefilled,over34,000

peoplewouldstillbeunshelteredonagivennight.• Nearlyallsurveyedcityofficialsidentifiedtheneedformoremainstreamhousingassistanceandmore

affordablehousingasthemostneededandcurrentlyinsufficientlyresourcedtooltoreducehomelessness.• Surveyedcitiesidentifiedavarietyofexemplaryprogramsintendedtoimprovetheefficiencyofhomeless

assistancesystems;endchronic,veteran,youth,andunshelteredhomelessness;andconnectindividualsandfamiliesexperiencinghomelessnesstohousingandservices.

1Nationalestimatesofhomelessnessinthisreportincludethe50statesandtheDistrictofColumbia,butdoesnotincludedatafromGuam,PuertoRico,ortheVirginIslands.2Atotalof32citiesin24stateswereincludedfortheanalysisofhomelessnessinU.S.cities.ThesecitiesarenotrepresentativeofallU.S.cities,butdohavegreatdiversityingeographyandpopulationsize.Formoreinformationonthecitiesincludedinthesampleandhowtheywerechosen,refertoAppendixA.

INTRODUCTIONBackgroundHistoryofThisReportSinceOctober1982,theU.S.ConferenceofMayorsandTheU.S.ConferenceofCityHumanServicesOfficialsfirstbroughttheshortageofemergencyservices–food,shelter,medicalcare,incomeassistance,andenergyassistance–tonationalattentionthroughasurveyofcitiesofallsizesacrossallregionsofthecountry,theConferenceofMayorshascontinuedtoreporteachyearontheproblemsofhungerandhomelessnessinAmerica'sCities.Thatfirstgroundbreakingreportdescribedincreasingdemandforemergencyservicesincitiesandthecities'inabilitytomeetevenhalfofthatdemand.Eachsucceedingreporthasupdatedthenationontheseverityoftheproblemsandtheadequacyoftheresourcesavailabletorespondtothem.

InSeptember1983,tospearheadtheConferenceofMayors’effortstorespondtotheemergencyservicescrisis,thePresidentoftheConferenceofMayorsappointed20mayorstoaTaskForceonHungerandHomelessness.ThefirstTaskForcechairedbyNewOrleansMayorErnest"Dutch"Morial,assembledagroupofcitiesthatwouldbethefocusofthesurveystobeconductedinfutureyears.Thisgroupwouldconstitutethecoreofthecitiesthatwouldprovideinformationeachyearonthemagnitudeandcausesoftheseproblems,thelocalresponsestothem,andthenationalresponsesthatcityleadersbelievedwereneededfortheproblemstobeadequatelyaddressed.

Currently,theTaskForceischairedbySantaBarbaraMayorHeleneSchneider.

HUNGERINU.S.CITIESThissectionprovidesinformationonpersonsreceivingemergencyfoodassistanceandtheavailabilityofthatassistanceamongtheTaskForcesurveycitiesbetweenSeptember1,2015andAugust31,2016.Itincludesbriefdescriptionsofexemplaryprogramsoreffortsunderwayinthecitieswhichpreventorrespondtotheproblemsofhunger.

NeedforFoodAssistanceForty-onepercentofsurveyedcitiesreportedthatthenumberofrequestsforemergencyfoodassistanceincreasedoverthepastyearAcrossthecities,theoverallnumberofrequestsforfoodassistanceincreasedbyanaverageof2percent.Therateofincreaserangedfrom15percentinDesMoinesand10percentinProvidence,7percentinSaintPaul,6percentinCharleston,3percentinSanFranciscoandSantaBarbaraand2percentinPhiladelphia.Theratedecreasedrangedfrom9percentinLosAngeles,7percentinNorfolk,and6percentinSanAntonio.ItremainedthesameinChicago,Cleveland,Dallas,Nashville,SaltLakeCityandSeattle.

Amongthoserequestingemergencyfoodassistance,63percentwerepersonsinfamilies,51percentwereemployed,18percentwereelderly,and8percentwerehomeless.(Thesecategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandthesamepersoncanbeincludedinmorethanone.)

Seventy-onepercentofthecitiesreportedanincreaseinthenumberofpeoplerequestingfoodassistanceforthefirsttime.Amongthese,92percentcharacterizedtheincreaseinfirst-timerequestsasmoderate;8percentcharacterizeditassubstantial.

Increasedrequestsforfoodassistancewereaccompaniedbymorefrequentvisitstofoodpantriesandemergencykitchens.Forty-onepercentreportedanincreaseinthefrequencyofvisitstofoodpantriesand/oremergencykitchenseachmonth.Amongthese,86percentcharacterizedtheincreaseinfrequencyasmoderate;14percentsaiditwassubstantial.

Whenaskedtoidentifythethreemaincausesofhungerintheircities,88percentnamedlowwages;also59percentsaidhighhousingcostsandpoverty.Forty-onepercentcitedunemploymentand23citedmedicalorhealthcosts.

AvailabilityofFoodAssistanceThesurveycitiesreporteda5percentaverageincreaseinthenumberofpoundsoffooddistributed.Ninety-fourpercentsawanincreaseinthenumberofpoundsoffooddistributed,andonlyonecityreportedthatthenumberofpoundsdecreased.Fifty-ninepercentofthecitiesreportedthattheirtotalbudgetforemergencyfoodpurchasesincreasedoverthelastyear;11percentsaiditdecreased;and18percentsaiditremainedthesame.Acrosstherespondingcities,theaverageincreaseinthebudgetforemergencyfoodpurchaseswas8percent.

Donationsfromgrocerychainsandotherfoodsuppliersaccountedforthelargestportion(53percent)ofthefooddistributed.Thissourcewasfollowedbypurchasedfood,whichaccountedfor18percentofthefooddistributed;federalemergencyfoodassistanceanddonationsfromotherseachaccountedfor17percent;anddonationsfromindividuals,whichaccountedforfivepercent.

Forty-onepercentofthecitiesreportedthattheyhadmadeatleastsomesignificantchangesinthetypeoffoodpurchased.Thosechangesgenerallyinvolvedthepurchaseoffresher,healthierfoods,morenutritiousfoods,

particularlyfreshproduceandfoodshighinproteinandlowinsodiumandsugar.

UnmetNeedforEmergencyFoodAssistance

Inforty-sevenpercentofsurveycities,theemergencykitchensandfoodpantrieshadtoreducethequantityoffoodpersonscouldreceiveateachfoodpantryvisitortheamountoffoodofferedpermealatemergencykitchens.Intwenty-ninepercentofthecities,theyhadtoreducethenumberoftimesapersonorfamilycouldvisitafoodpantryeachmonth.Also,becauseoflackofresources,inforty-sevenpercentofthecities,facilitieshadtoturnpeopleaway.Fiveofthesurveycitieswereabletoestimatetheoveralldemandforfoodassistancethatwentunmetduringthepastyear;theyreportedthatanaverageof13.8percentoftheneedwentunmet.City PercentUnmetNeed

Cleveland 13

DesMoines 22

DistrictofColumbia 24

LosAngeles 5

Philadelphia 5

EXEMPLARYPROGRAMSTHATRESPONDTOHUNGERBackPackProgramsCharleston:In2015,theLowcountryFoodBank(LFCB)inpartnershipwiththeCharlestonCountySchoolDistrict’sOfficeofServicesforDisplacedFamiliesidentifiedthatthemajorityofchildrenexperiencinghomelessnesswerenotbeingservedbytheLCFB’schildfeedingprogramsincludingBackPackBuddies.Since2006,theBackPackBuddiesprogramhashelpedtoalleviateweekendhungeramongfood-insecurepublicschoolchildrenbydistributingbackpacksfullofnutritiousandkid-friendlyfoodeachFridayduringtheschoolyear(38weekstotal).FormanypublicschoolchildrenintheCityofCharleston,thefoodtheyreceivethroughtheNationalSchoolLunchProgramisthemost,ifnotallofthenutritiousfoodtheyhavetoeat.Theconsequencesassociatedwithfoodinsecurityandpoornutritionespeciallyforchildrenaregreatandenduring.Withoutaccesstonutritiousfood,childrenfaceriskfactorsforobesity,cardiovasculardisease,strokeandtype2diabetesearlyinlife.Studieshavealsoshownthatfoodinsecuritynegativelyaffectschildren’scognitivedevelopment,overallhealth,andbehaviorwhichimpedetheirsuccessinschoolandultimatelylife.TheBackPackBuddiesprogramisasignificantfirststepinimprovingtheseshort-andlong-termoutcomes.TheBackPackBuddiesprogramisidealforchildrenexperiencinghomelessnessbecausethekid-friendlyfoodsthatareprovidedcanbeeatenwithoutpreparation.Beforethe2015-2016schoolyear,childrenexperiencinghomelessnesswereavulnerablepopulationofchildrenthattheLCFBwasnotabletoserveandduringthepilotyearoftheprogramthechildrenreceivedmorethan20,000poundsofnutritiousfood.TheBackpackBuddiesprogramcanbeeatenwithoutanypreparation.

InnovativePartnership-SchoolBasedStrategiesChicago:Innovativepartnershipswithcityandcountygovernmenthavebeenidentifiedamongsomeofthebestsolutionstosustainabilityandcosteffectivelyreducehunger.Mostoftheminvolvereachingthemostvulnerablepopulationsbydistributingfoodinnon-traditionallocations.Belowareseveralexamples:

SchoolBasedFoodPantries–Tokeepkidsfocusedonhomeworkandnotonhunger,ChicagoPublicSchoolsandCityCollegespartneredwiththeGreaterChicagoFoodDepositoryin2010tolaunchHealthyKidsMarkets,market-Stylefooddistributionslocatedinsideofschools.Thesemarketsprovidenutritiousfoodtostudentsandtheirfamilieswhomaynotbeabletovisitatraditionalfoodpantryduetoworkhoursorlocation.By2014,theprogramwassosuccessful,thedecisionwasmadetoreplaceexisting“backpack”programswithmoremarkets.Significantlyincreasingaccesstofreshproduceina“clientchoice”format.Infiscalyear2015-2016,27HealthyMarketsdistributedmorethan1.6millionpoundsofquality,nutritiousfoodtomorethan66,400.

ChicagoPublicLibraries,ParksandHousingSites–Duringsummermonths,manychildrenloseaccesstothefreeandreduced-pricenutritiousmealstheyreceiveduringtheschoolyear.WepartnerwithselectChicagoPublicSchoolslibrariesandhousinglocationstooffernutritiousmealsoverthesummerwhileprovidingenrichmentprogramming.

EnrollingStudents&FamiliesinFood&HealthBenefits–ThroughtheOfficeofStudentHealth&Wellness.TheChicagoPublicSchools(CPS)Hashelpedexpandaccesstohealth,nutrition,incomesupportsandothertoolthathelpliftfamiliesoutofpoverty.OneoftheinstrumentalactionsCPhastakenistoconnectfamiliestotheSupplementalNutritionAssistanceProgram(SNAP)andmedicalbenefits.Duringthe2016-2017school-year,TheChicagoPublicSchoolsandtheGreaterChicagoFoodDepository(GCFD)Willenterintoacollaborationcontract.GCFD’sbenefitsoutreachstaffwillScreenCPSfamiliesforprogrameligibilityandassistincompletingtheSNAPandmedicalapplications.TheOfficeofStudentHealth&Wellnesswillcoordinatethemarketingandstrategiccommunicationofthebenefitsopportunitiestoparents.ThispartnershipwillenabletheCPSteamtofocusonbroaderstrategicstudent

healthinitiativeswhileenablingGCFDtobringtheefficiencyandtechnicalsupport.HealthCenterBasedPop-UpPantries–TheGreaterChicagoFoodDepositorypartneredwiththeCookCountyBoardandanetworkofcommunitystakeholderstolaunchtheCookCountyFoodAccessTaskForce,taskedwithcarryingout3collaborativeinterventions;1.ExpandingfoodinsecurityscreeningatfreshproduceaccesspointsatCookCountyHealth&Hospitalsystemslocations;2.Increasingstudentaccessandparticipationinschoolbreakfastandsummermealsprograms;and3.IncreasingtheuseofSNAP(foodstamp)benefitsatfamersmarketsandfarmstands.SeniorPopulationFoodProgramsCleveland:OneoftheemergingissuesfacingtheGreaterClevelandareaisthegrowthintheseniorpopulation,alsoknownasthesilvertsunami.AccordingtoresearchersatMiamiUniversity,theseniorpopulationisexpectedtogrowsignificantlyinCuyahogaCounty,swellingfrom21%in2010to31%in2030.Withthisincreaseinpopulations,wehavealsoseenanincreaseinthenumberofseniorsaccessingemergencyfoodAssistancefromhotmealandpantryprograms.In201520%ofpeoplevisitingfoodPantryandhotmealprogramswereseniors(60andolder),comparedto24%in2016.Inresponsetothisincrease,theGreaterClevelandFoodBankhasdevelopedanewprogram,theSeniorMarketProgram,designedspecificallyforseniorsatriskofhunger.TheSeniorMarketProgrambringsatruckfulloffoodtoorganizationswhereseniorsresideorarebeingservedandthefoodisdistributedtothoseseniorsandothersinthecommunity.Clientscanpickupfoodastheywouldfromaregularpantry.SeniorMarketsareregularlyscheduledincoordinationwiththeorganization’sstaffandvolunteers,usuallyonamonthlybasis.Thesedistributionsoftenincludehealthandwellnessactivities,fooddemonstrationsandnutritioneducation,alongwiththefreshnutritiousfood–includingfreshproduce,yogurt,bread,andotherhealthyfooditems.In2016wepilotedthisprogramatoneseniorlivingcommunityandserved320newseniors.

Providence:Thisyear,RhodeIslandimplementedthefederalCommoditySupplementalFoodProgramforlow-incomesenioradults.TheprogramhasseveraldistributionsitesinProvidence.Asurveyofseniorsfoundthatfoodinsecuritydecreasedaftertheyenrolledintheprogram.MobileFoodProgramsDesMoines:SummaryprovidedbyDesMoinesAreaReligiousCouncil(DMARC)InJuly2016DMARCunveileditsfirstMobileFoodPantry.ThisinnovativeeffortwasmadepossiblebythePolkCountyBoardofSupervisorsandthePartnershipforaHunger-freePolkCounty.Inaddition,twoindividualbequestsprovidedinitialseedmonies.ThegoaloftheMobilePantryistoreachthosefoodinsecureresidentsthatmightnototherwisehaveaccesstofoodthroughtraditionalmethodse.g.“brickandmortar”pantry.FivetosixofeverytenvisitorstotheMobilePantryarenewtoournetworkandthusourgoalisbeingachieved.Thattellsusthatthehungerproblemisnotgoingaway.Insteadwe’rediscoveringindividualswhohaveunmetneed.AsofthedateofcompletingthissurveytheMobilePantryvisits7differentlocationswithaninitialgoalofvisingalocationeachmorningandafternoonMondaythroughFriday.Planstoexpandintoeveningandweekendhoursiscontingentuponresourcingadditionalstaffandfoodproducts.WewillcontinuetoevaluatetheresultsfromtheeffortsbehindtheMobilePantryinordertobetterserveourcommunity.

