The Renaissance & Reformation. Section 1 The Origins of the Renaissance

The Renaissance & Reformation

Section 1The Origins of the Renaissance

The Making of Renaissance Society

• The Making of Renaissance Societyo "rebirth"o Age of Recovery

• Economic Recoveryo expansion of tradeo Industries Old & Newo Banking & the Medici

Social Changes in the Renaissance

• The Nobility o Baldassare Castiglioneo The Book of the Courtier

• The Family in the Renaissanceo Family Bondo Marriageo Children

The Italian States in the Renaissance

• Milan• Venice• Republic of Florence• Medici Family

• Papal States• Great Schism

• Kingdom of Naples• Poverty Stricken peasants & Unruly Nobles

• Missed out

Machiavelli & the New Statecraft• Political Animal • The Prince

o "they are ungrateful, fickle, decepting, avoiders of danger and eager to gain"

o "he should do what is right if he can; but he must be prepared to do what is wrong if necessary"

Section 2The Artistic & The Intellectual

Renaissance

The Intellectual Renaissance • Individualism & Secularism • Italian Renaissance Humanism• Humanist Studies

• Who?

• Emergence of Humanism o Petrarch o Father of Italian Renaissance Humanismo Classical Latin – Cicero – Prose & Virgil –

Poetryo Life of Solitude – Reject family and

Community

15th Century Humanism

• Civic Spirit and pride • Civic Humanism

o Cicero o Active Civic lifeo Greeks

Renaissance Innovations

• Educationo "Liberal Studies" o Included: History, ethics, eloquence, letters,

poetry, math, astronomy and Musico Goal: Path of virtue and wisdom o "not everyone is obliged to excel in

philosophy, law, or medicine, but all are destined to live in society and practice virtue"

• Printing Presso Johannes Gutenberg "The Bible"

The Artistic Renaissance

• Art in the Early Renaissance o imitation of nature o Persuade onlookers of the reality of the

object or evento shift focus to human beings as the center of

attention

Masaccio

• Frescoe’s – Brancacci Chapel – first masterpiece • New realistic style • Onlookers become aware of a world of

reality that appears to be a continuation of their own world• Tribute Money

oStory of Jesus’s confrontation by a tax collector at the entrance of the town of Capernaum

o Peter – coin – Lake of Galilee

Masaccio • Tribute Money

Donatello

David• Time spent in Rome• First known life-size, free standing

Bronze nude• Severed Head of Goliath• Celebrates the Triumph of a

Florentine battle vs. Milan

Filippo Brunelleschi

the Duomo

• Ancient Rome• Complete an unfinished

Dome - Florence

Filippo Brunelleschi

Church of San Lorenzo

• Cosimo De’ Medici

The High Renaissance

• Between 1480-1520• Importance of Rome – new cultural

center• Leonardo da Vinci

o Transitional figure – help to bring about a shift

o Into many different thingsoMove beyond realism – idealized

representation of natureo Portray the real in idealized form

Leonardo da Vinci

The Last Supper

Raphael

Madonna in the Meadow

Raphael

School of Athens

Michaelangelo

Sistine Chapel

Michaelangelo

David

Caravaggio

The Artist and Social Status • Artists

oApprentices to masterso Patrons – commissionso Leonardo, Raphael, & MichelangelooHeroes – eccentric – creative genius

The Northern Renaissance

• Art was different: • Italy

o human formo realistic settingso fresco paintings

• Northo Gothic Cathedralso Stained glass windowso More emphasis on illuminated manuscripts

&Wooden panels for alter pieces

Jan Van Eyck

• Oil paint•Wide range of

color• Giovanni Arnolfini

and his Bride

Albrecht Duerer Adoration of the Magi

Section 3:The Origins of the Protestant

Reformation

Christian & Northern Renaissance Humanism

• Humanism spreads to Northern Europe – Renaissance Humanism (Christian Humanism)• Antiquity Classics + Religion

• Holy Scriptures & writings of early Church leaders

• Simple religion distorted by the Middle Ages

• Reform Program• Reformers – education – inward religious feelings

that would bring about reform in the church and society

Erasmus

• The Handbook of the Christian Knight• Christianity – guiding philosophy rather than

practices stressed by the medieval church

• inner v. external religiousness

• Latin Vulgate• Version of the Bible –errors

• New version

• Praise of Folly• Humorous – criticism of corruption

• Clergy

• Foundation of the Reformation

Sir Thomas Moore

• Italian Humanist• Learning = Service to the State• Christian family life• Utopia ("nowhere“)• Idealistic life and institutions

• Island (New World)o critique on society - Economic,

Social, and Political problems• New Social System

Church & Religion on the Eve of the Reformation

• Corruption in the Church• Failure of Renaissance Popes

• Parish Priests

• The Search for salvationo Pope Julius II – “warrior pope“o Fredrick the wise

o Relicso Indulgences

o Modern Devotiono disillusionment with Catholic clergy

Martin Luther

• What must I do to be saved?• Early Luther

• Germany

• Life as a Monk• University of Wittenberg

• Salvation?o faith alone-the key to salvationo Bible – Religious Truth

Martin Luther

• The Indulgence Controversey• Upset over the selling of Indulgenceso Johann Tetzel

o Selling Indulgences "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul

from purgatory springs"

• 95 Theses o Pope Leo X

"some drunken German monk who will amend his ways when he sobers up"

Martin Luther • A Break with the Church

o Sacramentso Doctrine of Salvation

• Edict of Wormso Charles V

"A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity must be wrong!"

o Frederick of Saxony

Martin Luther

• Rise of Lutheranismo Protesting Prince's of Germany

religious and political reasonso Catholic Masso Married Ministers

• The Peasants War

Martin Luther

• Politics of German Reformationo Religious and Political reasons for staying

Catholic

• Difficultieso Francis I (France)o Pope Clement VIIo Ottoman Empireo Politics of Holy Roman Empire

• Peace of Augsburg

Section 4:The Spread of the Protestant

Reformation & the Catholic Response

Spread of Protestant Reformation

• Spread of Protestant Reformation Concept Map Assignment

The Social Impact of the Reformation

• Familyo center of human lifeo status of womeno literacy

• Education o schools for everyoneo responsibility of the State

• Religious Practices & Popular Cultureo curtailing of religious practiceso ending of religious festivals and holy days

The Catholic Reformation

• Revival of the Oldo St Teresa of Avila o Capuchins

• Society of Jesuso Ignatius of Loyolao The Spirti

• 2 Major Activitieso educationo missions

A Revived Papacy

• Pope Paul IIIo Roman Inquisition or Holy Office

• Council of Trent

• Issues

• Moderates

• Conservatives

• Final Doctrine:

• Traditional

• Scripture

• Faith & Good Works

• Sacraments

• Clergy

• Purgutory