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Geography
• Southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia• Bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and
Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Location:
Geography
• 814.578 square kilometers (314.500 square miles)
• % 3 on the European continent% 97 on the Asian continent
Area:
People
• 70,413,958 (July 2006 est.)
• 0-14 years: 25.5% 15-64 years: 67.7% 65 years and over: 6.8%
• Growth rate: 1.06% (2006 est.)
Population
People
• Major Cities– Ankara 4 million (The capital city)– Istanbul 10 million– Izmir 3.4 million– Bursa 2.1 million– Konya 2.2 million– Adana 1.8 million
Political Environment
• Type: Democratic, secular, social state governed by the rule of law , parliamentary
• Legislative power: The Turkish Grand National Assembly
• Executive power: President and the Council of Ministers
• Judicial power: Independent courts and supreme judiciary organs
Political Environment
• Political Stability (Medium)– Mid 70’s – late 80’s
• Left – right parties
– 90’s• Beginning of both political and economical stability
– Last seven years• Economic growth
Government• Chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet
SEZER (since 16 May 2000)
• Head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March 2003)
• Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the prime minister
• Elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term.
Government• Extent of government promotion of IT
– Telecommunication infrastructure upgrading• Fiber optics• New ISPs• Privatization (%55) of Turk Telekom • Broadband-satellite connections
– Wireless communications– Electronic government
• Digitalization• Web platform
– Ecommerce
Government
• Trade barriers to IT diffusion (Very low)– Liberal trade and investment policies (1980), – "Free Zones Law" was enacted laying the framework for the
establishment of free trade zones (1985)– 20 free trade zones, $22.1 Billion total trade volume– No restrictions
• Regulation/restriction of IT ownership – Telecommunication Authority – Licensing
• Legal protection and copyrights– modern copyright law since 1951 – Prevention of personal copies for art works and software
Educational System• Primary Education: Eight years; includes the education of
children in the 6-14 age-group. Compulsory for all male and female citizens.
• Secondary Education: Consists of general and vocational-technical high schools that offer at least three years of education.
• Higher Education: Includes all educational institutions where an educational programme of at least two years over and above secondary education is implemented. These educate students at associate's, bachelor's, master's or doctorate degree levels.
• Primary and secondary education is free of charge in public schools. Higher education institutions, however, charge a certain minimal tuition fee.
Educational System• Literacy rate: % 86.5 (2003)• Distribution percentages
• IT Literacy– Low, increasing with the technology diffusion
Education Level Female (%) Male (%)
Primary 90.21 93.57
Secondary 42.41 50.24
Higher 11.95 14.18
Language and Culture
• Extent of knowledge of English – Popularity after World War II– Secondary and higher level of education– Business language
• Extent of set of written symbols in native language – Turkish (official language)– Latin alphabet including 29 symbols
Hofstede’s Study
• MAS (45)– Relatively low level of
differentiation and discrimination between genders
• UAI (85)– low tolerance for uncertainty
and ambiguity
• PDI (66)– Importance of wealth and
power
IT Diffusion
• Use of phones– Main lines in use 19,125,200 (2004) – Mobile cellular 34,707,500 (2004)
• Computers per capita – Personal computers 9.98%
• TV per capita – 92.19% (2004)
• IT usage – Private sector– Universities– Government– Primary and secondary level education
Telecommunications & Infrastructure
• Extent of Internet connections – Internet hosts :753,394
(2005)
• Support for EDI – Especially for R&D– VAN among universities and
private sector
• Availability of digital networks– Limited but improving with
new investments.
• Availability of ISDN/fiber – Coaxial cable prevention
YearNumber of users
(x1000)
1998 293
1999 580
2000 1.785
2001 3.500
2002 6.050
2003 7.500
2004 10000
2005 14000
Computer Industry
• Extent of native software industry– Operating System PARDUS – ERP systems– Control and automation software
• Native hardware industry – Assembling major– New manufacturing minor, developing with the
new infrastructure investments.
Economy
• Currency: Turkish Lira (TL)
• 1 $ = 1.34 TL (2005)
• 10% Unemployment Rate– 4.7% UK, 7.9% Italy, 10% France, 10.1 %
Spain, 10.8% Greece, 11,60% Germany
• Labor Force: – By occupation: Agriculture 35.9%, Industry
22.8%, Services 41.2%
Economy
Extent of privatization – Limited– Turk Telekom by 55%
• GNP per capita – $5,008 (2005) with an increase 20%
• Joint ventures with international firms – 100% foreign ownership is permitted– Hayes Lemmerz International, Inc. – Unocal International Energy Ventures, Ltd
Economy
• Extent of foreign direct investment – A new "Foreign Investment law" 2003– Constant increase in FDI
• 1993-2002 $1 Billion • 2003 $1.7 Billion• 2004 $2.6 Billion• 2005 (first 8 months) $2.9 Billion
• Stock market– High inflation hits and causes high fluctuation– Stability through
• Cash inflow to domestic market • Strength of Turkish lira• Inflation reduction
Strengths
• Government support on IT and telecommunications
• Computer based education investments
• Private sector investments on hardware and software industry
• Technology acceptance boosted the IT diffusion
• Amount of IT skilled personnel has increased through computer science programs at higher education levels.
Weaknesses
• Inadequate media and computer support for primary and preschool education levels.
• Brain-drain• Bureaucracy• Telecommunication infrastructure
inadequacy• Cultural effects
– Rural areas
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