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The Protection and Remediation of Malaysia’s Groundwater Resources
Ed Fahnline
23 October 2013
EnsearchSustainability and Environmental Management Conference and Exhibition
Overview of Presentation
Groundwater resources and use in Malaysia
Threats to groundwater resources Groundwater protection measures Investigation of suspected groundwater
contamination Remediation of contaminated
groundwater Conclusions
Groundwater Resources in Malaysia
Malaysia population growth*• In 2010, approx. 28.6 million • By 2040, estimated to increase to 38.6 million
Estimated water use in Malaysia** • In 2010 approx. 13,200 Million Liters per Day (MLD)• By 2020, estimated to increase to approx. 16,500 MLD**
Estimated groundwater use** • 450 MLD (approx. 3.4 %) of total water use• 60 % domestic, 35 % industry, 5 % agriculture
*Population Projection, Malaysia. Population Projection, Malaysia 2010 - 2040 (Updated: 18/01/2013) , Website of the Department of Statistics, Malaysia**Ismail C. Mohamad, Mohammed Hatta Abd Karim (JMG), Groundwater Availability
and Quality in Malaysia, 2010
Groundwater Resources in Malaysia
Groundwater storage estimate: 5,000 billion m3* Annual recharge: 64 billion m3* Categories of potential groundwater resources**
• Alluvium (sand and gravel) most productive• Limestone (in developed areas must avoid creating sinkholes)• Sedimentary basins (mostly Sarawak)• Fractured sandstone, their metamorphic equivalent and
volcanic rock• Fractured igneous rock is least productive
*Based from JICA study 1982**Ismail C. Mohamad, Mohammed Hatta Abd Karim(Jmg) Groundwater Availability And Quality In Malaysia, 2010
Groundwater Resources in Malaysia
Ref. from Promoting Sustainable Development and Management of Groundwater, SaimSuratman, NAHRIM
Current and Future Use of Groundwater in Malaysia
Rural and village water supply • State of Kelantan, groundwater provides 40 % of
the potable water supply* Groundwater infiltration gallery extraction
underneath riverbed Water supply for industries with large
water demands• Mineral water and beverage
production, steel mills, paper mills, etc.• Stand-by to ensure no disruption to operations
*http://www.nahrim.gov.my/index.php/en/perkhidmatan/58/273-kajian-pencemaran-air-tanah-di-kawasan-kelantan-utara-
Current and Future Use of Groundwater in Malaysia
Long term water security• Climate change• Prolonged dry seasons• Population and industrial growth
Backup for emergency shut-down of water treatment plant• Four Klang Valley surface water
treatment plants shut down after oil spill into tributary of Sungai Selangor on 30 August, 2013.
http://www.thestar.com.my
Threats to Groundwater Resources
Release of industrial pollutants to soil and groundwater (leaking tanks, spills into drains, etc)
Contaminated landfill leachate Malfunctioning septic tanks
Leaking UST
Excavation of leaking Underground Storage Tanks (UST)
Threats to Groundwater Resources
Unsustainable abstraction rate Agricultural pollution Contaminated runoff into
recharge areas Recharge from polluted surface
water bodies Saltwater intrusion
Leaking UST
Groundwater Protection Measures
Malaysia environmental regulations and enforcement Authorities
State and local water management boards National Water Services Commission (SPAN) Abstraction licenses Spill prevention and control planning and training Groundwater resource mapping Aquifer protection plans
• Wellhead (recharge) protection areas Sustainable groundwater extraction Integrated Water Resources Management
Groundwater Protection Measures
Environmental Quality Act of 1974 and Amendments• Objective - to prevent, abate, control pollution and to
enhance the quality of the environment, and for purposes connected therewith
Contaminated Land Management & Control Guidelines • Issued by Department of Environment (DOE) in June 2009• Does not yet have legislative force• DOE’s intention for the CLMCGs to become the basis of
Regulations pursuant to the EQA 1974• Provides a framework for investigation and remediation of
contaminated soil and groundwater
Groundwater Protection Measures
Protecting groundwater at your property Recognize and manage contaminant threats to soil
and groundwater Identify chemical use, storage, and disposal
• Solvents, metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, PCBs, nitrates, etc.
