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European Culture Today
NorthernEurope
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandAka, The United Kingdom, Great Britain, England,
the British IslesFour regions- England, Scotland, Wales,
Northern Ireland (corner of Ireland)People differentiate themselves as English,
Scot, Welsh, or Irish despite all being British
The United Kingdom
England
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
The LandSeparate from the rest of Europe by the
English ChannelHelped British be connected to European culture
but be protected from invasionSouthern and eastern England- rolling fertile
plains- farmsNorthern and Western- Scotland and Wales-
rocky soil, cold climate- sheep herdingSoutheastern England- Thames River- London
The United Kingdom
The EconomyIndustrial Revolution began in BritainManufacturing, electronics, and service
industriesOil and natural gas from North Sea generates
energySome is also exported
The United Kingdom
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy- king/queen is head of state and
takes part in ceremonies but elected officials run the gov’tBegan with the Magna Carta in 1200s
Parliament later was formed- 1628- Petition of Right- forced King Charles I to consult Parliament before raising taxes
English Bill of Rights- 1689UK is also a parliamentary democracy- voters elect
members of Parliament and leader of majority party becomes PMPM has to explain decisions to Parliament- can be removed
from officeScotland, Wales, and NI all have regional legislatures-
deals with healthcare, education, and in Scotland taxes
The United Kingdom
The PeopleOver 60million- 3rd highest in Europe- 90% in
citiesLondon- 7.6 millionEnglish speaking, except Welsh and Scottish
Gaelic in some areasProtestant mostly; some Muslim, Hindu, and
Sihkism1700s-1800s- British culture spread worldwide-
sports (cricket), language, and literature
The United Kingdom
The LandBecame independent from GB in 1922- mostly
CatholicShaped like a shallow bowl
Interior- lowland and hills, coastal is rocky cliffsLush, green fields- Emerald IsleLow-lying areas are full of peat (plants that
have partly decayed)Dug from bogs (low swampy lands)- can be
dried and used for fuel
The Republic of Ireland
The EconomyAgriculture:
Sheep and cattleSugar beets and potatoes
1840s- Irish Potato Famine- over a million people died, another million emigrated to the US
Manufacturing:Largest industry- clothing, pharmaceuticals,
computer equipmentIncreased productivity (how much a person does in
a specific amount of time)- leads to more goods, more profits, and more pay
The Republic of Ireland
The PeopleIrish are ancestors of the Celts2 languages- Irish Gaelic and English60% of population live in cities or towns- 1/3 in
DublinIrish culture is huge- music and danceLiterature- George Bernard Shaw (playwright),
William Butler Yeats (poet), James Joyce (novelist)
The Republic of Ireland
Conflict Over Northern IrelandMany Catholics in NI would like to be united
with IrelandProtestants won’t let them- dominant groupLed to violence- 1960s-1990s1998- Northern Ireland officials met and
agreed to end disputesStill continue a little today
Republic of Ireland
Five Nations: Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland
The LandMild climate from N.A.C.Central Scandinavia- long cold winters, short
warm summersNorthern Scan. near the Arctic Circle- - tundra-
midsummer the Sun never sets, midwinter the Sun never rises
Scandinavia
Islands around coastlinesDenmark, southern Sweden and Finland-
lowlandsMountains along border or Norway and
SwedenIceland- island in North Atlantic- along to
separating faults- geysers (springs that shoot hot water and steam into the air)- 200 volcanoes (most not active)
Norway- fjords (fee-AWRDS)- narrow inlets of the sea
Scandinavia
The EconomiesWealthy and prosperousAgriculture- not a lot, but just enoughFishing- especially in Norway and IcelandManufacturing and service industries are also bigEnergy
Norway- oil and natural gas from North SeaIceland- geothermal energy (produced from natural steam)
and hydroelectricFinland- hydroelectricSweden- nuclear and oil
Sweden uses iron ore to make Saabs and VolvosWood used for shipbuilding in Finland and DenmarkCopenhagen, Denmark is a major port for Baltic Sea
Scandinavia
People and CultureLow population density except Denmark
(smallest but climate is mild and farming is good)
Scandinavia (minus Finland) are descendants of Germanic people
Finland- people originally came from Siberia- Finnish language and culture is different in many ways
Lutheran Church dominates all countries
Scandinavia
Vikings controlled and raided western Europe, the North Atlantic, and even North America in the Middle Ages