SaltLakeCity:UtahFoodBank’sMobileSchoolPantryprogramprovidesmonthlyfoodpantryservicestostudentsandtheirfamiliesattheirlocalschool.Initsfirstyear(FY2016)itprovidedfoodassistanceto3,000householdseachmonththroughouttheschoolyearat33high-needschools.InFY2017,weexpecttoreach5,000householdseachmonth(duplicated)at50high-needschools.Thisprogramhasproventobetremendouslyeffectivebecauseitismorecost-efficientthanotherchildhoodhungerprograms.Byservingallmembersofthefamily,itrecognizesthatevenifachildhasenoughfood,iftheirfamilyisgoingwithout,theyarestillbeingnegativelyimpactedbyhunger.Byprovidingfoodatalocationfrequentedbythefamily,italsoaddressessomeofthemajorbarrierstoaccessingfoodassistance:thevery

narrowwindowoftimemanyfoodpantriesareopen,lackoftransportation,lackofknowledgeaboutavailableresources,anddiscomfortmakinguseofavailableservices.Thishasproventobeespeciallyusefultoworkingparentswhoseworkhoursprohibituseoflocalfoodpantriesandrecentlyimmigratedhouseholds.Inresponsetoschoolrequests,inadditiontofood,weprovidehygieneitemslikelaundrydetergent,diapers,soap,andshampoo.Becausetheseitemsarecomparativelyexpensive,manylow-incomefamilieshavetogowithoutthem.Providingthesehygieneitemsincreaseshealthandself-esteemandlevelsthesocial“playingfield,”whichcanhelppreventorreducesituationslikebullying,teasing,andembarrassment.

CornerStoresLocatedinFoodDesertProgramsDistrictofColumbia:DCCentralKitchen’sHealthyCornersprogramsustainablyexpandshealthyfoodaccessinDCbyequippingcornerstoreslocatedinfooddesertswiththematerials,infrastructure,andtechnicalsupportnecessarytobeginofferingfreshproducewhilealsoprovidingnutritioneducationandpurchasingincentivestoconsumerstoincreasedemand.Gradually,asproducesalesincrease,cornerstorestransitionfromparticipatingintheprogramtoprocuringproducedirectlyfromfor-profitwholesalers.HealthyCornersoperatedin67cornerstoreslocatedinfooddesertsinthepastyear.Threelevelsofprogramparticipationareofferedtomeettheneedsofdifferentcornerstores:thetypicalmodelprovidesrefrigeration,produce,technicalassistance,andnutritioneducationtostoreswithspacetocreateastandingproducedisplay;thepromotionalmodelaimstoincreasesalesatstoreswithexistingproduceofferings;andthepop-upmodeldelivers$5bagsoffruitsandvegetablestostoreswithrestrictedlayouts.Consumerswhofrequentcornerstoresareencouragedtopurchasefruitsandvegetablesthroughcookingdemonstrationsandrecipecards.RegionalFoodBankProgramsLosAngeles:TheLosAngelesRegionalFoodBankserves600othernonprofitorganizationsthroughouttheLosAngelesCountywithmanyoftheseagencieslocatedintheCityofLosAngeles.Itisestimatedthatnearly1.4millionresidentsofLosAngelesCounty(ofatotalpopulationof10millionpeople)experiencefoodinsecuritywith40percentofthoseresidentslivingintheCityofLosAngeles.Aprimaryissueformanyresidentsisthehighcostofhousingwhichleadstomanyresidentsstrugglingtomaintaintheirhousingwhileotherslosetheirhousingandbecomehomeless.TheFoodBankhaslaunchedseveralprogramsandinitiativestoreducehungeramongfamilies,children,seniorsandindividuals.Amongtheseinitiativesisthefocusonacquiringanddistributingfreshfruitsandvegetables.Inmanylocalcommunitiesaccesstofreshproduceislimited.Inaddition,forfamiliesandindividualswhoexperiencefoodinsecurity,theirfoodpurchasestendtofocusoncaloriesinsteadofnutrientsgiventheirlimitedfoodbudgets.ThemajorityoffreshproduceacquiredbytheFoodBankisdonatedbylocalproducecompaniesandotherdonors.LosAngeleshasavibrantfoodeconomy,andtheFoodBankhasestablishedstrongrelationshipswithlocalfoodcompaniesthathavesurplus,wholesomeproduce.Inaddition,theFoodBankreceivesfreshproducethroughtheCaliforniaAssociationofFoodBanksFarmtoFamilyProgram,amodelprogramlinkingCaliforniagrowersandfarmerstofoodbanksthroughthestate.Producereceivedthroughthisprogramhasalongershelflifesinceitisacquireddirectlyfromfarms,andthisproduceallowstheFoodBanktoincreasethevarietyoffreshfruitsandvegetablesavailabletoagenciesservedthroughouttheyear.St.Paul:ForSaintPaul,SecondHarvestHeartlandisanexemplaryorganizationthatcontinuallyresponsestheproblemsofhunger.In2015,SecondHarvestHeartland–oneofthenation’slargest,efficient,andinnovativefoodbanks–deliveredfoodformorethan77millionmealstoover1,000foodshelves,pantriesandotheragencypartnerprogramsserving59countiesinMinnesotaandwesternWisconsin.Toimprovetheregion’slargerhungerreliefsystem,SecondHarvestHeartlandmitigatesthepainsofhungerbysourcing,warehousinganddistributingfoodinconjunctionwithdata-driventhoughtfulleadershipandcommunitypartnerships.SecondHarvestHeartlandalsorecognizesthefiscalrealitythatpersonslivinginpovertylackaccesstohealthy

foods.Simplyspeaking,hungryresidentsoftenmustpaytherentbeforebuyingfreshfoods.Moreover,theirfoodpurchasesaredrivenbyprice.Thatsaid,foodinsecurityandchronicdiseasearehighlycorrelated,andhealthproblemsareoftenexacerbatedbypoornutrition,Inresponse,SecondHarvestHeartlandproactivelyworkswithitspartners,volunteers,anddonorstoseeksourcesoffreshfruitsandvegetablesforourneighborsinneed.In2015,morethan53%ofthefoodthatSecondHarvestHeartlanddistributedwasfreshfood,including,fruits,vegetables,bakedgoods,meat,anddairyitems.WithitsShareFreshMinnesotaprogram,farmersdonatedmorethan9.8millionpoundsofproducein2015.SecondHarvestHeartlandalsosecuresagriculturalsurplusbyimplementingajust-in-timeharvest-through-deliverysystem–ensuringthatagriculturalsurplusisnotleftbehindinthefield.SecondHarvestHeartlandhasalsodevelopeditsdistributioncapacitybyusingsophisticatedlogisticswiththesupportofitspartners,suchasHunger-FreeMinnesota,Cargill,SenecaFoods,PinnacleFoods,Inc.,GeneralMills,C.H.Robinson,SUPERVALU,andothergrowers.Mostimportantly,SecondHarvestHeartlanddeliversthefoodtoourneighbors-in-needusinginnovativedeliverymethods.SecondHarvestHeartlandworkedwithSaintPaulcommunitypartners,suchasKeystoneCommunityServicesandNeighborhoodHouse,todevelop“freemarkets”thatprovidessurplusproducegrownbyMinnesotafarmerstothetablesoflow-incomeresidents.Keystone’sFoodmobilealsotravelstoareasofhighneedwhereresidentshavedifficultygettingtoafoodshelf.Furthermore,whenaSaintPaulfoodshelfsuddenlycloseditsdoorinahigh-needneighborhoodofSaintPaul,SecondHarvestHeartlandcoordinatedfreeproducedistributioneventsattwolocalelementaryschools.WithitsFood+Youprogram,SecondHarvestHeartlandpartnerswithSaintPaulelementaryschools,suchastheBruceF.VentoElementarySchool,todistributemonthlyfamilyfoodboxessothatstudents-in-needhavefreshfruits,vegetablesandfooditems.Finally,foodinsecurityoftenmeansahigherlikelihoodofchronicdiseaseandpoorhealthforourneighbors-in-need.Asaninnovativeresponse,SecondHarvestHeartlandrecentlylauncheditsFOODRx-anewfoodprescriptionpilotprojectforlow-incomepatientsinMinnesota.Simply,itsFOODRxpilotprogramessentiallytreatsfoodasmedicineasmanypeopleaccesshealthcaresystemsyetnotvisitafoodshelf.Tobridgethisgap,itsFOODRxworkswithhealthcareproviderstoprovideresources,suchasNeighborhoodHouseFoodShelfinSaintPaul(withmulti-lingualstaff),toassistpeoplewhomaynotuseexistinghungerreliefresources.Philadelphia:TheEatRightNowProgram,VetriRistorante,andIndependenceBlueCrosspartnertooffertheSHAREPackageProgramandFarmersMarketsatatotalof17Philadelphiaschoolseverymonth.Inadditiontofoodpackagesandfarmersmarketsthereisnutritionandcookingcomponentateachsite.Workingwithlocaldoctors,SHAREFoodProgramcreated3mealpackagesthataddresshealthconcerns,specificallyforpeoplewithkidneyproblems,diabetes,andimmunehealthconcerns.TheGreaterPhiladelphiaCoalitionAgainstHungercreatedtheVictoryinPartnership(VIP)ProjecttothenetworklocalfoodpantriessoupkitchenswithinfiveregionsofPhiladelphia,sotheycouldstrategicallyworktogethertofighthungerintheircommunities.WithfundingfromcorporatesponsorsandtheWilliamPennFoundation,theVIPProjecthassinceprovidedmorethan70feedingprogramswithfunding,kitchenequipment,trainingandothertoolstofeedmorepeopleinneedmoreefficiently.TheAnti-HungerCommitteeoftheFoodPolicyCouncilcompletedthePhillyFoodFinder,inspringof2015,foundathttp://www.phllyfoodfiner.org/.ThePhillyFoodFinderisafoodresourceguidebyCouncilDistrictsthatwillincludeeveryfoodresourceinthedistrict.Thisguideisavailableonlineaswellasinhardcopy.SanAntonio:FoodBank’sFINIPilotProject.TheSanAntonioFoodBank(foodBank)receivedaDepartmentofAgriculture(USDA)FoodInsecurityNutritionInitiative(FINI)grant,whichsupportsprojectsthatincreasetheconsumptionoffruitsandvegetablesamonglowincomepopulations.Theprojectplanwastocompletepreandpostoutcomesurveysbi-weeklyormonthlynutritionclassesbyqualifiednutritionistsforatotalof3or6months.Eachclass,theparticipantsreceive$40worthofvoucherstobeusedforthepurchaseoffruitsandvegetablesasanincentive

totaling$240perparticipant.Theproduceincentiveistenvouchers($4value)toberedeemedattheSanAntonioFoodBank’sfarmersmarketstopurchasefruitsandvegetables.EducationaltopicsforcurriculumtopromotetheintakeoffruitsandvegetablesamongSNAPparticipantsareselectedfollowingtheUSDAsciencebasedrecommendations(6topicstobedeliveredwith6voucherdistributions).Educationandvoucherdistributionisplannedtotakeplaceonceortwiceamonth,takingintoconsiderationthat$40participantisenoughproducefortwoweeks.TheFruitandVegetableIntakeScreenerfromtheNationalCancerInstitutewasselectedtomeasuretheoutcomeoftheintervention.Otherdatabeingcollectedincludedemographics,redemptionandretentionrates,aswellasreasonsfornotaccessingtheincentive.ThetimeframetooperatetheincentiveprogramissetfromMay2toDecember15,2016.Promotionoftheprogramistakingplacebymeansofflyers,whichwerealsotranslatedinSpanish.Educationalsessions,distributionandredemptionofvouchersaretakingplaceatfivefarmersmarketsoperatedbytheSanAntonioFoodBank’sFarmersMarketAssociation.PromotionalflyersaredistributedatoutletstargetingSNAPrecipients.TheoperationoftheFINIIncentiveProgrambeganonMay2,2016.CitywithMultiplePrograms

SanFrancisco:Home-DeliveredGroceriesForpeoplewithlimitedmobilitywhoareunabletoattendapantrybutwhoareabletoprepareandcookfoodforthemselvesorhavein-homesupport,anewcitywideHomeDeliveredGroceries(HDG)programaddressesacriticalneedinSanFrancisco.TheHDGprogrammaximizesseniors’abilitytoremainintheirhomes,asopposedtorequiringresidentialcare,andallowsthecitytoextendcommunity-basedservicesthroughknownserviceproviders.ItisaclosecollaborationbetweentheCountywhofundstheprogramandaugmentsthehoursofIn-HomeSupportworkerstopickupfood,theFoodBankwhoprovidesthefoodandcommunity-basedorganizationswhoorganizevolunteerstodeliverthefood.SummerPantriesWhenschoolscloseddownforthesummer,someofthemwerealsoforcedtoclosetheirdoorstohundredsofrecipientsofouron-campusHealthyChildrenpantries.Tofillthatvoid,theSF-MarinFoodBankstartedtheSummerPantriesprogram.Twosites,oneintheChinatowntheotherintheBayView,openeduptheirdoorsweekly,servingfamiliesfromseveraldifferentschools.TheideawastobridgethegapuntiltheFallsemesterbegan.Overalltheprogramworked,withhundredsofaffectedfamiliesreceivingfresh,nutritiousfoodthroughthesummermonths.TherapeuticPantriesFoodcanbeapowerfultoolwhenitcomestonutritionandhelpingtopreventdiseasesandmanagingotherailments.Thatbecamethebasisofanotherpilotprogramstartedin2016calledTherapeuticPantries.OriginallyintendedfortheSanFranciscoGeneralHospitalcampus,publichealth-foodbankcollaborativeeventuallylaunchedatthecity’sMaxineHallHealthCenterinSanFrancisco’sWesternAddition.Theprogramleveragedthepublichealthsystemtoprovidescreeningandreferralsofpatientswithactivediabetesaswellasstaffandvolunteerstodistributethefood.ThefocuswasnotjustonthefreshproducedeliveredtwiceamonthfromtheFoodBank,butalsoonhowrecipientscouldmaximizethatfoodforhealthygains.Eachsessionincludedspecialmedicalscreenings,foodsecurityreferralsandapplicationassistance,freshrecipes,andeducationaltalksledbypublichealthofficialsandnonprofitpartners.ProducePop-UpsTosome,thewords“foodpanty”conjureupimagesofcannedvegetablesandboxesofspaghetti,buttheSF-MarinFoodBank’snewProducePop-Upprogramturnedthatnotiononitshead.Allsummerlong,theFoodBankloadeduptheirdeliveryvansandventuredintoSanFrancisconeighborhoodstoshowcasethefreshproducethatmakesup60percentofthefoodtheydistributeattheirpantries.Over1,500peoplereceivedfreshseasonproduceandreferralinformationtofoodpantriesandtheSNAPprogramduringthepilotprogram.

