The Six Kingdoms

It’s Alive!!!In order to be part of a kingdom, an

organism must be considered alive.To be alive, an organism has to:

Be made of one or more units called cells.Based on a genetic code.Obtain and use energy in a process called metabolism.

Respond to their environment.Maintain homeostasis.Grow and develop ReproduceEvolve

Classifying OrganismsBiologists classify organisms so that they can

be identified and studied in a logical way.Carolus Linnaeus created a hierarchical

system of naming and classifying organisms (taxonomy) that includes seven levels:kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,

species. (Domain has since been added).

Scientists used to rely mainly on physical traits and anatomy to classify organisms.

However, with advances in DNA technology, we now classify organisms based on their genetic/evolutionary history or phylogeny.

Because of this, taxonomic classification is not permanent, but can be changed because of new information discovered using DNA sequencing.

Kingdom EubacteriaExamples:

E. Coli (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/49477C30-0513-47BE-88FC-17974CB1F952/0/e_coli.jpg) Yersinia pestis (Bubonic plague) http://uhavax.hartford.edu/bugl/Yersinia-pestis.jpg

To be a Eubacteria...Most of these organisms are

classified as EubacteriaUnicellularProkaryoticCan be heterotrophic or

autotrophicHave cell walls made of

peptidoglycanThese bacteria live in the

same environment as humans.Some are anaerobic – they

don’t need oxygen to live.

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria – ancient bacteriaUnicellularProkaryoticCan be heterotrophic or autotrophicHave cell walls not made of peptidoglycanProbably among the first life forms on

earth.Live in EXTREME conditions (high

pressure/temperature, deep sea vents, salty places).

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/84150f.jpg

Kingdom ProtistaExamples:

Amoeba http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Week9Soil%20Organisms/amoeba1.jpg

Paramecium http://upsidedownhippo.com/archives/Paramecium.jpg

Plasmodiumhttp://images.google.com/imgres?

imgurl=http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/images/Plasmodium%2520cathemerium%252012%2520midnite.jpg&imgrefurl=http://workforce.cup.edu/buckelew/Plasmodium%2520cathemerium.htm&h=512&w=640&sz=48&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=pBy5L3xpODFaaM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPlasmodium%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den

To be a Protist…Mostly unicellular, some multicellular

coloniesEukaryotic Can be heterotrophic, autotrophic, or bothSome have cell walls made of celluloseReproduce sexually and asexuallyLive in moist environments – no protection

from drying out.Some move by cilia (tiny hairs), flagella (tail),

pseudopods (fake feet)

Kingdom FungiExamples:

Yeast http://www.utoronto.ca/greenblattlab/images/a/yeast%201.jpg

Mushroom http://fogcity.blogs.com/jen/mushroom-

thumb.jpgTruffle http://www.truffle-tree.co.uk/images/truffle_on_grass.jpg

To be a Fungus…Mostly multicellular, some unicellularEukaryoticExternal heterotrophs – dissolves food

outside the bodyHave cell walls made of chitinReproduces sexually and asexuallyBody made of a mesh of filaments called

hyphae.

Kingdom PlantaeExamples:

http://andromeda.cavehill.uwi.edu/Aquatic%20plant%20photos/pond%20plant%20use.JPG

http://www.landscapingyourself.com/images/1plant1.jpg

To be a Plant…MulticellularEukaryoticAutotrophic

Reproduce sexually (flowers) and asexually (vegetative propagation)

Cell walls made of celluloseSpecialized reproductive structures (fruit) to

aid in dispersal of seeds.

http://www.jtrue.com/cartoons/art/low/plant_layoff.jpg

Kingdom AnimaliaExample:

Daphnia http://www.chasewater.org.uk/images/microscopic/Daphnia%20with

%20eggs.jpg

http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/polar-bear.gif

http://library.thinkquest.org/11922/fish/flying_fish.jpg

To be an Animal…MulticellularEukaryoticInternal heterotrophs – dissolves food

inside the bodyMost reproduce sexuallyNo cell wallMany specialized structures for movement

or food gathering5 – 10 million species (99% without a

backbone)

Naming OrganismsPeople generally use a common name to refer to

organisms on a day-to-day basis.Common names can vary, depending on geographic

location:A cougar a.k.a. mountain lion, a.k.a. puma

Carolus Linnaeus created a hierarchical system of naming and classifying organisms that uses seven levels (taxon).TaxonTaxon Cougar’s Cougar’s

ClassificationClassification

KingdoKingdomm

AnimaliaAnimalia

PhylumPhylum ChordataChordata

ClassClass MammaliaMammalia

OrderOrder CarnivoraCarnivora

FamilyFamily FelidaeFelidae

GenusGenus FelisFelis

SpeciesSpecies concolorconcolor

http://www.hickerphoto.com/data/media/40/mountain_lion_pictures_sc61.jpg