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Reiner Stuhlfauth
Technology Marketing Manager
The road to 5G
LTE-A evolution, Internet of Things and first
5G aspects
Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners. 2016 ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG
Test & Measurement Division
ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes. Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pagesof these notes or to translate them must first be obtained in writing fromROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich, Germany
COMPANY RESTRICTED
M2M Communication becomes vital in several industriesHealthcare AutomotiveWearables Smart CitiesSmart Homes
Smart Buildings
Asset Tracking Retail …..Agriculture
Anything that benefits from network connection will be connected
Low Power wide areanetworks WAN Sigfox, LoRa, Weightless, NB-IoT
OTHER technologiesSatellite, DSL, Fiber, PLC
Wireless WAN (2G/3G/4G)GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE
Wireless personal or local area networks PAN/LANBluetooth, Zigbee, Thread, WiFi
Connecting Billions of Devices to the Internet of Things (IoT)
shor
t ran
geW
WAN
othe
r
BillionThings
Plethora of technologies providing network access
Smart Cities Smart Homes
Wearables Automotive
Wireless technologies for the internet of things – classification
range vs. data rate
Data Rate
Ran
geCellular
(2G/3G/4G/5G)
NFC
Bluetooth
ZigBeeThreadZ-WaveWI-SUN
802.11 ah
WiFi802.11 a/b/g/n/ac
SigfoxLoRa
Weightless
NB-IoT
ANT+
802.11ad
Objective + challenge: Covering diverse applications with a
common air interface and network architecture
Surveillance Cams• huge amount of uplink data• Rare handover
Fleet Management• Small amount of uplink data• frequent handovers/ global coverage
Broad spectrum of capabilities required, e.g. data rate
Huge amount of devices w/ small data and delay tolerant trafficSmart Metering• Small amount of uplink only• Every 15 min• Rare handover
Connected Trash Cans• Small amount of uplink only• Spontaneous communication• Rare handover
Devices running on Battery only – sometimes in difficult environment Smart Metering (Gas/Water/…)• 10 year battery life time• Located in the basement• Rare handover
Connected Herd• Small amount of uplink only• Spontan & Periodic communication• Rare handover (coverage)
Diversification in requirements and applications
Challenges in a very dynamic and demanding market environment
Technology choices Design complexity
Myth about certification Highly reliable operation
� Select the most appropriate technologies considering all relevant aspects like performance, deployment model, interoperability, costs and availability
� Understand the different needs for certification dependent on the chosen technology, operator and market.
� Prepare design, processes and budgets accordingly
� Fast prototyping by integrating several off-the-shelf modules & components
� The hard way from a design concept via prototype to a cost optimized mass product
� Ensure e2e application performance under all relevant conditions
� Network deployment in harsh environment
� Life-time operation (> 10 years)
Non-cellular radio technologies – historical motivation26 MHz 83.5 MHz 200 MHz 255 MHz
902 928 2400 2484 5150 5350 5470 5725 f/MHz
ISM bands: industry, scientific +medical applications. license free
add hocnetworks orfixed wirelessbased networks
higher data rates,cost efficient
low range networks
high data rates,wirelessnetworks
low rate, wirelessnetworks
battery efficient
Bluetooth evolution: Classic, Enhanced data rate EDR and BT Smart
2 400 2 420 2 440 2 460 2 480 MHz
Bluetooth Smart or BT low
energy (BLE)
• 2.4 GHz ISM band• 1 Msymbol/s using GFSK modulation• 40 Channels on 2 MHz spacing• 3 advertising channel• Frequency Hopping (37 channel)• CRC
Bluetooth Classic and enhanced data rate
(BR+EDR)
• 2.4 GHz ISM band• 1 Msymbol/s using GFSK modulation
EDR: Data modultation π/4-DQPSK / 8DPSK
• 79 Channels on 1 MHz spacing• Frequency Hopping (1600 hops/s)• Voice support• FEC
625 µµµµs
t
t
Master
Slave
f(k) f(k+1) f(k+2)
M
S
S
S
sb
• Piconet principle• TDD frame structure
Bluetooth packet structure principle + modulation scheme
Paket HeaderGFSK
GuardTime
DPSKSynchr.