InteractiveNutritionalPrograms

SantaBarbara:Todeterminecommunityneedandmealgaps,weutilizeourGuidetoNutritionProgramstool–aninteractivemapoverlayingfooddistributionpoints,schoolswithover50%FreeandreducedpriceMeals,totalchildrenlivinginpoverty,andtotalpopulationlivinginpovertyacrossvariousCountycensustracts.http://foodbanksbc.org/guide-to-nutrition-programs/

DistrictofColumbia:TheCapitalAreaFoodBank’sonlinesocialsearchengine,theFoodBankNetwork,instantaneouslyconnectsindividualsinneedtohealthyfoodprogramsandprovidersintheirneighborhoodalongwithfreeandreducedcostwraparoundsocialservicessuchashealthcare,housing,jobtraining,andmore.Launchedinmid-2015,theFoodBankNetworkservesasacomplimenttotheCAFB’sHungerLifelineandhasbeenutilizedbyover6,000userscompletingnearly43,000searches.Ofthoseusers,themajorityhavebeensearchingforservicesforthemselvesortheirfamilies,whilesomesearcheshavebeencompletedbysocialworkers,casemanagers,nursesandotherssearchingonbehalfofsomeoneelse.TheFoodBankNetwork,poweredbyAuntBertha,isuniqueamongsearchenginesinthatitisdesignedtomakehumanservicesinformationaccessiblesothatpeoplecanfindthehelpthattheyneedeasily,quickly,andanonymously.ItisamobilefriendlyplatformandlistsallfreeandreducedcostsocialserviceswithintheWashington,DCmetroarea.Listingsarekeptup-to-datethroughfrequentdataclean-upsandcrowdsourcing.TheCapitalAreaFoodBankiscurrentlyexploringhowtheFoodBankNetworkcanalsobeusedbyitsclinicalcarepartnerstoreferpatientsscreeningpositiveforfoodinsecurityandothersocialdeterminantstoappropriatecommunity-basedservices.MulticulturalFoodProgramsSeattle:ElCentrodelaRazaservestheneedsofitscommunity,offeringover40programstomen,women,youthandfamilies,includingafoodbankandfreecongregatemealprogram.Forover40years,ElCentrodelaRazahasservedasafoodlifelinetolocal,low-incomeandethnicallydiversecommunities.ReflectingBeaconHill’sdiverseneighborhood,theFoodBank’sculturallydiversestaffandvolunteerswelcomeallincludingLatino,Asian/APIandFilipinocommunitymembers.Residentscanchoosefromculturallyappropriatefoodandculturallyresponsiveservices.Inaddition,tothefoodbankprogram,ElCentrodelaRaza’sHot-Mealprogramservesourmostvulnerableresidentsmostwhohavenoaccesstoahot,nutritiousmeal.Wholesomeanddeliciouslunchesarepreparedon-sitebydedicatedkitchenstaffwhogreettheirguestsinawarmandinvitingdiningroom.TobetterserveourHot-Mealclients,ElCentrodelaRazapartnerswithKingCounty’sMobileMedicalUnittoofferawiderangeoffreemedicalservicesinafamiliar,safeandwelcomingspace.Dependingonneed,participantsalsohaveaccesstoHealthcareEnrollment(anotherElCentraldelaRazaprogram),aswellasemergencysupportservices.

HOMELESSNESSINU.S.CITIESThischapterprovidesasnapshotofhomelessnessinU.S.citiesstudied,presentslongitudinaltrendsinsubpopulations,andcompareshomelessnessinstudycitiestonationalaverages.ThischapterusesthemostrecentlyavailabledatafromtheU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentandtheU.S.CensusBureau.MoreinformationonthemethodologyusedforthischaptercanbefoundinAppendixA.

HomelessPopulationandSubpopulationsTheJanuary2016point-in-timecount3identified544,084peopleexperiencinghomelessnessinthe50U.S.statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.Thistranslatestoarateof16.9peopleexperiencinghomelessnessper10,000peopleinthegeneralpopulation.IntheU.S.citiesstudied,171,520peoplewereidentifiedinJanuary2016.Thisrepresents31.5percentofallhomelessnessintheU.S.Therateofhomelessnessinstudycitiesishigherthanthenationalrateat50.9peopleexperiencinghomelessnessper10,000inthegeneralpopulation.But,thishigherrateisnotuniversal.Three-quartersofstudycities(24of32)haveratesofhomelessnesshigherthanthenationalrate,butonlysixstudycitieshaverateshigherthantherateofhomelessnessacrossallstudycities.Ratesinindividualstudycitiesrangefrom11inWichitato124inWashington,D.C.Thegeneralpopulationsizeofacitydoesnotappeartohaveanimpactontherateofhomelessnesswithhomelessnessratesvaryingacrosscitypopulationsizes.Figure1.1CITYRATESOFHOMELESSNESS(PER10,000PEOPLEINGENERALPOPULATION),2016

3Everyyearduringthelast10daysofJanuary,communitiesacrossthecountryconductanenumerationofhomelesspersonslivinginemergencyshelter,transitionalhousing,oronthestreet,inwhatiscommonlyknownasapoint-in-timecount.Formoreinformation:http://www.endhomelessness.org/library/entry/fact-sheet-point-in-time-counts

Mostpeople(64.5percent)experiencinghomelessnessintheU.S.areindividuals.Inthestudycities,individualsmadeup59.5percentofthehomelesspopulation,aslightlysmallerpercentagethannationally,but23ofthe32studycitieshaveahigherproportionofindividualsthanthenationalrate.NewYorkCityhadthelowestproportionofindividualsat39.4percent;SanFranciscothehighestat90.2percent.

Figure1.2INDIVIDUALANDFAMILYHOMELESSSUBPOPULATIONSBYCITY,2016

IntheU.S.,39.6percentofpeopleexperiencinghomelessnessarefemale,60.1percentaremale,and0.3percentaretransgender.Thestudycitieshaveapproximatelythesamegenderproportions(seeFigure1.3),with40.4percentfemale,59.1percentmale,and0.5percenttransgender.Inallstudycities,apersonexperiencinghomelessnessismorelikelytobemalethanfemale,butthepercentagevarieswidely.NewYorkCityhasthehighestpercentageofpeopleexperiencinghomelessnesswhoarefemaleat48.2percent.SanFrancisco,Nashville,andAtlantahavethehighestpercentagesofpeopleexperiencinghomelessnesswhoaremaleat75.8,77.8,and79.9percentrespectively.

Figure1.3GENDERPROPORTIONSBYCITY,2016

Thepercentofpeoplewhoareunshelteredinthestudycities(24.7percent)islowerthanintheU.S.overall(31.6percent).Onlynineofthestudycitieshadratesofunshelteredhomelessnesshigherthanthenationalaverage,butthesecitiesaloneaccountforapproximatelyoneofeveryfivepeopleexperiencingunshelteredhomelessnessinthecountry:LosAngeles,CA(21,338people);LongBeach(1,513people);Pasadena,CA(352people),SanFrancisco,CA(4,358people);PortlandandGresham,OR(1,887peoplecombined);Honolulu,HI(2,173people);SanAntonio,TX(1,137people);andAustin,TX(816people).ThestudycitieswiththelowestproportionsofunshelteredhomelessnessareWashington,D.C.andNewYorkCitywithonly3.8percentand3.9percentofpeopleunshelteredrespectively.

Figure1.4UNSHELTEREDHOMELESSNESSBYCITY,2016

Chronichomelessnessisdefinedaspeoplewhohaveadisability—includingseriousmentalillness,chronicsubstanceusedisorders,orchronicmedicalissues—andwhoarehomelessrepeatedlyforlongperiodsoftime.Individualsexperiencingchronichomelessnessaccountfor13.9percentofU.S.homelessnessand14.3percentinthestudycities.19of32studycitieshavehigherproportionsofchronichomelessnessamongindividualsthantheU.S.overall,thoughtheproportionsvariedwidelyacrosscities,from3.7percentinLincoln,NEto40.3percentinNashville,TN.

Figure1.5INDIVIDUALSEXPERIENCINGCHRONICHOMELESSNESSBYCITY,2016

Nationally,7.2percentofpeopleexperiencinghomelessnessareidentifiedasveterans.Inthestudycities,4.9percentofpeopleexperiencinghomelessnesswereveterans,but24of32studycitieshadhigher-than-nationalrates.DurhamandIndianapolishavethehighestproportionofveteransexperiencinghomelessnessat20.1percent.NewYorkCityhasthelowestproportionofveteransat0.8percent.

Figure1.6VETERANHOMELESSNESSBYCITY,2016

Nationally,unaccompaniedchildrenandyouthaccountfor6.5percentoftheoverallhomelesspopulation.Unaccompaniedchildrenandyouthaccountedforaslightlysmallerpercentageoftheoverallhomelesspopulationinthestudycities4:4.5percent.SanFranciscoreportedamuchhigherpercentageofunaccompaniedyouth,21.3percent,thananyothercities.However,only11studycitiesreportedpercentagesofunaccompaniedyouthhigherthanthenationallevelof6.5percent.Augusta,NewYorkCity,andWashington,D.C.hadthelowestproportionofyouth(1.7,2.5,and2.5percentrespectively).Therearequestionsastotheaccuracyofthesedataasyoutharethoughtnottobeenumeratedeffectivelywithcurrentpoint-in-timecountmethodsbecause,amongotherreasons,homelessyouthandchildrentendnottocongregateinthesameareasasolderhomelessadultsthataretypicallytargetedduringcountingefforts.4Inthisanalysis,theCityofLosAngelesisnotincludedbecausecity-leveldatawasnotavailable.

Figure1.7HOMELESSUNACCOMPANIEDCHILDRENANDYOUTHBYCITY,2016

TrendsinHomelessnessinCities5

Examiningpoint-in-timecountsinjurisdictionsovertimeisoneofthewaysinwhichprogressinendinghomelessnesscanbemeasured.6

OVERALLHOMELESSNESSThenumberofpeoplereportedtobeexperiencinghomelessnessintheU.S.decreased12.9percentfrom2009to2016,includinga2.6percentfrom2015to2016.Themajorityofstudycitiesfollowedthesenationaltrends.From2009to2016,approximatelytwo-thirdsofstudycities(20of31)reporteddecreasesinthenumberofpeopleexperiencinghomelessness.Thesedecreasesrangedfrom3.0percentto53.7percent.ThelargestdecreasewasinLongBeach,CA,whichreported1,659fewerpeople(a42.4percentdecrease).Pasadena,CA;LongBeach,CA;andAugusta,GAalsoreporteddecreasesofmorethan40percent.Reportedincreasesinoverallhomelessnessincitiesrangedfrom2.4percentto49.0percent.ThelargestreportedincreasewasinNewYorkCitybybothnumberandpercent,withanincreaseof24,180people(49.0percentincrease).Wichita,KS;Honolulu,HI;andWashington,D.C.reportedincreasesofmorethan30percent.

5Trendsinhomelessnessamongunaccompaniedchildrenandyoutharenotpresentedbecauseofthebeforementionedconcernswiththeaccuracyoftheenumerationsofthispopulation.6DuetovariationinthegeographyofContinuumsofCare,frequencyofcounts,andchangesinmethodology,year-to-yearandlongitudinalcomparisonsarenotalwayspossible.Priorto2013,AtlantawaspartofaContinuumofCarewithabroadergeographymeaningcity-leveldataisnotavailable;therefore,Atlantaisexcludedfromallcomparisonsto2009and2011(veterans).FortheCityofLosAngeles,dataisnotavailableforyouthexperiencinghomelessnessduringanyyearorforindividualsandpeopleinfamiliesin2009.Sixcities(Portland,OR;Gresham,OR;Albuquerque,NM;Baltimore,MD;LongBeach,CA;andSanFrancisco,CA)didnotconductanunshelteredcountin2016andthusareexcludedfromanyanalysisregardingchangesbetween2015and2016.

Figure1.8PERCENTCHANGEINTOTALHOMELESSNESSBYCITY,2009TO2016

From2015to2016,approximatelytwo-thirds(16of26)ofstudycitiesreportedfewerpeopleexperiencinghomelessness,withreporteddecreasesrangingfrom0.6percentto56.5percent.ThelargestreporteddecreaseinoverallhomelesspersonswasinNewYorkCity,withadecreaseof1,800people(a2.4percentdecrease).Citiesreportedincreasesrangingfrom0.8percentto16.7percent.ThelargestincreaseinoverallhomelessnesswasintheCityofLosAngeles,withanincreaseof2,778people(a10.8percentincrease).Austin,OklahomaCity,andWashington,D.C.reportedincreasesofmorethan14percent.

Figure1.9PERCENTCHANGEINTOTALHOMELESSNESSBYCITY,2015TO2016

UNSHELTEREDHOMELESSNESS

ThenumberofpeoplereportedtobeexperiencingunshelteredhomelessnessintheU.S.decreased22.8percentfrom2009to2016.Incontrast,nationally,from2015to2016,unshelteredhomelessnesswasreportedtohaveincreased2.0percent.Thetrendsinstudycitieswerenotasclearandincreasesinsomestudycitieswerelikelyadrivingaforceinthereportednationalincreaseinunshelteredhomelessnessfrom2015to2016.