Identify potential points of contamination release to environment • Leaking USTs• Scheduled waste yards• Cracks in pipes• Old buried wastes• Underside of corroded storage vessels
Groundwater Protection Measures
Identify potential points of contamination at your property and adjacent land
Groundwater Protection Measures
Protecting groundwater at your property Develop and maintain best practices to minimize
potential for releases to the environment Stop any ongoing sources of contamination into
subsurface Investigate suspected soil and groundwater
contamination Assess site contamination and potential need for soil
and groundwater remediation
Investigation of Suspected Groundwater Contamination
Ultimate objective of investigation is to develop a Conceptual Site Model (CSM) that identifies• How contamination entered the subsurface• Contaminants of concern• Source areas of highly concentrated contaminant mass• Distribution of contaminant in subsurface away from
source areas• Hydrology and contaminant transport mechanisms• Potential impacts to human health and environmental
receptors
Investigation of Suspected Groundwater Contamination
Generic Conceptual Site Model
Methods of Groundwater Investigation
Remote sensing analysis Geophysics Drilling and logging of boreholes Groundwater monitoring wells Collection of groundwater quality data Groundwater measurements
• Field parameters• Groundwater sampling• Aquifer testing
Well installation in Malaysia
Granite rock core
Innovative Methods of Groundwater Investigation
Isotope tracer Membrane Interface Probe (MIP) Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST) Passive
Diffusive Bag (PDB) sampler Flute technology to identify dense non-aqueous
phase liquids (DNAPL) Groundwater profiling using Waterloo Profiler
Innovative Methods of Groundwater Investigation
Ref. from GeoprobeSystems ® http://geoprobe.com/
Membrane Interface
Probe
Silty clay
MIP log
VOCsdetected
Sand
Innovative Methods of Groundwater Investigation
Borehole characterization• Flowmeters (heat, electromagnetic)• Geophysics (gamma, temperature)• Televiewers (optical, acoustic)• Caliper logging • Borehole liners• Packer testing
Groundwater Investigation
Example Site Subsurface Cross Section &
Monitoring Results
Example Site Subsurface Cross Section &
Monitoring Results
Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater
Based on the investigation and development of the CSM, the contaminant threat to potential receptors is evaluated• Potential for contamination to reach drinking water wells• Vapor intrusion to buildings• Contaminant migration to surface water• Direct contact by construction workers, etc.
The CLMCGs provide a framework for evaluating the risk posed to receptors and the methods to address this risk• Different methods to address risk are evaluated and a
preferred remedial action is selected
Remedial Action Alternatives
Containment of contaminant• Barriers • Hydraulic control, etc.
Administrative controls • Land use control• Access restrictions, etc.
Active remediation• In-situ technologies • Ex-situ technologies
Pump and treat for hydraulic control
Groundwater Remediation Technologies
Pump and treat Impermeable barriers Permeable reactive barriers Thermal remediation* Air sparging and soil vapor extraction In-situ chemical oxidation/reduction* Solar powered free product skimming* Enhanced in-situ bioremediation* Phytoremediation* Monitored natural attenuation More
Sustainable
Less Sustainable
*Innovative technology
Innovative Remedial Technologies
Next is a more detailed discussion for In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) Enhanced in-situ bioremediation Thermal remediation
Solar powered ISCO system
In-situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO)
ISCO is the delivery of a chemical oxidant or ozone to contaminated media to destroy target contaminants and convert them to innocuous compounds
(Mumford, 2002)
In-situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO)
Most commonly used chemical oxidants Hydrogen peroxide Permanganate Persulfate Ozone Percarbonate
Split-spoon sample showing injected into permanganate
in clay
ISCO Oxidant Delivery
Oxidant is typically injected into the subsurface using permanent or temporary injection wells
Example injection well Injection Network
ISCO Oxidant Delivery – Batch Injection
Batch Oxidant Injection Using Direct Push Drill Rig
Direction injectionof oxidant
Injection probe
Oxidant injection hole
ISCO Oxidant Delivery –Recirculation
When is ISCO appropriate?