Sequence
Payloadπ/4-DQPSK or 8DPSK(2 Mbits/s or 3 Mbits/s)
Paket HeaderGFSK
PayloadGFSK
(1 Mbit/s)
5 µs 11 µs
Basic rate Bluetooth packet
EDR Bluetooth packet
Overall packet length= 1, 3 or 5 slots
fc + ∆f
fc - ∆f
GFSK modulation, switch between 2 frequencies toindicate content 0 or 1. Modulation index = 0.3 for BT and 0.5 for BT LE
Bluetooth SIG focus on enhancements for the IoT
Range
Meshbuilding meshed
network using relay
nodes
SpeedSupport of 2 Mbps
GatewayConnecting
devices directly to
the cloud
4x range to cover a
smart home or office
DirectionExtended broadcast
capabilities of beacons
“Bluetooth is on the threshold of being the enabling wireless technology for the IoT.” Bluetooth co-inventor Sven Mattisson
What is new in Bluetooth 5
Low Energy PHY (LE 2M) using GFSK modulation with a symbol rate of 2Msym/s to allow up to 2Mbps data rate
Low Energy long range PHYs (LE coded) using special coding schemes (2 or 8) for more reliable data transmission allowing long range communication
Low Energy Advertising Extensions in order to improve advertising capabilities the possibility of use of secondary advertising channels
+20 dBm LE power class (class 1)
Stable Modulation index [0.495 – 0.505] useable for all LE PHYs if supported by receiver & transmitter
Slot Availability Mask (SAM) allows two devices to indicate to each other time slots that are available for tx and rx
LE 1M (uncoded):
Bluetooth 5: Doubling speed while still maintaining
low-power consumption
Preamble8 bits
Access Address32 bits
PDU16-2056 bits
CRC24 bits
Preamble16 bits
Access Address32 bits
PDU16-2056 bits
CRC24 bits
Symbol rate to 2 Msym/s | Data rate: 185 kHz
fC
fC+∆f
fC-∆f
timefMIN+
fMIN- fC
fC+∆f
fC-∆f
timefMIN+fMIN-
fC
-20 dBm
-40 dBm
-60 dBm
fC
-20 dBm
-40 dBm
-60 dBm
Transmit Spectrum mask Transmit spectrum mask
NEW: LE 2M (uncoded):
Bluetooth 5: Quadrupling range
FEC and Pattern mapping to introduce „data redundancy“
Preamble80 bits
CI2 b
Term13 bits
Term23 bits
Preamble8 bits
Access Address32 bits
PDU16-2056 bits
CRC24 bits
Preamble80 symbols
Access Address256 symbols
CI16 s
Term124 s
PDU32-4 112 symbols
CRC48 symbols
Term26 s
FEC Encoder non-systematic, non-recursive rate ½, constraint length K=4
Pattern Mapper1 � 4
Pattern MapperS=2: 1 � 1 | S=8: 1 � 4
Preamble80 symbols
Access Address256 symbols
CI16 s
Term124 s
PDU128-16 448 symbols
CRC192 symbols
Term224 s
Access Address32 bits
PDU16-2056 bits
CRC24 bits
LE 1M packet
Bluetooth 5: 8 times broadcast capacity
Using channels 0..36 as secondary Advertising channels
37 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 38 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 39
Primary Advertising
Secondary Advertising
Data Channels
Primary advertising channels are used for all advertising broadcasts �use either the LE 1M or LE Coded PHY; packets can vary in length from 6 to 37 octets.
Secondary advertising channels are introduced to offload data � use any LE 1M, LE 2M or LE coded PHY; packets can vary in length 0 to 255 octets
Wi-Fi adoption beyond Local Area Networks: WLAN becomes holistic
ah
af
TVWS; 6,7,8 MHz
WLAN physical layer: various technology aspects: frequency +
multiple access schemes + bandwidth & data rate
802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n
Frequency 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4/5GHz
Channel bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz, 40 MHz
Spatial streams 1 1 1 1,2,3,4
Max. Data rate 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 600 Mbps
MAC CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA
System OFDM DSSS OFDM, DSSS OFDM, OFDMA
Duplex TDD TDD TDD TDD
Max. Power
(typ.)