From2009to2016,abouthalf(16of31)ofthecitiesstudiedreporteddecreasesinunshelteredhomelessness.Decreasesrangedfrom1.0percentto80.3percent.ThelargestdecreaseinunshelteredhomelessnesswasreportedbyBaltimore,MD—adecreaseof891people(72.6percentdecrease).Albuquerque,NM;St.Louis,MO;andCharlotte,NCalsoreporteddecreasesofmorethan65percent.Theotherhalfofstudycitiesreportedincreasesinunshelteredhomelessness,insomeinstancesverylargeincreases.ThelargestincreasesinthenumberofpeopleexperiencingunshelteredhomelessnessmorethaneclipsethelargestdecreasesseeninotherstudycitieswiththeCityofLosAngelesreportinganincreaseof5,568people;SanFrancisco,CAanincreaseof1,416people;andHonolulu,HIanincreaseof980people.

Figure1.10PERCENTCHANGEINUNSHELTEREDHOMELESSNESSBYCITY,2009TO2016

From2015to2016,morethanhalf(14of26cities)ofstudycitiesreportedincreasesinunshelteredhomelessness.Increasesrangedfrom3.9percentto115.6percent.ThelargestincreaseinunshelteredhomelessnesswasreportedbytheCityofLosAngeles:anincreaseof3,651people(a20.6percentincrease).Cambridge,MA;OklahomaCity,OK;Nashville,TN;andPortland,MEalsoreportedlargepercentageincreases.Studycitiesreporteddecreasesrangingfrom1.8percentto83.7percent.Amongthecitiesthatreporteddecreases,Chicagohadthelargestdecrease—812lesspeopleunsheltered(a39.5percentdecrease).Augusta,GA;Alexandria,VA;Lincoln,NE;andWashington,D.C.,reportedpercentdecreaselargerthan40percent.

Figure1.11.PERCENTCHANGEINUNSHELTEREDHOMELESSNESSBYCITY,2015TO2016

INDIVIDUALS

ThenumberofindividualsreportedtobeexperiencinghomelessnessintheU.S.decreased9.5percentfrom2009to2016.From2015to2016,homelessnessamongindividualsdecreased0.8percentnationally.Trendsinstudycitieswerenotasclearandincreasesinlargestudycitiesoutpacedsmallerdecreasesinotherstudycities.

From2009to2016,half(15of30)ofstudycities7reporteddecreasesinhomelessnessamongindividualsexperiencinghomelessness.Decreasesrangedfrom0.5percentto52.6percent.ThelargestdecreasewasreportedbyLongBeach,CAwithadecreaseof1,292people(a40.4percentdecrease).Augusta,GA;Pasadena,CA;andDurham,NCreporteddecreasesgreaterthan45percent.Instudycitiesreportingincreasesinhomelessnessamongindividualsfrom2009to2016,increasesrangedfrom2.6percentto59.3percent.ThelargestincreasewasreportedbyNewYorkCity,NY:anincreaseof10,777people(a59.3percentincrease).Honolulu,HIalsoreportedanincreaseofmorethan50percent.

7TheCityofLosAngelesisexcludedfromthisanalysisbecausecity-leveldataonhomelessnessamongindividualswasnotavailablefor2009.

Figure1.12.PERCENTCHANGEINHOMELESSINDIVIDUALSBYCITY,2009TO2016

From2015to2016,nearlytwo-thirds(15of26)ofstudycitiesstudiedreporteddecreasesinhomelessnessamongindividuals,butlargeincreasesintheCityofLosAngelesmorethanoffsetthosedecreases.Reporteddecreasesrangedfrom0.8percentto63.9percent.ThelargestdecreaseswasreportedbyChicago:871people(19.0percentdecrease).Durham,NCalsoreportedalargedecrease:419people(63.9percent).Instudycitiesthatreportedmorehomelessindividualsin2016thanin2015,increasesrangedfrom2.5percentto41.2percent.ThelargestincreasewasreportedbytheCityofLosAngeles,CA:anincreaseof3,552people(a16.7percentincrease).

Figure1.13.PERCENTCHANGEINHOMELESSINDIVIDUALSBYCITY,2015TO2016

PEOPLEINFAMILIESThenumberofpeopleinfamiliesreportedtobeexperiencinghomelessnessintheU.S.decreased18.5percentfrom2009to2016.From2015to2016,homelessnessamongpeopleinfamiliesdecreased5.6percentnationally.Forthemostpart,trendsinthestudycitiesfollowedthesamepatternwithacouplenotableexceptions.From2009to2016,morethantwo-thirdsofstudycities(21of30)8reporteddecreasesinthenumberpeopleinfamiliesexperiencinghomelessness.Decreasesrangedfrom0.9percentto65.9percent.ThelargestdecreasewasreportedbyChicago,ILwithadecreaseof730people(a25.2percentdecrease).Pasadena,CA;Cambridge,MA;andLincoln,NEreportedlargepercentdecreaseswithdecreaseslargerthan60percent.Ofthestudycitiesthatreportedanincrease,increasesrangedfrom4.9percentto160.8percent.ThelargestincreasewasreportedbyNewYorkCity:13,403people(a43.0percentincrease).Wichita,KSandWashington,D.C.reportedincreaseslargeinmagnitude,withthehomelessfamiliespopulationmorethandoublinginthattime.

8TheCityofLosAngelesisexcludedfromthisanalysisbecausecity-leveldataonfamilyhomelessnesswasnotavailablefor2009.

Figure1.14.PERCENTCHANGEINHOMELESSPEOPLEINFAMILIESBYCITY,2009TO2016

From2015to2016,morethantwo-thirdsofthestudycities(18of26)reporteddecreasesinthenumberofpeopleexperiencinghomelessnessaspartofafamilyunit.Decreasesrangedfrom0.7percentto46.1percent.ThelargestdecreasewasreportedbyNewYorkCity,withadecreaseof1,153people(a2.5percentdecrease).Anchorage,AK;St.Louis,MO;Pasadena,CA;andAugusta,GAreporteddecreasesgreaterthan30percent.Ofthestudycitiesthatreportedanincrease,increasesrangedfrom1.1percentto34.2percent.ThelargestincreasewasWashington,D.C.:1,190people(a34.2percentincrease).OklahomaCity,OKandWichita,KSalsoreportedincreasesgreaterthan25percent.

Figure1.15.PERCENTCHANGEINHOMELESSPEOPLEINFAMILIESBYCITY,2015TO2016

CHRONICALLYHOMELESSINDIVIDUALSThenumberofindividualsreportedtobeexperiencingchronichomelessnessintheU.S.decreased27.5percentfrom2009to2016.From2015to2016,thenumberofindividualsreportedtobeexperiencingchronichomelessnessdecreased7.0percentnationally.While,themajorityofstudycitiesfollowedthenationaltrendfrom2009to2016,moststudycitiesreportedincreasesinchronichomelessnessamongindividualsfrom2015to2016.From2009to2016,nearlythree-quarters(22of31)ofstudycitiesreporteddecreasesinchronichomelessnessamongindividuals.Decreasesrangedfrom9.5percentto75.8percent.ThelargestdecreaseinchronicallyhomelessindividualswasreportedbySanFrancisco,withadecreaseof1,011people(a35.9percentdecrease).Anchorage,AKandAugusta,GAreporteddecreasesofmorethan75percent.Ofthosecitiesthatreportedanincreaseinchronichomelessnessbetween2009and2016,increasesrangedfrom1.4percentto104.5percent.ThelargestincreaseswereintheCityofLosAngeles,withanincreaseof2,710people(a46.1percentincrease),andHonolulu,HI,withanincreaseof508people(a104.5percentincrease).

Figure1.16.PERCENTCHANGEINCHRONICALLYHOMELESSINDIVIDUALSBYCITY,2009TO2016

From2015to2016,morethanhalf(14of26)ofthestudycitiesreportedincreasesinchronichomelessnessamongindividuals.Increasesrangedfrom2.9percentto54.3percent.ThelargestincreasewasreportedbytheCityofLosAngeles,withanincreaseof531people(a6.6percentincrease).Austin,TX;Nashville,TN;andLouisville,KYreportedincreasesofmorethan45percent.Ofthecitiesthatreportedfewerchronicallyhomelessindividualsin2016thanin2015,decreasesrangedfrom1.0percentto68.5percent.ThecitythatreportedthelargestdecreasewasChicago,IL,withadecreaseof716people(a68.2percentdecrease).Wichita,KSandAnchorage,AKalsoreporteddecreasesinchronichomelessnessamongindividualsgreaterthan50percent.

Figure1.17.PERCENTCHANGEINCHRONICALLYHOMELESSINDIVIDUALSBYCITY,2015TO2016

VETERANS

ThenumberofveteransreportedtobeexperiencinghomelessnessintheU.S.decreased39.8percentfrom2011to2016.9From2015to2016,veteranhomelessnesswasreportedtodecrease17.3percentnationally.Alargemajorityofstudycitiesconformedtothenationaltrends,withsomestudycitiesreportingsignificantprogressinaddressingveteranhomelessness.

From2009to2016,three-quarters(23of30)10ofstudycitiesreporteddecreasesinveteranhomelessness.Decreasesrangefrom8.1percentto88.0percentoverthisperiod.ThelargestdecreasereportedwasinNewYorkCity,NY:adecreaseof4,118veterans(an88.0percentdecrease).Cambridge,MAandAlexandria,VAalsoreporteddecreasesgreaterthan80percent.Inthestudycitiesthatreportedincreases,increasesrangedfrom12.5percentto40.0percent.ThelargestincreasewasreportedbyChicago,IL,with101moreveteransreportedtobeexperiencinghomelessnessin2016thanin2015.

9Trendsforveteranhomelessnessarereportedfrom2011to2016insteadof2009to2016because2011isthefirstyearreliabledataispubliclyavailablenationallyandonthecity-level.10TheCityofLosAngelesisnotincludedinthisanalysisbecausecity-leveldatawasnotcollectedfor2011.

Figure1.18.PERCENTCHANGEINHOMELESSVETERANS,2011TO2016

From2015to2016,nearlyallstudycities(21of26)reporteddecreasesinhomelessnessamongveterans.Decreasesrangedfrom2.3percentto64.1percent.ThelargestdecreasesinhomelessamongveteranswerereportedbytheCityofLosAngeles,CA,withadecreaseof1,116veterans(a58.8percentdecrease),andNewYorkCity,NY,withadecreaseof999veterans(a64.1percentdecrease).Alexandria,VAalsoreportedadecreaseinveteranhomelessnessgreaterthan50percent.Instudycitiesthatreportedanincrease,increasesrangedfrom0.5percentto25.6percent.OklahomaCityreportedthelargestincreaseinveteranhomelessness,withanincreaseof32people(a25.6percentincrease).

Figure1.19.PERCENTCHANGEINHOMELESSVETERANSBYCITY,2015TO2016

HomelessAssistanceinCitiesin2016ThischapterpresentsasnapshotofhomelessassistanceinU.S.cities,longitudinaltrendsinhousinginventoryavailabletoassistpeopleexperiencinghomelessness,responsesfromsurveyedcityofficialsastowhatismostneededtoreducehomelessness,andexamplesofexemplaryprogramsinsurveyedU.S.cities.ThischapterusesthemostrecentlyavailabledatafromtheU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentaswellasanswersfromasurveyoftheofficesofmayorswhositontheU.S.ConferenceofMayors’TaskForceonHungerandHomelessness.Dataonbedcapacityincludesallbedsdedicatedtohomelessnessregardlessoffundingsource.HomelessAssistanceSystemCapacity

InJanuary2016,therewereatotalof824,929bedsdesignatedforpeopleexperiencinghomelessnessacrossthenation.Inthestudycities,therewere256,309bedsdedicatedtohomelessassistanceaccountingfor31percentofthenationalinventory.Permanenthousinginterventions—permanentsupportivehousingandrapidre-housing—accountforabouthalfofthebedsbothintheU.S.overall(50.4percent)andinthestudycities(46.4percent).Permanentsupportivehousingiscurrentlytheinterventionwhichhasthemostcapacity,bothinthehomelessassistancesystemnationallyandinstudycities.Rapidre-housingisarelativelynewintervention,withdataoncapacityonlycollectedsince2013.Nationallyitaccountsfornearlyoneintenbeds,butinthecitiesstudied,itonlyaccountsforabouthalfthat.IntheU.S.citiesstudied,therewasalsoaslightlyhigherproportionofemergencyshelterandslightlylowerproportionofpermanenthousinginterventionsthaninthenationoverall.Toacertainextentthisisskewedbyoneoutlierjurisdiction—NewYorkCity.NewYorkCityhasalegalrighttoshelterrequirement,meaningitmustprovideeveryhomelesspersonwithaplacetostay.Asaresultithasmoreemergencyshelterthanotherjurisdictions.WithNewYorkCityexcludedfromtheanalysis,studycitiesaremoreheavilyinvestedinpermanentsolutionstohomelessnessthanthenationisoverallwith58percentofcapacityaccountedforbypermanentsupportivehousingandrapidre-housing.Table2.1PERCENTOFBEDCAPACITYBYBEDTYPE,2016

U.S. U.S.CitiesStudied

U.S.withoutNYC

U.S.CitiesStudiedwithoutNYC

EmergencyShelter 32.0% 40.7% 27.0% 23.2%TransitionalHousing* 17.6% 12.9% 19.5% 18.7%PermanentSupportiveHousing 41.1% 41.1% 43.0% 49.9%RapidRe-Housing 9.3% 5.3% 10.5% 8.1%

*TransitionalhousingbedinventoryinthisreportincludesSafeHavenbeds.HomelessAssistanceTrends

From2009to2016,ashiftoccuredinhomelessassistancethatisreflectedinthehousinginventoriesnationallyandinstudycities.Longitudinaltrendsinbedinventoryshowanincreasingshiftinhomelessassistancetowardpermanenthousingsolutions.Forthemostpart,theshiftsinthestudycitiesstudiedcloselymirrorthechangesseennationally.Permanentsupportivehousingcapacitygrewsignificantlynationallyandinstudycities.Simultaneously,transitionalhousingcapacitydecreasedasfederalfundingincreasinglyfocusedoninterventionsthataremorecosteffectiveandhavebetteroutcomesformostpeople.In2013,dataonthenumberofrapidre-housingbedswascollectedforthefirsttime.Rapidre-housingisarelativelynewpermanenthousinginterventionandcapacitynearlytripled(289percentincrease)intheU.S.between2013and2016.Whilerapidre-housingaccountsforasmallerproportionofbedsdedicatedtohomelessnessinthestudycitiesin2016,rapidre-housingmorethantripled(348percentincrease)from2013to2016.