Finland was controlled by Sweden and then Russia for many years
Denmark, Norway, Sweden- constitutional monarchies
Finland and Iceland- republicsIceland’s Parliament- the Athling- began in 930ad-
one of the oldestWelfare states- many benefits but very high taxes too
Scandinavia
Section 2
Europe’s
Heartland
France’s Land and EconomyFrance- 2nd largest country in Europe- a little
smaller than TXNorthern France- Northern European PlainSouth- mountains Rivers- Seine and LoireMild/warm climate- good farming soil
France and the Benelux Countries
French agriculture- specialization (focusing efforts on certain activities to make the best use of resources)Grapes made into winesSheep and cattle milk for over 250 kinds of cheesesSells these goods to other countries and imports
stuff they can’t makeIndustries- cars/trucks, chemicals, textiles,
processed foods, high-tech industries (computers and such)
1 in 12 work in tourism- Paris, beaches, Alps, or chateax (French castles)
France and the Benelux Countries
France’s People and CultureAncestry- Celts, Romans, and Germanic TribesRoman Catholic, then IslamPop. 60.7 million, mostly in cities (10 million in
Paris)Museums, cafes, universities, etcSeine River, Notre Dame, and Eiffel Tower
Culture has spread far and wide- French cookingArtists, philosophers, composers, directors, writers
French Revolution ended the age of monarchiesNow a democratic republic- president (elected- very
powerful) and PM (appointed)
France and the Benelux Countries
The Benelux CountriesBelgium, Netherlands, LuxembourgLow, flat lands, densely populated- urban lifestyle,
high standard of livingParliamentary democracies- led by monarchsBelgium
Trade and manufacturing- imports raw materialsAntwerp- port city and center of world diamond industryBrussels- capital, headquarters of EUBelgium 3 regions- Flanders, Wallonia, Brussels
Flanders- NW, people speak Dutch, known as Flemings Wallonia- SE, speak French, known as Walloons Brussels- mixed- bilingual sometimes groups have conflict w/ each other
France and the Benelux Countries
Netherlands- north of Belgium- people called Dutch¼ of country below sea level- dikes around country
to keep water outDrain wetlands- called polders- great farming90% of population lives is cities- capital AmsterdamHouses are narrow and tall- apts in canals and Industry- manufacturing and trade
Export cheese, veggies and flowers (tulips)Luxembourg
SE of Belgium- center of trade and financeHave many multinational companiesFrench and German ancestry
France and the Benelux Countries
Germany’s LandSurrounded by 9 countriesNorth- Northern European PlainCentral- rock highlands with coalSouth- Alps- threatened by acid rainRivers- important to economy
Danube- begins in the Black ForestElbe- central highlands to North Sea- HamburgRhine- Swiss Alps, through Germany and
Netherlands to North Sea
Germany and the Alpine Countries
History and GovernmentUsed to be a bunch of states- 1871 united into
Germany20th century- started 2 world warsAfter WW2- divided into 4 zones- West
Germany (democratic), East Germany (communist)Reunited in 1990 with the fall of the SU
Like the US today- federal republic- shared powersElected President is only a symbol; chancellor
(appointed by Parliament) makes the decisions
Germany and the Alpine Countries
Germany’s People82.5 people- largest population in Europe- 90%
urbanBerlin- government and cultural capitalBach and Beethoven90% of Germans are native- the rest are mostly
from Eastern Europe and TurkeyMostly Protestant or Catholic
Germany and the Alpine Countries
The EconomyGlobal leaderAgriculture- surplusIndustry- steel, chemicals, cars, electrical
equipmentInvested into research- has paid off
The challenge of reunificationEast was less trained and less equipped than the
westEast still lags behind
Germany and the Alpine Countries
The Alpine CountriesSwtizerland, Austria, Liechtenstein (only 62
square miles- smaller than DC- population 40,000Swiss- “gatekeepers”- travel routes through Alps
go the SwitzerlandNeutrality- refusal to take sides in warsStable democratic gov’t despite surrounding warsGeneva- Red CrossEach city is unique bc of mtnsMany ethnic groups- languages: German, French,
Italian, RomanschHydroelectric power, electrical equipment, clocks,
cheese, chocolate, knife, banks
Germany and the Alpine Countries
AustriaTourism- skiingTimber, iron ore, hydroelectric powerProduce machinery, chemicals, metals, and vehiclesBanking and insuranceSpeak German, are Roman Catholic1/5 of Austrians live in Vienna- capital on Danube
Mozart and other composers
Germany and the Alpine Countries
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