1 W
(100 mW)
1 W
(100 mW)
1 W
(100 mW)
1 W
(100 mW)
Modulation BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
CCK CCK, BPSK, QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM
BPSK, QPSK,
16QAM, 64QAM
WLAN evolution: 802.11ac for higher data ratesHigher data rates due to wider bandwidth
e.g: Europe + Asiachannel allocation
Higher order modulationschemes, e.g. 256QAM
Implementing MIMO,e.g. spatial multiplexing up to 8x8
WLAN – channel access methods: CSMA
t
medium busy SIFSPIFS
DIFSDIFS
next framecontention
direct access ifmedium is free ≥ DIFS
UE wants tosend and senses
channel
UE waits time IFS if channelremains free
If channel is busy, UE tries later andwaits another time
IFS
Multiple windowlengths depending
on data priority
Certain access principles for HARQoperation and also based on negotiation, like „clear to send“response for higher priorities
WLAN evolution, different frequency bands: throughput vs range
100m 200m 300m 400m 500m 600m 700m 800m 900m
10 Mbps
20 Mbps
30 Mbps
40 Mbps
50 Mbps
60 Mbps
70 Mbps
80 Mbps
90 Mbps
100 Mbps
WLAN-5GHz (80 MHz Channel)
WLAN-2.4GHz (20 MHz Channel)
< 1GHz (5 MHz Channel)
Wi-Fi HaLow = WLAN using spectrum < 1GHz„New technology will extend Wi-Fi® solutions for the Internet of Things” Wi-Fi Alliance (Jan.2016)
20
Sensor Networks WearablesHome Security Range extension Smart Metering
Long range operation
Large number of devices per access point
Low power consumption
High throughput compared to e.g. ZigBee
Greenfield operation
Wi-Fi HaLow operates in sub 1 GHz license-exempt bands
Support of 1 & 2 MHz channels is mandatory
21
US
Korea
Europe
China
Japan
Singapore
800 MHz 900 MHz 1 GHz
902 928 MHz
863 868 MHz
787 MHz
916.5 927.5 MHz
917.5 923.5 MHz
866 869 920 925 MHz
16 MHz
8 MHz 8 MHz 8 MHz
4MHz 4 MHz 4 MHz 4 MHz 4 MHz 4 MHz
22 22 22 22 22 22 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
8 MHz
4 MHz 4 MHz
2 22 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
22
1 1 1 1 1614
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 Ghz
2.4 GHz
900 MHz
802.11af using spectrum from terrestrial broadcast, e.g. TV channels
22
ExtendedHome network
Rural Broadband
Outdoor Sensor
Networks
Public WiFiextension
Public Safety networks
• Operates in TV bands (54-698 MHz)• Essentially down-clocked version of 802.11ac – 40 MHz (max. data rate
384/569 Mbps)• Use of 144 SC per BCU (not 128), for 55db Adjacent Channel Leakage
Ratio• Defines 6 MHz, 7 MHz, 8 MHz channels (region specific)• Supported channelization: W, W+W, 2W, 2W+2W, 4W
IEEE 802.11ad: new standard @60GHz for high data rates
Technology facts
58.32 GHz 60.48 GHz 62.64 GHz 64.80 GHz
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4
US and CanadaEuropean Union
South KoreaJapan
AustraliaChina
2.16 GHz
• Operates in the unlicensed 60 GHz frequency band,• Enables data rates up to 7 Gbps• Enables devices to transparently switch between 802.11 networks (2.4GHz, 5GHz, 60GHz)• Protocol Adaptation Layers (PALs): A/V (wireless HDMI), wireless docking (USB, PCIe)• Two types of modulation and coding schemes:
• OFDM allows transmission speeds of up to 7 Gbps. (not applied in real devices by today)• Single carrier (SC) supports transmission speeds up to 4.6 Gbps.
Beamforming
802.11ad PHY - Overview
24
I Three (four) different modulation modes are available to fulfill differing requirements (such as high throughput or robustness):Control PHY : exchange of signal and control messages (mandatory)
Single Carrier PHY : for data connection from 0.385 … 4.620 Gbps (MCS1..4 mandatory)
Low Power SC PHY : optimized to save energy for battery-operated devices (optional)
OFDM PHY: for high data throughput up to maximum 6.757 Gbps (optional)
I All PHYs use the same packet structure, but they differ in individual fields, coding and modulation
STF, CE and TRN are made up of Golay sequences consisting each of bipolar symbols (±1)
STFShort Training Field
CEChannel Estimation
Header Data AGC & TRNGain Control &Beamforming
Preamble
Used for automatic gain control, frequency offset
estimation and channel estimationActual data with different
modulations, the length of the field
varies
MCS, length of
data field,
checksum
General structure of 11ad packetGeneral structure of 11ad packet
Optional field for gain
control, beam
tracking & refinement
802.11 standards: interference + collision situation
CSMA: carrier sensing multiple access => listen before transmit
WLAN connection
in dense environments: collisionsbetween Access points
in dense environments: collisions between userterminals + high overload due tosignaling
802.11 ax goal is to improve the overall efficiency!