Table2.2CHANGEINHOMELESSASSISTANCEBEDCAPACITYBYBEDTYPE

U.S. Citiesstudied

TotalBedsin2016

PercentChange

from2015

PercentChangefrom2009*

TotalBedsin2016

PercentChange

from2015

PercentChangefrom

EmergencyShelter 263,767 0.1% 23.4% 104,389 0.2% 46.6%TransitionalHousing 145,229 -9.4% -30.1% 33,082 -7.8% -28.4%PermanentSupportiveHousing 338,872 7.0% 55.3% 105,336 12.5% 30.0%RapidRe-Housing 77,061 28.3% 289.0%** 13,502 0.6% 347.9%**

*Atlantaexcluded**Forrapidre-housing,thechangeincapacityreportedisfrom2013to2016.TheCityofLosAngelesisexcludedbecausecity-leveldatawasunavailablefor2013.

UNMETNEEDPeoplelivinginpermanentsupportivehousingandrapidre-housingarenolongerconsideredhomelessforthepurposesofthepoint-in-timecount.Assuch,emergencyshelterandtransitionalhousingreflectthebedcapacityavailabletoservethosepeoplewhoarehomelessonanygivennight.Nationally,emergencyshelterandtransitionalhousingbedscanshelterapproximately75percentofthehomelesspopulationonasinglenight.Thestudycitiescouldshelterapproximately80percentoftheirhomelesspopulation.Thisdeficitmeansthat,evenifeveryemergencyshelterandtransitionalhousingbedwasfilled,morethan34,000peoplewouldstillbeunshelteredinstudycities.

Figure2.1HOMELESSASSISTANCESYSTEMBEDDEFICIT,2016

Whencityofficialswereaskedtoidentifywhatwasmostneededtoreducehomelessnessintheircities,theoverwhelmingresponsewasmoremainstreamhousingassistanceand/oraffordablehousing.Cityofficialsalsolistedtheneedformorepermanentsupportivehousing,betteremploymentandemploymenttrainingopportunities,andbettercoordinationwithmentalhealthandsubstanceabuseservices.

EXEMPLARYPROGRAMSINU.S.CITIESWhensurveyed,cityofficialsidentifiedexemplaryprogramsthattheybelieveareworkingtobuildeffectivehomelessassistancesystems;endchronic,veteran,youth,andunshelteredhomelessness;andconnecthomelessindividualsandfamilieswithacuteneedstohousingandservices.11BuildEffectiveHomelessAssistanceSystemsProvidence,RI–CoordinatedEntryProvidence,RIparticipatesintheZero2016campaign.Providencere-tooledthehomelessassistancesystemtofocusonaHousingFirstapproachandimplementacoordinatedentrysystem.Providenceutilizesavulnerabilityassessmenttodecideonhomelesspersons’needsforpermanentsupportivehousing,rapidre-housingresources,ordiversionoutofthehomelessassistancesystem.Asaresult,Providencehoused363veteransand413chronicallyhomelesspersonssinceJanuary2015.Thecityisfocusedonendingfamilyhomelessnessaswell.SanFrancisco,CA–OfficeDedicatedtoHomelessnessThroughtheprovisionofcoordinated,compassionate,andhigh-qualityservices,theDepartmentofHomelessnessandSupportiveHousingstrivestomakehomelessnessinSanFranciscorare,brief,andonetime.

TheDepartmentofHomelessnessandSupportiveHousinglaunchedonJuly1,2016.ThedepartmentcombineskeyhomelessservingprogramsandcontractsfromtheDepartmentofPublicHealth,theHumanServicesAgency,theMayor’sOfficeofHousingandCommunityDevelopment,andtheDepartmentofChildrenYouthandTheirFamilies(DCYF).ThisconsolidateddepartmenthasasingularfocusonpreventingandendinghomelessnessforpeopleinSanFrancisco.

SaltLakeCity,UT–CoordinatedEntryandResourceCentersForthepasttwoyearsSaltLakeCityandSaltLakeCountyhavebeeninvolvedinaCollectiveImpactprocesswhichhasresultedinnumerouschangestoourhomelessservicessystem.Thisincludesimprovingthecoordinatedentryprocessandtheplanneddevelopmentofadditionalresourcescentersforindividualsandfamiliesexperiencinghomelessness.Theadditionalresourcecentersincludetwonewrehabfacilitiesforthoseexperiencinghomelessness,oneforsinglemenandtheotherforwomenwithchildren.Eachofthesefacilitieswillserve70-90individuals.Italsoincludesadditionalemergencyshelterstoservedistinctsubpopulations.Thisisimportantduetothefactthatcurrentsheltersareoperatingneartheircapacity.TheCityisalsoworkingdiligentlyonincreasingtheaffordablehousingstockinthecommunity,includingpermanentsupportivehousingforthemostvulnerableofourresidents.

SaltLakeCity,UT-DiversionAnewprogramthathasbeenverysuccessfulistheDivisionprogramthatbeganoperatingapproximatelyoneyearago.TheprogramisrunbytheSaltLakeCommunityActionProgram.TheyarecurrentlyoperatingoutofTheRoadHomeFamilyShelter.Theprogramhassuccessfullydiverted164outof347familiesassessed,givingita47percentsuccessrate.Thisprogramhassignificantlyreducedtheburdenonthefamilyshelterallowingstaffandcasemanagerstofocusontheclientswhodonothavethesocialresourcesfordiversion.SaltLakeCAPisnowintheprocessofhiringtwonewdiversionspecialiststoexpandtheprogramtoworkwithTheRoadHomeCommunityShelterforsingleadults.Thisexpansionoftheprogramshouldfurtherreducetheneedforemergencyshelterinthecommunityandhelpwiththecapacityissueswhilethenewemergencysheltersarebeingcreated.

Seattle,WA–CreateaFrameworkforImprovingtheEffectivenessandEfficiencyoftheSystemAddressinghomelessnesshasbeenacentraltenetofMayorMurray’sadministrationsincetakingofficein2014.ThePathwaysHomeInitiative,developedbytheSeattleHumanServicesDepartmentinresponsetofindingsandrecommendationsfromFocusStrategiesandBarbaraPoppeandAssociates,providesacomprehensiveunderstandingofSeattle’shomelessnesssystem.ItlaysaframeworkthattheCitymustimplementtoreduceunshelteredhomelessness11Includedtextdescribingtheexemplaryprogramsincitiesispulleddirectlyfromsurveyresponses.Itiseditedonlyforlengthandstyle.

andincreasethespeedandtheefficiencyinwhichpeoplemovefromhomelessnesstopermanenthousing.Thesegoalscanbeaccomplishedby:

• Expandingfundingforprogramapproachesthataremosteffectiveatexitingpeoplefromhomelessness,suchasdiversion,rapidre-hiringandpermanentsupportivehousing.

• Prioritizingshelterandhousingaccessforpeoplelivingunshelteredandpeoplewhohavethelongesthistoriesofhomelessness.

• Orientingallaspectsofthehomelessresponsesystemtowardexitstopermanenthousing.• Workingtogetherurgentlyandboldlytoimplementmeaningfulsolutions.

Eachoftheserecommendationsincludesmanyactions,whichrepresentacriticalelementofSeattle’sabilitytoimplementsystemimprovementsandmoveusclosertothegoalofhousingasmanypeopleexperiencinghomelessnessasquicklyaspossible.

Investmentprinciplesincludecreatingaperson-centeredresponsetohomelessness,investinginmodelswithdemonstratedsuccess,andaddressingracialdisparities.Priorityactionsincludecommitmenttofamilieslivingunsheltered,expanding24–hourshelteroptions,activelysolvingwaitlists,connectingpeopletoservices,makingrentalunitsaccessible,andensuringgoodgovernmentandperformance.

EndChronicHomelessness

Chicago,IL–ChronicHomelessnessPilotInthespringof2016,MayorEmmanuellaunchedanInteragencyHomelessnessTaskForcetofocusoncoordinationofhomelessservicesacrossallagenciestoimprovedeliveryandreducehomelessnessofindividualsandfamilies.Aspartofthefocusonprovidinghousingandservicestochronicallyhomelessresidents,theTaskForce,undertheleadershipoftheDepartmentofFamilySupportServices,andusingEndingVeteranHomelessnessInitiativelessonslearned,launchedaChronicHomelessnessPilotprogram.OnApril5thand6th,aspartofthepilotprograminpartnershipwithotheragencies,conductedatwodayassessmentofWilson,Lawrence,FosterandIrvingParkviaductswhicharelocatedunderLakeShoreDriveontheNorthsideoftheCity.Assessmentswereconductedtogetabetterideaofhowmanypeoplewerelivinginthoseareasandtofindoutwhattheirspecificneedswere.Fromtheseassessments,aninitiallistof75chronicallyhomelessresidentswascreated.Withtheassistancefrompartneragencies,implementationofcoordinatedoutreachandhousingmatchstrategywithserviceproviders,thehousingprocessiscurrentlyinprogress.AsofOctober17,2016thepilothoused43formerlyhomelessresidents.Thirteenadditionalpilotparticipantshaveself-resolvedandarenotcurrentlyinneedofhousing.

SantaBarbara,CA–CoordinatedOutreachTeamTheCentralCoastCollaborativeonHomelessnessinpartnershipwiththeHousingAuthorityoftheCityofSantaBarbara,shelterproviders,CountyPublicHealth,CountyBehavioralWellness,CountySocialServices,businessleaders,lawenforcement,andvolunteersfacilitatesaweeklyCoordinatedOutreachTeamthatfocusesonaHousingFirstsolutiontochronichomelessness.Overthelasttwoyears,thisgrouphashoused21people,andcontinuestocasemanage20(11ofwhomarecurrentlyhoused).

Theprogramconsistsofdailyinteractionswiththeidentifiedclients,offeringthemthenextsteptowardtheirplacementinpermanentsupporthousing:medicalcare,helpwithIDsandpaperwork,housingapplications,traveltoappointments,showeringandcleaningupforinterviews,employmentassistance,alcoholanddrugtreatment,andahostofotherservices.

Clientsareidentifiedthroughaconsensusprocessutilizingthefollowingcriteria–theymustscorehighonvulnerabilityusingtheVulnerabilityIndexandServicePrioritizationandDecisionTool(VISPDAT);theymusthavepresentedproblemsforbusinessownersonStateStreetorMilpasStreet;theymusthaveanoveruseofemergencyservices;and,theymustbechronicallyhomeless.

EndVeteranHomelessness

DesMoines,IA–Mayor’sChallengetoEndVeteranHomelessnessIn2013,theU.S.ConferenceofMayorsreneweditsresolvetopreventandendhomelessnessamongveteransby2015.Inlate2014,withtheclocktickingtowardthetargetdatetoendVeteranhomelessness,FirstLadyMichelleObamaissuesherownchallengetomembersoftheU.S.ConferenceofMayorstoendVeteranhomelessnessintheircities.DesMoineswasoneofthefirsttosignontheChallenge.

FollowingprioritiesidentifiedinOpeningDoors:FederalStrategicPlantoPreventandEndHomelessness,ahighlycollaborativeandexperiencedteamoflocalproviders,advocates,researchers,dataanalysts,andtechnicaladvisorsdevotedtoendingVeteranhomelessnesswasquicklyassembled.GuidedbysharingandanalyzingdatacollectedthroughtheHomelessManagementInformationSystem(HMIS),theVeteranresponseteamsetgoalsandperformancemeasures,anddevelopedevidenced-informedstrategiesdesignedtoquicklyreturnVeteransandtheirfamiliestostablehousing.

Overthecourseof14months,theChallengeteammettwiceamonthwithsessionsoftenlastingthreehoursormore.Coretotheworkwasanup-to-datelistofallknownVeteransexperiencinghomelessnessinDesMoines,asgeneratedthroughthehomelessmanagementinformationsystem.TheHMISdatareportshelpedprovideafundamentalunderstandingoftheindividualcircumstancesofVeteransbeingserved,whilealsomeasuringtheirprogressandsuccess.Ateachmeeting,HMISdatawasbrokenoutfromthedateoftheoriginalcountofVeteransexperiencinghomelessnessandsincethelastsession.TheteamwasabletoquicklyassesshowmanyVeteranshadexitedhomelessness,howmanyhadnewlyenteredthesystem,andifanyhadreturned.ThedataalsoprovidedinformationabouthowlongtheVeteranhadbeenhomelessandthelengthoftimeittooktoplacehimorherintohousing.ThestatusofeachVeteranwasdiscussedandaserviceplanandfollowupactionssetinplace.Ateachmeetingthatfollowed,theupdatedlistwasreviewedandtheprocesscontinued.

Thisstrategyandcommitment,combinedwithsubstantialhousingassistanceandvouchersfromtheVeteransAdministration,broughtthecollectiveresourcesofthecommunitytobearinendinghomelessnessamongVeteransinDesMoines/PolkCounty,Iowa.Intotal,388Veteransandtheirfamilieswereplacedintopermanenthousing.OnFebruary25,2016,MayorFrankCowniereceivedconfirmationthatDesMoinesandPolkCounty“haveeffectivelyendedhomelessnessamongVeterans.”Atthattime,theCitywasoneofjusteighteencommunitiesorstatestohaveachievedthisgoal.

IthasbeensuggestedthatalogicalnextsteptoaddresshomelessnessinDesMoinesandotherIowacitiesistoquantifytheresourcesthatwouldberequiredtoreplicatetheprojectforothersub-populationsofpersonswhoareexperiencinghomelessness,suchasyouthandfamilies.ThesuccessesdemonstratedinDesMoinescertainlyprovideatemplatebywhichtobeginthisprocess.

Nashville,TN–LowBarrierAffordableHousingWhisperingOaksApartmentcomplexisanexemplaryprogramunderwayinNashvillethatpreventsandrespondstotheproblemsofhomelessness.Thecomplexcurrentlyhousesover60homelessVeterans,3timesasmanyasanyotherapartmentcomplexinNashville.Theyproviderecoverygroupmeetingrooms,officesforVAsocialworkersandavailableassistancetoanyhomelessVeteranreferred.Theyhaveahighlyskilledprofessionalstaffwithano-nonsenseapproach.HomelessVeteransknowwhattoexpectwhentheyareacceptedintheWhisperingOakscommunity.DavidsonCountylacksanyotheragencythatprovidesthislevelofaccesstoaffordablehousing,lowbarrierplacement,excellentunits,location,transportation,&VAcoordination.ThiscommitmenttoendingHomelessnessamongVeteransis,accordingtoaVAstaffmember,“secondtononeintheNation”.

SanAntonio,TX–Mayor’sChallengetoEndVeteranHomelessnessInJanuaryof2015,MayorTaylorpledgedhercommitmenttotheMayorsChallengetoEndVeteranHomelessness

WhiteHouseInitiative.OnMay6,2016,theCityreceivedconfirmationthatiteffectivelyEndedVeteranHomelessnessinSanAntonio.

