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U N I T I I I
THE RISE OF ISLAM
MUHAMMAD THE PROFIT
• From Mecca in modern day Saudi Arabia
• Muhammad was a middle aged merchant who claimed the Angel Gabriel asked him to recite the word of God
• As a Merchant Muhammad had exposure to the ideas of Judaism and Christianity• Maybe even Persians
MUHAMMAD TAKES POLITICAL POWER
• Mecca was already a
popular pilgrimage site
• Muhammad was kicked
out because Islam
threatened the pilgrimage
• Muhammad and his
followers went to Medina
• Prayer switches from
Jerusalem to Mecca
• Muhammad became a
political and military
leader
• 630 CE Muhammad takes
back Mecca
THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
• Abu Bakr, Muhammad's
successor began
attacking the Byzantine
Empire and recording
the Qur'an
• A vast empire grew out
of the principals of Islam
in just 200 years
• Muhammad's
successors relentlessly
spread the religion
through military
conquest
THE RAPID SPREAD OF ISLAM
BASIC BELIEFS
• Conquered people do not have to convert, only pay a larger tax.• Followers of Judaism and Christianity are specifically
mentioned in the Qur’an as “people of the book”
Five Pillars of Islam 1. Shahadah- declaring there is no god except God (Allah), and Muhammad is God’s messenger
2. Salat- Prayer five times a day
3. Zekat- Giving 2.5% of one’s savings to the poor
4. Sawm- Observe the month of Ramadan by fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
5. Hajj- Pilgrimage to Mecca
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
BASIC BELIEFS
Guiding text:
• The Qur'an
• Absolute Monotheism
• Taking care of those less
fortunate than you
• Hadiths; a collection of sayings and stories about the
profit Muhammad
A believer in Islam is part of the
Uma or community of believers
Islam becomes a restoration religion
• Muslims believe the Monotheisms before Muhammad had
strayed from purity
• Muslims believe Mohamed was the last profit sent by God
SHIA- SUNNI SPLIT
• Root of split goes back
to Muhammad's first
successor
• Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father in law became the
first Caliph
• Many wanted his son in
law, Ali to take over
• Shia Muslims believe the
Caliph should be a
descendent of
Muhammad
• Caliph means
“successor”
• Meaning Abu Bakr was
a “successor” to the
prophet
MODERN SHIA- SUNNI DIVIDE
Today Shia Muslims make up 16% of the Islamic population
THE ISLAMIC SPLIT HAS SERIOUS RAMIFICATIONS TODAY
BAGDAD: THE CENTER OF LEARNING
• The Abbasid Caliphate (750- 1258 CE) became the center for learning
• The Persian ruling class moved the capital to Baghdad• Baghdad becomes the center of learning
• Large library held the work of Greek philosophers, Greek scientist, and Buddhist and Hindu text
• Openness to foreigners and their ideas • Possibly largest blending of cultures since Hellenistic times • Brought to an end by the Mongols
IBN SINA (980- 1037 CE)
• Often known by Latin
name Avicenna
• Gained great advances
in the field of medicine
• Created the Canon of
Medicine
• Became the standard
medical text book for
centuries
HOW’S THIS FOR A VACATION?
IBN BATTUTA (1304-1368 CE)
• Moroccan explorer
• Traveled the known
Muslim world
• Recorded his travels
in the Rihla
(translated to
“Journey”)
• Helped link Africa to
the Islamic World
• The most well
traveled man to date
THE ABRAHAMIC TRADITIONS
Judaism est. around
1000 BCE Christianity est. around
40 CE
Islam est. around
600 CE
WHAT DO THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS ALL HAVE IN COMMON?
• All three use a religious text that provide guidelines
ethical and moral behaviors as well as how to
govern believers
• Judaism- Torah
• Christians- The Bible
• Islam- The Qur'an
• All three recognize Abraham, Mosses and other
figures from the old testament as important religious
figures
• All three believe in fundamental monotheism
• All three originated in the same region, and claim
several of the same cities as religious holy sites
JERUSALEM
FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN THE ABRAHAMIC RELIGIONS
Judaism
• Judaism does not actively seek converts and the
religion is associated with a group of people
Christianity
• Christians believe Jesus was the son of God (or
Messiah)
• Catholic leaders must remain unmarried
Islam
• Islam is the newest and only Abrahamic tradition to
reference the other two in the holy text
MODERN DISTRIBUTION
OVER HALF THE WORLD PRACTICES AN ABRAHAMIC RELIGION
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