WLAN situation today: problem statement
ı WiFi not efficient in dense environments with many users (STA) and close-by Access Points (AP).
ı Congestion level is high => Users get less access to the channel, throughput decreasesı Competition from LTE-U / LTE-LAA in the 5GHz band with more efficient Multi-User technology
ı Pushing the physical parameters further is not feasible� Only few 160MHz channels available� 1024QAM only with good SNR� 11ac is already at the limit
�More efficient channel access methods are necessary
IEEE 802.11ax – Why another WLAN standard?ı Challenge:
� WLAN 11a/b/g/n/ac has drawbacks in high occupancy scenarios since there is no scheduler� Users utilize WLAN for many different applications such as video streaming and offloading� Existing WLAN can not adapt to the conditions as flexibly as it is needed
New WLAN enhancements in IEEE 802.11ax for “High Efficiency Wireless (HEW)”
ı High level targets: � Improve user experience & network performance in dense deployments in 2.4/5 GHz band. � At least four times improvement in the average throughput per station in dense deployment
scenarios� Maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station� Backwards compatibility and coexistence with legacy 802.11 devices operating in the same
band
.11ax
WLAN situation today: problem statement, 2 examples
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
1 5 10 25 50 75 100
Thr
ough
put (
%)
Clients
1SS Phone Bidirect
2SS Laptop Bidirect
3SS Laptop Bidirect
11ac – 20MHz BW
IEEE 802.11-15/0351r2
large bandwidth loses efficiency due to high
signaling overload high number of users + accesspoints reduce due to high
collision scenarios
802.11ax – physical layer: New Features
Feature Benefit
Uplink MU-MIMO Higher throughput in Uplink by using spatial multiplexing
Uplink OFDMA Higher Aggregate Throughput, Range Extension, Overhead Reduction
Downlink OFDMA Overhead reduction, frequency multiplex, simultaneous Tx to many STA
4x Symbol Duration Robustness for Outdoor Operation, tolerance to timingjitter for MIMO operation
1024QAM Higher Max Data Rate
Extended Range Preamble and MCS0 rep2
Range Extension for Outdoor Operation
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
OFDMA = OFDM + FDMA
WLAN 11ac: OFDM allocates users in time
domain only
WLAN 11ax: OFDMA allocates users in time and frequency domain
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
•••••••••
Time domain Time domain
Fre
quen
cy d
omai
n
Fre
quen
cydo
mai
n
User3
User3 User
2
User2
User1
User1
WLAN 802.11ax OFDMA – basicprinciples
Fixed Scatterer
Delay Delay spread
TransmitterSignal
t
ReceiverSignal
t
ISI: Inter SymbolInterference:
Happens, whenDelay spread >
Symbol time
Successive symbolswill interfere
Channel Impulse Response, CIRcollision
Multipath propagation - reminder
Frequency selectivity
f
power @ receiver
Wideband = frequency selective equalizer
Narrowband = 1-tap equalizing
Here: substitute with singleScalar factor = 1-tap
Coherencebandwidth:
channel is not freq. selective
Comparison legacy WLAN and WLAN 11ax physical layer aspects802.11n 802.11ac 802.11ax
Frequency Range (GHz) 2.4, 5 5 2.4, 5
Channel Bandwidth (MHz) 20, 40 20, 40, 80, 80+80, 160 20, 40, 80, 80+80, 160
Subcarrier Spacing (KHz) 312.5 312.5 78.125
Symbol Time (us) 3.2 3.2 12.8
Cyclic Prefix (us) 0.8 0.4, 0.8 0.8, 1.6, 3.2
MU-MIMO No Downlink Uplink and Downlink