LedbytheDepartmentofHumanServices(DHS),thismilestonewasachievedthroughtheworkoftheHomelessVeteransCommunityCollaborativeacross-sectorgroupofpartnersincludingtheVeteransAdministration,SouthAlamoRegionalAlliancefortheHomeless(SARAH),AmericanG.I.Forum,FamilyEndeavors,HavenforHope,SAMMinistries,andUSAA.TheCollaborativeimplementedasystemthatcontinuestopreventVeteranhomelessnesswheneverpossibleorensuresitisrare,brief,andnon-recurring.

ThroughparticipationintheMayorsChallenge,SanAntonio'shomelesssystemhasundergonedramaticsystemschange.Additionally,communityawarenessofhomelessnesshasincreasedtremendouslyalongwithcommitmenttoendinghomelessness.DHScontinuestoleadtheinitiativeandconvenepartnersbi-weeklytoreviewongoingcasesandupdateour"byname"listofhomelessVeterans.Throughthiseffort,SARAHacceleratedimplementationoftheHomelessCoordinatedEntrySystem,whichensuresthosewiththegreatestneedsareprioritizedforservices.CoordinatedEntryandVeteranhomelessnesssystemsareworkingandSanAntoniocontinuestoachievethefederalbenchmarksestablishedbyUSICHforeffectivelyendingVeteranhomelessness.

Washington,DC–HousingVulnerableHomelessVeteransTheDepartmentofHumanServicesalsofundsauniqueandexceptionallocallyfundedVeteransPSHprogramthatprovideshousingforhomelessVeteransandwhootherwisenotbeeligibleforaVeteranAffairsSupportiveHousing(VASH)voucher.Veteranseligibleforthisprogramincludethosewhohavebeendishonorablydischarged,intheReserves,ordonothaveanextensivelengthofservicehistory.Theagencystaffsin-housecasemanagerstosupporttheclientsbyprovidingwrap-aroundservicesandindividualcasemanagement.TheLocalVeteransProgramhashousedover150Veterans.EndYouthHomelessnessPhiladelphia,PA–EnergizingaMovementtoEndYouthHomelessnessPhiladelphiahascultivatedanactiveYouthCoalition,comprisedofyouthserviceproviders,governmententitiesliketheSchoolDistrictandOfficeofHomelessServices,communitystakeholders,philanthropy,andyoungpeoplewithlivedexperience.Threeyearsago,theCityrequestedastrengthenedcollaborationwithyouthservingnonprofits,withthefirstgoaltoobtainamoreaccurateandagreed-collaborationuponcountofyoungadultsexperiencinghomelessnessandhousinginsecurity.TheCoalitiondevelopedPhiladelphia’syouthpoint-in-timecount,conductedquarterly,togatherinformationabouttheextentofyouthhomelessnessinourcity,thedemographicsofyoungpeopleexperiencinghomelessness,andinformationaboutthefactorsthatleadtotheirhomelessness.

TheYouthCoalitionadvocatesforimprovedcross-systemcollaboration;increasedresourcesdedicatedtoservingyouthexperiencinghomelessness;thedevelopmentofsystem-widepoliciestopreventyouthfromexitinginstitutionalsettings,suchaschildwelfareandjuvenilejusticesystem,tohomelessness;anddevelopingaculturallycompetent,inclusivesystemofcareforyoungpeoplebyadoptingevidencebasedpractices,suchasPositiveYouthDevelopment,andtrainingstaffonspecificyouthpopulations,suchasLGBTQyouth.YouthservingprovidersandyoungpeoplewithlivedexperienceadvocatedforaCityCouncilhearinginApril2016dedicatedtotheneedsofyouthandhousing,whichresultedinanewCitycommitmentoffundingforyouthprograms.

YouthCoalitionmembersplayaleadingroleinPhiladelphia’s100DayChallengetoendYouthHomelessness,launchedinJune2016withtheRapidResultsInstitutemodel,aheadofAWayHomeAmerica’s100Daylaunch.Philadelphia’s100DayChallengeTeamhassetaudacious100Daygoals,andiscatalyzingtheadoptionofdata-sharingagreementsbetweenandamongmajorstakeholdersinthecityandpilotingoftheTAY-VISPDATassessmenttoolforPhiladelphia’sCoordinatedEntityandAssessmentBasedHousingReferralSystem.AmajoraccomplishmentoftheYouthCoalitionhasbeenbreakingdownbarriersandsilosbetweenandamongprivateandpublicyouth-servingentitiesintheCity.

EndUnshelteredHomelessnessSanFrancisco,CA–EncampmentResolutionTeamsSanFrancisco,likemanycommunitiesalongthewestcoast,hasseenasignificantincreaseinhomelessnessencampments.InresponsestothecrisisonourstreetstheDepartmentofHomelessnessandSupportiveHousingbegananEncampmentResolutionTeam(ERT).ThepurposeoftheERTistoofferacoordinated,consistent,andstrategicapproachtoaddressingencampmentsacrossSanFrancisco.Participatingcitydepartmentsinclude:theDepartmentofHomelessnessandSupportiveHousing,theDepartmentofPublicHealth,PublicWorks,thePoliceDepartmentandothers.TheERTwillworkwitharangeofCitydepartmentstocollaborateonoutreach,services,clean-up,andresolutionofencampments.Aparticularfocuswillbeonensuringthatthemostvulnerablemembersofacampareconnectedwiththeservicestheyneedtoendtheirhomelessness.

TheERTwillfollowthestandardsestablishedbyourfederalgovernmentpartnersattheUSInteragencyCouncilonHomelessnesswhichinclude:

• Preparewithadequatetimeforplanningandimplementation• Collaborateacrosssectorsandsystems• Performintensiveandpersistentoutreachandengagement• Providelow-barrierpathwaystoshelter,servicesandhousing

Overthecourseofamulti-weekengagementprocesspeoplelivinginthecampsareassessedandofferedopportunitiestomoveoffthestreetsandintosaferlocations.Todatethreeencampmentshavebeenaddressedunderthismodel.Throughthisapproachapproximately75peoplewhowerelivinginencampmentsandweredisconnectedfromservices,haveabletoaccessshelters,navigationcenters,orotherresidentialprograms.

ConnectIndividualsandFamiliestoHousingandServices

Charleston,SC–HousingandServicesforPeoplewithDisabilitiesTheShelter+Care(S+C)ProgramisaU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentfundedprogram.Thegoaloftheprogramistohelpdisabledpeopleexperiencinghomelessnessachieveself-sufficiencythroughthefollowing:

• ResidentialStability:• IncreasedSkillLeveland/orIncome• GreaterSelf-Determination

AstheS+CgranteethroughLHC,theCityofCharleston’sDHCDisresponsiblefortheoveralladministrationofS+Cgrantfundsandtheprojectitself.TheyoversighttheGrantAgreementandtheAmendmenttotheGrantAgreementexecuted,bytheCityofCharlestonandtheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment,whichincludesthefiscaloversightofallgrantfunds.CityofCharlestonconstructionstaffalsoinspectstheapartmentsrentedbytheclientpriortooccupancytoensuretheapartmentsaresafe,decentandmeettheHousingQualityStandards.TheCharlestonDorchesterMentalHealthCenter(CDMHC)iscommittedtoprovidingmentalhealthservicestotheresidentsofCharleston,BerkeleyandDorchesterCounties.Theyprovideoutpatientcounseling,psychiatrictreatmentandsupportservicesforadultsandchildrenregardlessofaperson’sabilitypay.CDMHC,asthe“SupportiveServicesProvider”fortheS+Cprogram,isthepointoforiginforallprogramparticipants.CDMHC,willidentifyclientswhoaredisabledalongwithbeinghomelessforreferraltoOriginforplacementinhousing.OriginSC(formerlyknownasFamilyServices,Inc.)isaleadingnon-profithumanserviceorganization,providingprofessionalfinancialandhousingcounselingservices.Theyprovidequalityadvocacy,counselingandeducationtoindividualsandfamiliesintheCharlestonTri-Countyarea.Theirmissionistoempowerindividualstoachievefinancialandhousingstabilitythroughadvocacy,counselingandeducation.Asthe“Contractor”Origin’sroleintheS+CistoplaceindividualsorfamiliesinpermanenthousingwhohavebeenreferredbyCDMHC.Origin’simplementsthefollowingstrategiesfortheS+Cgrant:

• Receivingnewparticipantsintotheprogram• Providinghousinginformationandsearchassistance• Determiningparticipantincomeandrentcontributions• Processinghousingassistancepaymentstolandlords• Payrollexpensesrelatedtotheallowableadministrativeactivities• Operatingexpensesforadministeringtherentalassistance

Additionally,OriginmanagesclientfundingthroughRepresentativePayeeProgram(RPP).TheRPPinsuresthattheindividualshaveaplacetolive,haveutilitiesandisreceivingallofthebenefitsthateachpersonisentitledtoreceive.Overthelastfiveyears,thepartnershiphasassistedthirty(30)householdsforfamilies.

Nashville,TN–FamilyEmpowermentProgramSafeHavenhasbeenpartneringwithCatholicCharitiesandthelocalUnitedWay2.5yearsonacollaborativeprogramcalltheFamilyEmpowermentProgram,anevidence-basedcasemanagementmodelfundedinpartbytheSiemerInstituteforFamilyStability.Servicesareofferedtoboththeliterallyhomeless(HUDdefinition)andfamilieswhomeetthebroaderU.S.DepartmentofEducation’sdefinitionofhomeless.Thusfar,theyhaveservednearly250families,housedover175familiesandprevented20familiesfrombecominghomeless.Alongwithanarrayofotherlocalproviders,theseserviceagenciesplayanactiveroleinthedevelopingafoundationforCoordinatedEntrySysteminNashville–acriticalshiftthatwillmovethecityfromadisjointedresponsetohomelessnesstoacollaborative,system-levelapproach.Dataonfamiliesservedisenteredregularlyintothecity’sHomelessManagementinformationSystem(HMIS).

Nashville,TN–OutreachandEngagementVanderbiltandParkCenterarecollaboratingontheStreetPsychiatryProgram.EachWednesday,outreachworkersandSOARcoordinatorsfromParkCenterjoinwithpsychiatristsfromVanderbilttoprovideservicestoindividualsexperiencinghomelessnesswherevertheyare–inencampments,alleyways,underbridges,onstreetcorners.Servicesincludeacutewoundcare,crisisresolution,medicationmanagement(withamobilepharmacythroughVanderbilt),psychotherapy,housingnavigation,connectiontobasicneeds&assistancenavigatingtheapprovalprocessfordisabilitybenefits.Theprogramhasfundingtoadministeroutreachsuppliesincludingtents,sleepingbags,socks,hygieneproducts,clothing&medicalsupplieslikebandages,ointments,dentalhygieneproducts,glucometersandnutritionalsupplements.Asaresult,homelessindividualsaredivertedfromlocalemergencyrooms,offeredfollow-upcareiftheyarerecentlydischargedfromhospitalsorERs,andconnectedtoresourcesleadingtostability,includingpermanenthousing.

St.Paul,MN–AdequateShelterandConnectionstoHousingThenewDorothyDayCenterHigherGroundisanexemplaryfacilitythatrespondstotheneedsofhomelessresidentslivingindowntownSaintPaul.

InresponsetotheconstantovercrowdingattheexistingDorothyDayCenter–theCity’sadultemergencyshelterindowntownSaintPaul,MayorColemancreatedaCommunityTaskForcetoevaluatetheneedsofhomelessresidentsattheDorothyDayCenterwithrecommendationsforamorepermanentcommunitysolution.Colemansaid“Wewanttobeacommunitythattreatspeopleexperiencinghomelessnesswithrespectandgivesthemthesupporttheyneedtobesuccessful.”

AsaresultofthesecommunitydiscussionsandtheherculeanworkbyCatholicCharities,theDorothyDayCenterHigherGroundisa$40millionhousingprojectthatwillsoonopenforoccupancy.TheDorothyDayCenterPhaseIwillprovideanewemergencyshelter,pay-for-stayhousing,respitemedicalcarehousing,and193permanentsupportivehousingunitsindowntownSaintPaul–usingthe“HigherGround”housingmodelwhichempowersSt.Paulhomelessresidentstomovefromhomelessnessintopermanentstability.Tofurtherachievethisgoal,teammembersofCermakRhoadesArchitectsvolunteeredattheexistingDorothyDayCentertounderstandtheneedsandpreferencesofhomelessSaintPaulresidentsbeforedesigningthenewfacility.

Mostimportantly,DorothyDayCenterHigherGroundisbuiltwithamajorfinancialcommitmentof$25millionfromtheStateofMinnesotaandprivatefinancialsupportfromlocalbusinessleadersandlocalfoundations.Together,“the[StateofMinnesota]investmentbeingmadehereinSaintPaulwillhelpensurethedignityofallpeoplethroughnewandimprovedshelters,preservationofexistinghousingandconstructionofnewaffordablehousingopportunitiesallofwhicharevitaltothecity’sfuturegrowthandsuccess,”saidMayorChrisColemaninastatement.TimMarx,CEOandpresidentofCatholicCharitiesofSt.PaulandMinneapolisalsosaid“Sometimeswewanttobeshyandtimid,andnotthinkbig.”Marxcontinues“Inthiseffort,intheheartofSt.Paul,weputallofourheartsandmindsandsoulsintoit.Andwehopetoinspireotherstodothingstheymightnototherwisedo.”DuringMay2016,CatholicCharitiesannouncedthatmorethan75percentoftheprivatefundraisinggoalhasbeensecuredforthenewvisionfortheDorothyDayCenterinSaintPaul.Contingentuponsecuringallnecessaryfinancing,CatholicCharitieswillalsodeveloptheDorothyDayCenterPhase2whichwillincludetheSaintPaulOpportunityCenterandtheDorothyDayResidence.Together,thenewvisionoftheDorothyDayCenter(Phase1andPhase2)maybethelargestpublic-privatesocial-servicespartnershipinMinnesotahistory.Withsuchbroadsupportandfundingfrombothpublicandprivatesources,thenewDorothyDayCenterwillprovidedignifiedshelter,permanentsupportivehousing,andpathwaysoutofpoverty–atrulytransformationalproject.