High concentration, smaller targeted area Robust CSM has been developed Natural oxidant demand is reasonable Low potential for metals mobilization Able to effectively deliver oxidant to targeted source
area
Oxidant injection
Bioremediation
Bioremediation is the use of either naturally occurring or deliberately introduced microorganisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants
Ex-situ bioremediation (landfarming) for hydrocarbon contaminated soil is practiced in Malaysia
Mixing of biopileBiopile air injection and water addition
Natural Biological and Abiotic Attenuation
CSM of typical plume undergoing natural attenuation
Source
Enhanced Bioremediation
Injection of enhancing substances into groundwater to stimulate biodegradation in-situ requires1. Site characterization (the right site)2. Biostimulation (the right conditions)3. Bioaugmentation (the right microbes)
Injection well, substrate injection hoses, and substrate storage tank
Enhanced Bioremediation
1. Site characterization (the right site)• Develop CSM• Remedial evaluation
2. Biostimulation (the right conditions)• Substrates injected to stimulate microbial degradationOxygen (aerobic biodegradation – most effective for
hydrocarbons)Carbon based substrates (anaerobic biodegradation – most
effective for chlorinated solventsCommon carbon sources - Palm oil, sodium lactate,
molasses, corn syrup, etc.
Enhanced Bioremediation
3. Bioaugmentation (the right microbes)
Microbial reductive dechlorination to degrade
chlorinated solvents
Injection Well Installation
Injection of carbonsubstrate
Injection well drilling
Substrate Injection Equipment
Substrate injection unit with mixing tanks, pumps, valves, and controls to inject into multiple wells
Case Study – Enhanced In-situ Bioremediation Pilot Test in Malaysia
Chlorinated solvents in soil and groundwater at active facility
Site geology - alluvium (sand and silt) Requirements to create a biologically active zone to
completely degrade groundwater CVOCs at site: • Inject bicarbonate to increase pH in groundwater to near
neutral conditions • Inject electron donor (emulsified oil) which is necessary for
microbial reductive dechloration• Bioaugmentation via injection of dehalococcoides bacteria
(KB-1)
Case Study – Enhanced In-situ Bioremediation Pilot Test in Malaysia
Oil Emulsion Preparation
Case Study – Enhanced In-situ Bioremediation Pilot Test in Malaysia
Pressure Injection
Case Study – Enhanced In-situ Bioremediation Pilot Test in Malaysia
KB-1 Bioaugmentation – Oct 2011
Thermal Remediation
Improve the recovery of contaminants by increasing the formation temperature • In-situ Electrical Resistive Heating (ERH) applies an
electric current into the formation• Steam Enhanced Recovery (SER) injects steam
Dual Phase (vapor + liquid) Extraction (DPE) is used to capture the organic vapors• Vacuum applied to network of vadose zone extraction
wells• Extracted vapors and liquids treated prior to discharge
Thermal Remediation
Electrical Resistance Heating
Electrical Resistance Heating Of Soils At C-ReactorAt The Savannah River Site, Mark E. Farrar et al, 1-18-2010, http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=soilsproceedings
Thermal Remediation
Good for highly contaminated low permeability sites
Significant above-ground equipment Difficult to use at active facility Significant energy consumption Thermal treatment also used for organic vapor
destruction and ex-situ soil treatment
Case Study – Thermal Remediation for Solvents in USA
Interbedded clay, silt, and fine-grained sand to ~18 m bgs
DTW = 7.6 m to 10.7 m bgs
TCE, DCE, TPH in soil, soil vapor, and groundwater
DNAPL
Case Study – Thermal Remediation for Solvents in USA
Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH)
Dual Phase Extraction (DPE)
Case Study – Thermal Remediation for Solvents in USA
Large portions of treatment zone achieved target temp within 30 days
Case Study – Thermal Remediation for Solvents in USA
Operating since 20 March 2012 Through 52 days ~7,200 lbs removed ~88% of originally estimated mass (8,200
lbs)
Conclusion
Groundwater plays a growing and critical role and there needs to be a systematic approach to protection of the resource, elimination of threats, and remediation of existing impacts
Questions?
Thank you for your time
For more information contact:Ed Fahnline Geosyntec Consultants Sdn. Bhd.Petaling Jaya, MalaysiaEFahnline@geosyntec.com
www.geosyntec-asia.com.my
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