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THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
What is the basic structure and function of the
male and female reproductive system?
What are the common diseases that affect the
male and female reproductive system?
COURSE STANDARD 8
Analyze the anatomy, physiology, and basic pathophysiology of the reproductive system, and perform technical skills related to the system.
8.1 Analyze the basic structures and functions of the reproductive system.
8.2 Identify and explain medical terms related to the reproductive system, and utilize when documenting in the electronic medical record.
8.3 Research common diseases, disorders, and emerging diseases of the reproductive system including pathophysiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment that might be utilized.
8.4 Compare and contrast the reproductive system of the female with the reproductive system of the male.
8.5 Explain the relationship of the endocrine system to the function of the reproductive system.
8.6 Demonstrate appropriate technical skills related to the reproductive system for selected pathway.
REPRODUCTION
Sexual Reproduction
Each parent contributes half of the genetic material
for each offspring
Asexual Reproduction
Offspring are clones or genetic copies
Plants
OVERVIEW
Primary sex organs (gonads)
testes in males
ovaries in females
Gonads produce sex cells called gametes and
secrete sex hormones
Accessory reproductive organs
ducts, glands, and external genitalia
Sex hormones
androgens (males)
estrogens and progesterone (females)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Each parent produces a Gametes, cells for
reproduction that contain half as many
chromosomes as a norm cell
Fertilization is the formation of a single cell
contain the genetic material from two gametes
Zygote: fertilized cell produced by the combining
of gametes
EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Seventh week of development embryos with the
“Y” chromosome will develop male sex organs
Those without will develop ovaries
The default plan is female
At the time of birth follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) begin to
decline rapidly in the new born and remain low
for 8-14 years
PUBERTY
Final maturation of the reproductive system
Initial stimulus for puberty is elevated secretion
of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by
the hypothalamus
This causes the pituitary to produce more FSH
and LH
Stimulates the production testosterone in males
Estrogen and progesterone in females
FEMALES AND PUBERTY
First phase is breast growth
Secondary sex characteristics:
Axillary hair and pubic hair
Gradual changes in pelvic width (female shape)
Skeletal growth accelerates
Menarche: fist menstrual cycle
Occurs about two years after beginning puberty
Irregular for the first 1-2 years
FEMALE HORMONES
MALES AND PUBERTY
First visible phase is the growth of the scrotum
and testes
Secondary sex characteristics:
Axillary hair and pubic hair
Increase in size of the larynx and length of vocal folds
(voice deepens)
Penis growth
First few years typically experience erections at
unexpected times and emission of semen during
sleep
Toward end of puberty mature sperm are present
in the semen
MALE HORMONES
FUNCTIONS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Male
Generate sperm (spermatogenesis)
Deliver sperm to site of fertilization
Female
Generate eggs (oogenesis)
Deliver eggs for fertilization
Nourish developing embryo/fetus
Give birth
Provide liquid nourishment to baby after birth
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY
The male gonads (testes) produce sperm and lie
within the scrotum
Sperm are delivered to the exterior through a
system of ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens,
ejaculatory duct, and the urethra
Accessory sex glands:
Empty their secretions into the ducts during
ejaculation
Include the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
bulbourethral glands
MALE
SCROTUM
Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs
outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of
the penis
Contains paired testicles separated by a midline
septum
Its external positioning keeps the testes 3oC
lower than core body temperature (needed for
sperm production)
SEMEN
Milky white, sticky mixture of sperm and
accessory gland secretions
Provides a transport medium and nutrients
(fructose), protects and activates sperm, and
facilitates their movement
Prostaglandins in semen:
Decrease the viscosity of mucus in the cervix
Stimulate reverse peristalsis in the uterus
Facilitate the movement of sperm through the female
reproductive tract
Typical volume during ejaculation = 2 to 5 mL
20 million to 150 million sperm cell per mL
ERECTION
Enlargement and stiffening of the penis from
engorgement of erectile tissue with blood
During sexual arousal, a PNS reflex promotes the
release of nitric oxide
Nitric oxide causes erectile tissue in the penis to
fill with blood
Impotence – inability to attain erection
WHAT IS A VASECTOMY?
Prevents the release of sperm with ejaculation
Vas deferens is sealed or cut and prevents the
sperm from mixing with Semen
MALE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY
Principle Organs:
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
FEMALE
FEMALE
FEMALE
FEMALE
FEMALE
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FEMALE
Generate eggs (oogenesis)
Deliver eggs for fertilization
Nourish developing embryo/fetus
Give birth
Provide liquid nourishment to baby after birth
OOGENESIS
Oogenesis begins in the ovaries of the female fetus before birth
An increase in FSH (puberty) triggers the further development and an oocyte is release from the ovary (ovulation)
The oocyte will then travel through the Uterine Tube (Fallopian tube or Oviduct) and to the Uterus
UTERUS
Muscular organ
Mechanical protection
Nutritional support
Waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus
Myometrium – outer muscular layer
Endometrium – a thin, inner, glandular mucosa
Perimetrium – an incomplete serosa continuous
with the peritoneum
FEMALE SEX CYCLE
Monthly or menstrual cycle
Varies from 21 to 40 days (usually 28 days)
Involves cyclic changes
hormone secretion
ovary
uterus
THE FEMALE CYCLE
THE FEMALE CYCLE
MENOPAUSE
Greek words: “month” and “cessation”
Marked by irregular and eventually complete
cessation of menstruation
Accompanied by hormonal changes
dramatic reduction in the production of estrogen
Perimenopause
Memory less sharp, mood swings, menstrual periods
erratic, hot flashes, insomnia
AMENORRHEA
Absence of menses
Primary amenorrhea
Absence of menses by age sixteen even with normal
sexual growth
Secondary amenorrhea
Absence of menstrual periods after menstrual cycles
have occurred previously
Physiological cause: pregnancy, menopause
Pathologic cause: CNS disorders, extreme stress or
exercise, anorexia nervosa, pituitary gland disorders
DISORDERS AND DISEASES
The Reproductive System
CANCER
Prostate Cancer
Second highest incidence among men
PSA blood test
Cervical cancer
Papanicolaou test (Pap smear)
Most cases caused by HPV
Uterine cancer and Ovarian cancer
Hysterectomy (complete or partial)
Breast cancer
Mammography (mammogram
GENITAL DISORDERS - MALE
1. List the structures that compose the male
reproductive system.
2. What is spermatogenesis?
3. List two things that can cause male infertility.
4. What is impotence?
5. What things can lead to secondary impotence?
6. Who has an increased risk for carcinoma of the
penis?
7. What is priapism?
8. What has diminished the severity of many
genital cancers in men?
GENITAL DISORDERS - FEMALE
1. What is endometriosis and what symptoms do women with it typically experience?
2. What is vaginitis? What are the three most common causes?
3. What are uterine fibroids?
4. What occurs with a uterine prolapse?
5. What causes ovarian cysts to form?
6. What procedure is used to detect cervical cancer?
7. How is a prolapsed uterus treated?
8. What surgical procedure has replaced the hysterectomy and helped preserve the uterus?
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
1. What are gonads?
2. What are the male gonads and where are they located?
3. What is the function of the epididymis?
4. What are the female gonads?
5. What is hermaphroditism?
6. What occurs with a inguinal hernia?
7. What can cause a uterine prolapse?
8. What is endometriosis?
9. What causes polycystic ovary syndrome?
10. What percentage of men experience an enlarged prostate gland with age?
11. What is castration?
12. What is circumcision?
13. What is female circumcision?
THE END
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