Washington,DC–IncreasingPermanentSupportiveHousingCapacityTheDistrictofColumbiaDepartmentofHumanServices(DHS)isusinganinnovativeandcollaborativeapproachinthePermanentSupportiveHousingProgram(PSH).Sincetheinceptionoftheprogramin2008,theagencyhashousedandprovidedcasemanagementtoover2,000individualsandfamilies.Tocontinuetheseefforts,theDepartmentofHumanServiceshasbeenallocatedmorefundingtocontractadditionalcasemanagementprovidersandhasreceivedanincreaseofhousingvouchers.

AppendixA:MethodologyDatareportedtotheU.S.DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentandsurveyresultsfrommayorswhoserveontheU.S.ConferenceofMayors’TaskForceonHungerandHomelessnessareusedinthisreport.

HomelessnessinU.S.Cities

Atotalof32citiesin24stateswereincludedfortheanalysisofhomelessnessinU.S.cities.ThesecitiesrepresentallcitieswhosegeographyalignswiththeirrespectiveContinuumofCare(CoC),thelocalorregionalentitythatcoordinatesservicesandfundingforhomelessprograms,aswellascitieswhichhaveapopulation(asofJuly1,2015)thatrepresentsatleast75percentofthetotalpopulationintheCoCgeography.PortlandandGresham,OregonarelocatedinthesameCoCandarebothincludedinthesampleasPortlandcomprises80percentoftheCoCpopulation.SomecitiesmeetingthiscriteriawereexcludedonthebasisofnotbeingpartoftheU.S.ConferenceofMayorsorbyrequest.TheCityofLosAngelesdoesnotrepresentmorethan75percentofLosAngelesCounty(theCoCgeography),butisincludedbecausedataisavailableatthecitylevel.

MapA.1CitiesincludedintheReportSample

Dataonhomelessnessoverallandbysubpopulationarebasedonannualpoint-in-time(PIT)countsconductedbyCoCs.DataonhomelessassistanceunitinventoriesarebasedonannualHousingInventoryChartsubmissionsbyCoCsforthesamenightasthePITcount.NationalnumbersexcludePuertoRico,VirginIslands,andGuam.

WhereCoCandcitygeographyaligns,populationdatareflectsthecitypopulationasofJuly1,2015,pertheU.S.CensusBureau’sAnnualEstimatesoftheResidentPopulationforIncorporatedPlacesof50,000orMore,RankedbyJuly1,2015Population:April1,2010toJuly1,2015.WheretheCoCgeographyalignswiththecounty,populationdatareflectsthecountypopulationasofJuly1,2015,pertheU.S.CensusBureau’sAnnualEstimatesoftheResidentPopulationforCounties:April1,2010toJuly1,2015.Populationsrangefrom66,881inPortland,MEto8,550,405inNewYorkCity,withanaveragepopulationof1,086,238andmedianof674,471.

Priorto2013,AtlantawaspartofabroaderCoCgeographyanddataonhomelessnessisnotavailableatthecitylevel;therefore,Atlantaisexcludedfromall2009figures.FortheCityofLosAngeles,dataisnotavailableforyouthexperiencinghomelessnessduringanyyearorforindividualsandpeopleinfamiliesin2009.Sixcities(Portland,OR;Gresham,OR;Albuquerque,NM;Baltimore,MD;LongBeach,CA;andSanFrancisco,CA)didnotconductapoint-in-timecountin2016andareexcludedfromanyanalysisregardingchangesbetween2015and2016.

HungerDataandAnalysis

OnlycitieswhosemayorsaremembersoftheConferenceofMayorsTaskForceonHungerandHomelessnesswereinvitedtosubmitinformationforthehungersectionandtwoquestionsonhomelessness.ThesecitiesdonotconstitutearepresentativesampleofU.S.cities,andthedatareportedreflectonlytheexperienceofthecitiesrespondingtothesurvey.Thisreport,therefore,shouldnotbeinterpretedasanationalreportonhungerorhomelessness.Forafulllistingofcitedcitiesandtheirmayors,seeAppendixC.

TheTaskForcecitiesincludedinthesurveyvarygreatlyinsizeandintheirapproachtocollectingdataonHunger.

Citieswereaskedtoprovideinformationonthedatasourcestheyusedtoanswereachquestionandanyclarifyinginformationthatwouldaiddataanalysis.Ofthecitiesrespondingtothisyear’ssurvey,someleftindividualquestionsonthesurveyunanswered.Incalculatingsurveyresultsforanindividualsurveyquestion,countsandpercentagesarebasedonthenumberofcitiesansweringthatquestion.

Alistofcontactsforeachcity’shungerstaffpersonisprovidedinAppendixE.Thesecontactsareavailabletoprovidemoreinformationoneachcity’sdataanditsapproachtoalleviatinghunger.

Additionally,thefullresultsofthehungerportionofthesurveysisprovidedinAppendixB.ThisYear’shungersurveyinstrumentisfoundinAppendixD.AlistofallthepastreportsisfoundinAppendixF.

AppendixB:CityDataOnHunger

PoundsofFoodDistributedoverthePastYear

City Poundsoffood Increase/Decrease/StaytheSame PercentChange

Charleston,SC 2976897 Increase 5%Chicago 70042934 Increase 3%Cleveland 44270979 Increase 6%Dallas 58434886 Increase 5%DesMoines 3169359 Increase 11%DistrictofColumbia 14992142 Increase 2%LosAngeles 62900000 Increase 6%Nashville 7686782 Increase 6%Norfolk 18075041 Decrease -6%Philadelphia 26975415 Increase 9%Providence 4079234 Increase 3%SaintPaul 92400000 Increase 3%SaltLakeCity 9093112 Increase 4%SanAntonio 59000000 Increase 6%SanFrancisco 42032059 Increase 5%SantaBarbara 10300000 Increase 6%Seattle 13981000 Increase 15%

BudgetforEmergencyFoodAssistanceoverthePastyear

City TotalBudget Increase/Decrease/StaytheSame PercentChangeCharleston $253,009 Increase 13%

Chicago $12,626,063 Staythesame N/ACleveland $20,790,858 Increase 7%Dallas $128,328,138 Increase 7%DesMoines $2,171,964 Increase 22%DistrictofColumbia $23,860,923 Increase 8%LosAngeles $17,000,000 Staythesame N/ANashville $1,800,000 Increase 6%Norfolk $6,200,000 Staythesame N/APhiladelphia $3,427,056 Increase 12%Providence $2,717,195 Increase 14%SaintPaul $129,272,000 Decrease -1%SaltLakeCity N/A N/A N/ASanAntonio $123,801,792 Increase 4%SanFrancisco $13,715,146 Increase 9%SantaBarbara $4,000,000 Decrease 7%Seattle $3,057,000 N/A 2%

SourceofFoodDistributedbyPercent

City Federal Donations Donations Purchased Other Emergency From Grocery Store From Food Food Assistance Chains/ Other Food Supplies Individuals

Charleston 14% 44% 3% 6% 33%

Chicago 28% 44% 1% 27% N/A Cleveland 20% 43% 4% 11% 22% Dallas 24% 64% 3% 9% N/A Des Moines 9% 13% 13% 66% N/A District of Columbia 19% 61% 7% 13% 0% Los Angeles 38% 58% 1% 3% N/A Nashville 11% 68% 6% 15% NA Norfolk .05% 65% 5.4% 9.5% 20.05% Philadelphia 26% 21% 6% 47% N/A Providence 10% 50% 5% 35% N/A Saint Paul 2% 78% 12% 7% 3% Salt Lake City 17% 74% 5% 4% N/A San Antonio 10% 81% 2% 7% N/A San Francisco 16% 17% 1% 8% 58% Santa Barbara 15% 55% 5% 20% 5% Seattle 20% 72% 1% 8% 0%

NumberofRequestforEmergencyFoodAssistance

City Increased /Decreased /Stayed the Same Percent Change

Charleston Increased 6% Chicago Stayed the same N/A Cleveland Stayed the same N/A Dallas Stayed the same N/A Des Moines Increased 15% District of Columbia N/A N/A Los Angeles Decreased -9% Nashville Stayed the same N/A Norfolk Decreased -7% Philadelphia Increased 2% Providence Increased 10% Saint Paul Increased 7% Salt Lake City Stayed the same N/A San Antonio Decreased -6% San Francisco Increased 3% Santa Barbara Increased 3% Seattle Stayed the same N/A

PersonsRequestingFoodAssistancebyCategory

City PercentInFamilies PercentElderly PercentEmployed PercentHomeless

Charleston 69% 19% 31% 10% Chicago 78% 18% 39% 9% Cleveland 58% 24% N/A N/A Dallas N/A N/A N/A N/A DesMoines 65% 10% 75% 1% DistrictofColumbia N/A N/A N/A N/A LosAngeles N/A N/A N/A N/A Nashville 70% 20% 40% 6% Norfolk N/A 10% N/A N/A Philadelphia 75% 11% 60% 20% Providence N/A N/A N/A N/A SaintPaul 37% 9% 68% 3% SaltLakeCity 76% 7% 57% 8% SanAntonio 67% 11% N/A N/A SanFrancisco 28% 47% N/A N/A SantaBarbara 70% 15% 40% 8% Seattle 62% 38% N/A N/A

APPENDIXC:CitiesCitedintheSurveyCITY MAYOR

Albuquerque,NM MayorRichardJ.Berry

Alexandria,VA MayorMayorAllisonSilberberg

Augusta,GA MayorHardieDavis,Jr.

Austin,TX MayorSteveAdler

Baltimore,MD MayorCatherineE.Pugh

Cambridge,MA MayorE.DeniseSimmons

Charleston,SC MayorJohnJ.Tecklenburg

Charlotte,NC MayorJenniferW.Roberts

Chicago,IL MayorRahmEmanuel

Cleveland,OH MayorFrankG.Jackson

Dallas,TX MayorMichaelS.Rawlings

DesMoines,IA MayorT.M.Franklin'Frank'Cownie

Detroit,MI MayorMikeDuggan

DistrictofColumbia MayorMurielBowser

Durham,NC MayorWilliamV."Bill"Bell

ElPaso,TX MayorOscarLeeser

Gresham,OR MayorShaneT.Bemis

Indianapolis,IN MayorJoeHogsett

Lincoln,NE MayorChrisBeutler

LongBeach,CA MayorRobertGarcia

LosAngeles,CA MayorEricGarcetti

Louisville,KY MayorGregFischer

Nashville,TN MayorMeganBarry

Norfolk,VA MayorKennethCooperAlexander

OklahomaCity,OK MayorMickCornett

Pasadena,CA MayorTerryTornek

Philadelphia,PA MayorJimKenney

Portland,OR MayorCharlieHales

Portland,ME MayorEthanK.Strimling

Providence,RI MayorJorgeO.Elorza

St.Paul,MN MayorChristopherB.'Chris'Coleman

SaltLakeCity,UT MayorJackieBiskupski

SanAntonio,TX MayorIvyR.Taylor

SanFrancisco,CA MayorEdwinM.Lee

SantaBarbara,CA MayorHeleneSchneider

Seattle,WA MayorEdMurray

StLouis,MO MayorFrancisG.Slay

WichitaKS MayorJeffLongwell

AppendixD:SurveyInstrument

TheU.S.ConferenceofMayors2016StatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessSurveyInstrumentThedeadlinetosubmitinformationisThursday,November10,2016CITY:____________________________

Contactinformationfortheperson(s)whocananswerquestionsaboutthedatasubmittedinthissurvey:

HungerContactPerson HomelessnessContactPerson

Title:

Agency:

Address:

PhoneNumber:

FaxNumber:

EmailAddress:

PartI:HomelessAssistance

TheyearcoveredbythissurveyisSeptember1,2015-August31,2016.Ifyoudonothavedataforthis12-monthperiod,what12-monthperiodareyoureportingon?_______________________

1.WhatarethetopTHREEthingsyourcityneedstohelpreducehomelessness?

____Morepermanentsupportivehousingforpersonswithdisabilities

____Moremainstreamassistedhousing(e.g.,HousingChoiceVouchers)

____Bettercoordinationwithmentalhealthserviceproviders

____Moresubstanceabuseservices

____Moreemploymenttrainingprograms

____Moreorbetterpayingemploymentopportunities

____OtherIfother,pleasespecify.

2.Pleaseprovideabriefdescription(250-500words)ofanexemplaryprogramoreffortunderwayinyourcitythatpreventsorrespondstotheproblemsofhomelessness.

PARTII:HUNGER

Thefollowingquestionsareaddressedtotheprimarysupplierofemergencyfoodassistanceinyourcity.Inmostcasesthiswillbethefoodbankthatsuppliesfoodpantriesandemergencykitchensinyourcity.Iftherearemultiplecentraldistributorsofemergencyfoodassistanceinyourarea,pleasedistributethesesurveyquestionstoeachofthemandcollatetheresults.

TheyearcoveredbythissurveyisSeptember1,2015-August31,2016.Ifyoudonothavedataforthis12-monthperiod,what12-monthperiodareyoureportingon?________________________

PersonsReceivingEmergencyFoodAssistance

1.Hasthetotalnumberofrequestsforemergencyfoodassistanceinyourcityorcounty___increased,___decreased,or___stayedthesameduringthelastyear?

a)Ifincreasedordecreased,bywhatpercent?(Ifreportingadecrease,pleaseputaminussignbeforethenumber.)_____

2.Ifinformationisavailable:Whatpercentofrequestsforemergencyfoodassistancecamefrompersonsinthefollowingcategories?(NOTE:Thecategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandthesamepersoncanbeincludedinmorethanonegroup.)

a.Personsinfamilies____

b.Elderlypersons____

c.Personswhoareemployed____

d.Personswhoarehomeless____

3.Overthelastyear,hastherebeenanincreaseinthenumberofpersonsrequestingfoodassistanceforthefirsttime?____Yes____No

a.Ifyes,wouldyoucharacterizethisincreaseasmoderateorsubstantial?

____Moderate

____Substantial

4.Overthelastyear,hastherebeenanincreaseinthefrequencyofpersonsvisitingfoodpantriesand/oremergencykitchenseachmonth?____Yes____No

a.Ifyes,wouldyoucharacterizethisincreaseasmoderateorsubstantial?

____Moderate

____Substantial

UnmetNeedforEmergencyFoodAssistance

5.Overthelastyear,haveemergencykitchensand/orfoodpantrieshadtotakeanyofthefollowingactions?(Checkallthatapply)

____Turnadditionalpeopleawaybecauseoflackofresources

____Reducethequantityoffoodpersonscanreceiveateachfoodpantryvisitand/ortheamountoffoodofferedpermealatemergencykitchens

____Reducethenumberoftimesapersonorfamilycanvisitafoodpantryeachmonth

6.Pleaseestimatethepercentageoftheoveralldemandforemergencyfoodassistanceinyourcitythatwasunmetoverthepastyear.(NOTE:Thisisthepercentageofallpersonsneedingassistancewhodidnotreceiveit.)____

CausesofHunger

7.WhataretheTHREEmaincausesofhungerinyourcity?