Modulation OFDM OFDM OFDM, OFDMA
Data Subcarrier Modulation
BPSK, QPSK, 16 / 64-QAM
BPSK, QPSK, 16 / 64 / 256-QAM
BPSK, QPSK, 16 / 64 / 256 / 1024 -QAM
Coding BCC (Mandatory) LDPC (Optional)
BCC (Mandatory) LDPC (Optional)
BCC (Mandatory) LDPC (Mandatory )
• subcarrier spacing 4 timesless
• symbol time 4 times longer=>better fading robustness
unused subcarriers
From Single User to Multi Users OFDMA @802.11 ax
7DC
26 26 2626 26 26 26
52 52 52 52
26
242 + 3 DC
102+4 pilots 102+4 pilots
11 11
1311 1113
1313
5 Edge
5 Edge
5 Edge
5 Edge
6 Edge
6 Edge
6 Edge
6 Edge
7DC
13 137
DC
-116 -90 -48 -22 22 48 90 116
-102 -76 -62 -36 -10 10 36 62 76 102pilot tone index
• Channel bandwidth is divided into Ressource Units, RU, e.g. above for 20MHz.• One RU belongs to one user• Each RU may have a different modulation scheme and/or coding rate
beside data subcarriers, there arepilot subcarries for phase
information and parameter tracking
0 6 20 32 46 51
0 6 20 25 26 32 46 51
e.g. pilot subcarriers for26 and 52 size RU
ı RU’s have fixed locations
20MHz
RU Size 20MHz 40MHz 80MHz 160MHz
26 9 18 37 74
52 4 8 16 32
106 2 4 8 16
242 1 (SU) 2 4 8
484 1 (SU) 2 4
996 1 (SU) 2
2x996 1 (SU)# of
RU
’s /
Cha
nnel
BW
From Single User to Multi Users OFDMA @802.11 ax
ı All RUs are indexed
ı RU sizes can be mixed:
20MHz
26 2652 10613
13
RU1 RU3 RU4 RU5 RU2
RU Size
RU Index
RU1 RU2 RU3 RU4 RU5 RU6 RU7 RU8 RU9
RU1 RU2 RU3 RU4
RU1 RU2
RU1
From Single User to Multi Users OFDMA @802.11 ax
OFDMA benefit in WLAN 802.11ax for multi user
STA1RTS
CTS ACK
STA2RTS
CTS ACK
STA1+2MU-RTS
CTS ACK
AP
STA1+2
OFDM + TDMA
OFDMA
Request to Send Clear to Send Data Acknowledgment
½ BW => 2x duration
Simultaneous Response
AP
STA
Time saved
Packet Protocol Data Units PPDU
3 legacy PPDU forWLAN 11n
1 legacy PPDU forWLAN 11ac
4 new PPDU forWLAN 11ax
Packet Protocol Data Units PPDU for WLAN11ax
ı HE-SU:� Single User Mode (UL & DL)
ı HE-MU:� Multi User Mode (DL)� One or more users
ı HE-EXT-SU:� Single User Mode (UL & DL)� For outdoor use (long range)� 20MHz BW; MCS0 / 1 / 2
ı HE-TRIG:� Trigger-based PPDU (UL)� In response to Trigger frame from AP � Carries Single User transmission� All HE-TRIG sum up at AP
HE_SU
L-STF L-SIGL-LTF
GI2 LTS LTS
RL-SIG HE-SIG-A HE-STF HE-LTF HE-LTF...
1-8 HE-LTFs
Data ...
HE_EXT_SU
L-STF L-SIGL-LTF
GI2 LTS LTS
RL-SIG HE-SIG-A HE-STF HE-LTF HE-LTF...
1-8 HE-LTFs
Data ...
HE_MU
L-STF L-SIGL-LTF
GI2 LTS LTS
RL-SIG HE-SIG-A HE- SIG-B
HE_TRIG
L-STF L-SIGL-LTF
GI2 LTS LTS
RL-SIG HE-SIG-A HE-STF HE-LTF HE-LTF...
1-8 HE-LTFs
Data ...
HE-STF HE-LTF HE-LTF...
1-8 HE-LTFs
Data ...
...16 Symbol...64 s
(4 s per Symbol)
PE
PE
PE
PE
Legacy part
ı AP service areas can overlap (e.g. apartment buildings)ı STA2 is distorted by traffic in OBSS (Overlapping BSS) => less access to the channel
ı CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance):1. STA wants to transmit2. STA senses the channel for other signals (P < Pthr)3. If channel is free, STA can transmit
ı 802.11ax changes:� Each AP assigns a “Color bit” in the preamble� STA reads Color bit� If STA detects frame from OBSS => raise CSMA
detection threshold => ignore OBSS frames
From Single User to Multi Users
BSS Color
AP1 AP2
STA
STA1
STA2
MyBSS OBSS
Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
Downlink Uplink
all signals need to arrive at AP synchronouslyall signals are transmitted synchronously � !