____Unemployment

____Lowwages

____Highhousingcosts

____Inadequatebenefits(e.g.,TANF,SSI)

____Medicalorhealthcosts

____Substanceabuse

____Utilitycosts

____LackofSNAPbenefits

____Lackofeducation

____Poverty

SupplyofEmergencyFood

8.Howmanypoundsoffooddidyoudistributeoverthelastyear?

Poundsoffood_________________

9.Didthetotalquantityoffooddistributed___increase,___decrease,or___staythesameoverthelastyear?

a)Ifincreasedordecreased,bywhatpercent?(Ifreportingadecrease,pleaseputaminussignbeforethenumber.)_______

10.Whatwasyourtotalbudgetforemergencyfoodassistancethisyear?(Pleaseincludebothprivateandpublic–federal,state,andlocal–funding.)______________________

11.Didyourtotalbudgetforemergencyfoodpurchases___increase,___decrease,or___staythesameoverthelastyear?

a)Ifincreasedordecreased,bywhatpercent?(Ifreportingadecrease,pleaseputaminussignbeforethenumber.)_______

12.Whatpercentageofthefoodyoudistributedcamefromthefollowingsources?(NOTE:Thesumofthefooddistributionbysourcemustequal100%)

a.Federalemergencyfoodassistance_______

b.Donationsfromgrocerychains/otherfoodsuppliers_______

c.Donationsfromindividuals_______

d.Purchasedfood_______

e.Other______

13.Overthelastyear,haveyoumadeanysignificantchangestothetypesoffoodthatyoupurchase?

____Yes____No

a)Ifyes,pleaseexplain.

14.Whatdoyouexpectwillbeyourbiggestchallengeinaddressinghungerinyourareainthecomingyear?

PolicyandProgramsAddressingHunger

15.WhatarethetopTHREEthingsyourcityneedstohelpreducehunger?

____Substanceabuse/mentalhealthservices

____Employmenttrainingprograms

____Morejobs

____Utilityassistanceprograms

____Moreaffordablehousing

____IncreaseinSNAPbenefits

____Lowergasprices/betterpublictransportation

16.Pleaseprovideabriefdescription(250-500words)ofanexemplaryprogramoreffortunderwayinyourcitythatprevents,reduces,orotherwiserespondstotheproblemsofhunger.

AppendixE:HungerandHomelessnessContactsbyCity

HungerContact HomelessnessContact

CHARLESTON,SOUTHCAROLINA

KellyKelleyGrantsManager LowcountryFoodBank 2864AzaleaDrive Charleston, SC 29405 843-747-8146kkelley@lcfbank.org

AnthonyHaro ExecutiveDirector LowcountryHomelessCoalition POBox20038 Charleston,SC29413843-723-9477anthony@lowcountryhomelesscoalition.org

CHICAGO,ILLINOIS

LorrieWallsFiscalAdministrativeAssistantDirectorTheChicagoDepartmentofFamily&SupportServicesTheDivisionofPolicyAdvocacyandServicesGrants1615WestChicagoAve.Chicago,IL60622312-746-8271lorrie.walls@cityofchicago.org

LorrieWallsFiscalAdministrativeAssistantDirectorTheChicagoDepartmentofFamily&SupportServicesTheDivisionofPolicyAdvocacyandServicesGrants1615WestChicagoAve.Chicago,IL60622312-746-8271lorrie.walls@cityofchicago.or

CLEVELAND,OHIO

MaryO’SheaDirectorofAdvocacy&PublicEducationGreaterClevelandFoodbank15500SouthWaterlooRoadCleveland,OH44110216-738-2135moshea@clevelandfoodbank.org

RuthGillettProgramDirectorClevelandCuyahogaCountyofHomelessServices310W.LakesideSuite595Cleveland,OH44113216-420-6844rgillett@cuyahogacounty.us

DALLAS,TEXAS

RichardAmoryDirectorofStrategyNorthTexasFoodBank4500S.CockrellHillRd.Dallas,TX75236214-270-2018richard@ntfb.org

DESMOINES,IOWA

RebeccaWhitlowFoodPantryDirectorDMARCFoodpantryNetwork1435MulberryStreetDesMoines,IA50309512-277-6969rwhitlow@dmarcunited.org

DISTRICTOFCOLUMBIA

PaulaReichelDirectorofAdvocacy&NutritionEducationCapitalAreaFoodBank4900PuertoRicoAvenueNEWashington,DC20017202-644-9827preichel@capitalareafoodbank.org

DarrellCasonDeputyChiefofStaffDepartmentofHumanServices(DHS)64NewYorkAve.,NEWashington,DC20002202-671-4389Darrell.cason3@dc.gov

LOSANGELES,CALIFORNIA

MichaelFloodPresident,CEOLosAngelesRegionalFoodBank1734East41stStreetLosAngeles,CA90058323-234-3030X148mflood@lafoodbank.org

NASHVILLE,TENNESSEE

KimMolnarChiefOperatingOfficerSecondHarvestFoodBankofMiddleTennessee331GreatCircleRoadNashville,TN37228615-627-1575Kimberly.Molnar@secondharvestmidtn.orgjday@secondharvestmidtn.org

SuzieTolmieHomelessCoordinatorMDHA701S6thStNashville,TN37206615-252-8574stolmie@nashville-mdha.orgawood@nashville-MDHA.org

NORFOLK,VIRGINIA

ReneeFigurelleChiefOperatingOfficerFoodbankofSoutheasternVirginiaandtheEasternShore800TidewaterDriveNorfolk,VA23504757-627-6599rfigurelle@foodbankonline.org

MichaelWasserbergDirector,OfficetoEndHomelessnessCityofNorfolk810UnionStreet,Suite401Norfolk,VA23510757-664-4465michael.wasserberg@norfolk.gov

PHILADELPHIA,PENNSYLVANIA

LaurenWhitleigh,MSWContinuumCare(CoC)ProgramManagerCityofPhiladelphiaOfficeofHomelessService1401JFKBlvd.,10thFloorServicesPhiladelphia,PA19102215-686-7194lauren.whitleigh@phila.gov

RobertaCancellierDeputyDirector,PlanningandPolicyCityofPhiladelphiaOfficeofHomelessService1401JFKBlvd.,10thFloorServicesPhiladelphia,PA19102215-686-7105Roberta.cancellier@phila.gov

PROVIDENCE,RHODEISLAND

AndrewSchiffExecutiveDirector RhodeIslandCommunityFoodBank200NianticAvenue Providence RI 02907 401-942-6325aschiff@rifoodbank.org

EricHirschProfessorofSociologyProvidenceCollege1CunninghamSquareProvidence,RI02918401-865-2510ehirsch@providence.edu

ST.PAUL,MINNESOTA

JoeCollins,ProgramCoordinatorSaintPaulDepartmentofPlanningandEconomicDevelopment25West4thStreetSaintPaul,MN55102651-266-6020joe.collins@ci.stpaul.mn.uslscheidecker@2harvest.org

SALTLAKECITY,UTAH

GinnetteBottChiefDevelopmentOfficerUtahFoodBank3150South900WestSaltLakeCity,UT84119801-887-1283ginnetteb@utahfoodbank.org

SANANTONIO,TEXAS

NancyWilliamsSpecialProjectsManagerCityofSanAntonioDepartmentofHumanServices106S.St.Mary’sSanAntonio,TX78207210-207-5288nancy.williams@sanantonio.gov

SANFRANCISCO,CALIFORNIA

JoyceCrumDirector,Housing&HomelessHumanServicesAgencyProgramsPOBox7988SanFrancisco,CA94120-7988415-557-6444Joyce.Crum@sfgov.org

SANTABARBARA,CALIFORNIA

SueGrayCommunityDevelopmentBusinessManagerCityofSantaBarbaraP.O.Box1990SantaBarbara,CA93101-1990805.564.5504sgray@santabarbaraca.govJamieNicholsFoodbankofSantaBarbaraCountyjnichols@foodbanksbc.org

SueGrayCommunityDevelopmentBusinessManagerCityofSantaBarbaraP.O.Box1990SantaBarbara,CA93101-1990805.564.5504sgray@santabarbaraca.govChuckFlacksExecutiveDirectorCentralCoastCollaborativeonHomelessnessChuck.flacks@c3homes.org

SEATTLE,WASHINGTON

KimVonHenklePlanningandDevelopmentSpecialistCityofSeattle,HumanServicesDepartmentP.O.Box34215Seattle,Washington98124206-615-1573kim.vonhenkle@seattle.gov

AppendixF:ListofPastReportsSince1982theU.S.ConferenceofMayorshascompletednumerousreportsonhunger,homelessnessandpovertyincities.Thesereportshavedocumentedthecausesandthemagnitudeoftheproblems,howcitieswererespondingtothemandwhatnationalresponseswererequired.Theyinclude:• HungerinAmericanCities,June,1983• ResponsestoUrbanHunger,October,1983• StatusReport:EmergencyFood.ShelterandEnergyProgramsin20Cities,January,1984• HomelessnessinAmerica'Cities:TenCaseStudies,June,1984• HousingNeedsandConditionsinAmerica'sCities,June,1984• TheUrbanPoorandtheEconomicRecovery,September,1984• TheStatusofHungerinCities,April,1985• HealthCarefortheHomeless:A40-CityReview,April1985• TheGrowthofHunger.HomelessnessandPovertyinAmerica'sCitiesin1985:A25-CitySurvey,January,1986

• RespondingtoHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities,June1986• TheContinuedGrowthofHunger.HomelessnessandPovertyinAmerica'sCitiesin1986;A25-CitySurvey,December,1986

• AStatusReportonHomelessFamiliesinAmerica'sCities:A29-CitySurvey,May,1987• LocalResponsestotheNeedsofHomelessMentallyIllPersons,May,1987• TheContinuingGrowthofHunger,HomelessnessandPovertyinAmerica'sCities:1987.A26-CitySurvey,December,1987

• AStatusReportonTheStewartB.McKinneyHomelessAssistanceActof1987,June,1988• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities:1988.A27-CitySurvey,January,1989• PartnershipsforAffordableHousinganAnnotatedListingofCityPrograms,September,1989• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities:1989.A27-CitySurvey,December,1989•

• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities:1990A30-CitySurvey,December,1990• ACityAssessmentofthe1990ShelterandStreetNightcount.A21-CitySurvey,June1991• MentallyIllandHomeless.A22-CitySurvey,November1991• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities:1991,A28-CitySurvey,December1991• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities:1992A29-CitySurvey,December1992• AddressingHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities,June1993• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities:1993A26-CitySurvey,December1993• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities:1994.A30-CitySurvey,December1994• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities:1995.A29-CitySurvey,December1995• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica'sCities:1996.A29-CitySurvey,December1996• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:1997,A29-CitySurvey,December1997• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:1998,A26-CitySurvey,December1998• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:1999,A25-CitySurvey,December1999• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2000,A29-CitySurvey,December2000• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2001,A29-CitySurvey,December2001 • AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2002,A25-CitySurvey,December2002• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2003,A25-CitySurvey,December2003• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2004,A27-CitySurvey,December2004

• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2005,A24-CitySurvey,December2005• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2006,A23-CitySurvey,December2006• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2007,A23-CitySurvey,December2007• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2008,A25-CitySurvey,December2008

• ChildhoodAnti-HungerProgramsin24Cities,November2009• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2009,A27-CitySurvey,December2009

• StrategiestoCombatChildhoodHungerinFourU.S.Cities:CaseStudiesofBoston,NewHaven,SanFrancisco,andWashington,D.C.,November2010

• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2010,A29-CitySurvey,December2010

• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2012,A25-CitySurvey,December2012• AStatusReportonHungerandHomelessnessinAmerica’sCities:2013,A25-CitySurvey,December2013

Tom Cochran, CEO and Executive Director

1620 Eye Street, NWWashington, DC 20006

Tel: 202.293.7330Fax: 202.293.2352

Email: tcochran@usmayors.orgusmayors.org

Tom Cochran, CEO and Executive Director

1620 Eye Street, NWWashington, DC 20006

Tel: 202.293.7330Fax: 202.293.2352

Email: tcochran@usmayors.orgusmayors.org

The United States Conference of Mayors HUNGER AND ...the extent of and solutions to hunger and...

Documents

Poverty, Homelessness, and Hunger. Let’s Review Blue Sky What’s Your Passion/Cause? Introduction to Philanthropy Knowledge + Passion + Action! = Change

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Hunger and Homelessness Awareness Week 2009

The United States Conference of Mayors – Sodexho HUNGER ......A 23-City Survey, December 2007 The United States Conference of Mayors – Sodexho THE UNITED STATES CONFERENCE OF MAYORS

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Dear Hunger Cleanup Coordinator,cdn.publicinterestnetwork.org/assets/1H13_cSlwuqX4... · Hunger and Homelessness is available to provide organizing advice, planning assistance, and

The United States Conference of Mayors HUNGER AND HOMELESSNESS SURVEY

Hunger & Homelessness Week 2013

METROPOLITAN MAYORS CAUCUS

CONFERENCE OF MAYORS · This is the first year the U.S Conference of Mayors is working with the National Alliance to End Homelessness on the Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness

Energy for Mayors Online Toolbox supporting the Covenant of Mayors Supported by

The United States Conference of Mayors HUNGER …...Elizabeth B. Kautz Mayor of Burnsville Vice President Antonio R. Villaraigosa Mayor of Los Angeles Second Vice President Gavin Newsom

hunger and homelessness survey - U.S. Conference of Mayors

HOMELESSNESS & HUNGER · 2012-09-27 · 1 IN 4 OR 12.4 MILLION Latino adults are living below the poverty line * Doubling up is a troubling symptom of homelessness. It occurs when

SARAH Membership Council Agenda - SARAH Homeless · 10/4/2018 · • National Human Services Data Consortium – Oct 16-17, 2018 • Hunger & Homelessness Awareness Week – November

International Mayors Forum on Sustainable Urban Energy ...csep.efchina.org/workshop/2006102695218118...International Mayors Forum 1 November 10-11, 2004 INTERNATIONAL MAYORS FORUM

Corrupt Mayors and Elected Officials. Arrested and Convicted.drainlocalswamp.com/.../Corruption-Mayors-Arrested... · Corrupt Mayors and Elected Officials. ... F. Lee Hyden Shelby