IEEE 802.15.4: low data rate in unlicensed spectrum+ wireless PAN
41
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
I
Q
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0bin
0 hex
Bits (4) to SymbolMapping0 0 00250 kbit /s
Symbol to Chip (32)Mapping
O-QPSKmodulator
62.5 kSym/s 2 Mchip/s
I
Q11
1000
01
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.42400 MHz
IEEE 802.15.4868/915 MHz
Network Layer
Applications
Application Layer
Offset QPSK for constant envelope
spread signal forbetter robustness
only lower layersdefined: flexibilty
802.15.4 – one physical layer for diverse technologies heading for
smart home , smart buildings and more applications
42
IEEE 802.15.42.4 GHz ���� O-PQSK
6LoWPAN, DTLS, Distance Vector
Routing
Protocol (e.g. CoAP)
UDP/TCP
802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.42.4 GHz ���� O-PQSK
6LoWPAN
ISA Protocol
802.15.4 MAC
Upper data link
ISA100
UDP
IEEE 802.15.42.4 GHz ���� O-PQSK
HART
Addressing/Routing
HART: TCP like
HART TDMA -
hopingIEEE 802.15.4
2.4 GHz ���� O-PQSK
ZigBee - Networking
ZigBee - Protocol
ZigBee - Transport
802.15.4 MAC
HART: Protocol
ZigBee Technology Facts
Reliable, Low Power, Cost Effective
43
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
IEEE 802.15.42400 MHz
IEEE 802.15.4868/915 MHz
ZigBee Network Layer
Applications
ZigBee Application Layer
2405 MHz 2480 MHz
2.4 GHz/16 Ch.; World; OQPSK; 250 kbps868 MHz/1Ch.; EuropeBPSK 20kbps
868.3 MHz 906 MHz
915 MHz/10 Ch.; Americas;BPSK 40kbps
924 MHz
Coordinator
Router
End Device
Meshed Network of thousands of devices
Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART)
Protocol standardized in IEC 62591
44
Application for wireless industrial instrumentation
Monitoring and Compliance
Process Control loops
Alerts and Alarm tracks Automated Safety
• Use of 802.14.4 DSSS in 2.4GHz band (15 channels), TCP like transport layer
• Fully deterministic system with predefined timeslots (10 ms) to ensure low latency
• Use of channel hoping, channel blacklisting and acknowledgments for robust communication
• Redundant Mesh Technology w/ System Manager IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz
HART Addressing/Routing
HART Protocol
HART: TCP like
HART TDMA - hoping
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
IEE
E
802.
11ac
IEE
E 8
02.1
1nIE
EE
802
.11b
IEE
E 8
02.1
1a
IoT standards overview
45
Physicallayer
Data or MAClayer
Networklayer
Transportlayer
Applicationlayer
Blu
etoo
th
IEE
E 8
02.1
5.4
IEE
E 8
02.1
5.4
IEE
E 8
02.1
5.4
IEE
E 8
02.1
5.4
IEE
E 8
02.1
5.4
Zig
Be
Wire
less
HA
RT
Thr
ead
ISA
100
WLA
N
IEE
E
802.
11…
Technology range:• PHY layer only• network
connection• application
specificprofiles, e.g. Audio, Video or applicationspecificprotocols
LoRa = Long Range
46
LoRa network structure
47
IP based networkconnection, e.g. cellular
radio
single hop to one ormultiple gateways using
LoRa radio
LoRa Network architecture
48
Pet Tracker
Smart Meter
Trash Cane
Plant Sensor
Suitcase
Smoke Detector
LoRa Gateway
LoRa Gateway
LoRa Gateway
LoRa
Network
Server
LoRa RF | LoRaWAN TCP/IP SSL | LoRaWAN TCP/IP SSL | Secure Payload
App
App
App
App
App
COMPANY RESTRICTED
Pow
er
Late
ncy
Three Classes of Devices: Class A communication is mandatory
49
Class ABi-directional communications is allowed
whereby each end-device‘s uplink
transmission is followed by two short
downlink receive windows (RX1 & RX2).
Class BIn addition to the Class A random receive
windows, Devices open extra receive
windows at scheduled times, synchronized
by periodic Beacons from the gateway.
Transmit
Receiver D.
Receiver Delay2
RX1 RX2
Transmit
Receiver D. 1
Receiver Delay2
RX1 RX2RX2
Receiver Delay1
Ping Period(1..128 sec.)
BeaconRXslot RXslot RXslotBeaco
n
Beacon Period (128 seconds)
RXslot
Class CEnd-devices of Class C have nearly
continuously open receive windows (RX2),
only closed when transmitting.
COMPANY RESTRICTED
SigFox – technology aspects
50
51
“If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together!”
African proverb
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