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The Poultry Industry
One of the fastest growing segments of the animal industry
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Modern Breed of chickens
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Single Comb White leghorn
Modern Breed of chickens
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Single Rhode Island Red
Modern Breed of chickens
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New Hampshire
Modern Breed of chickens
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White Plymouth Rock
Modern Breed of chickens
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Cornish
Modern Breed of chickens
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Barred Plymouth Rock
Modern Breed of chickens
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Light Sussex
Modern Breed of chickens
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White leg horn
Poultry
Broiler Layer
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Desi Breed Desi Breed
Poultry
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Chicken Anatomy
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Chicken Digestive system
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Chicken Respiratory system
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Chicken Respiratory system
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The Broiler Industry
• Today, almost all of the poultry is raised in large operations• The term broiler refers to chickens which are about 7-8 weeks
of age and are raised for meat.• Generally lighted 24 hours a day• Helps cut down on cannibalism • Process begins with the production of eggs that will be hatched
into chicks.• Parents are selected from breeds that are large and muscular• Most are hybrids derived from mating of different breeds• usually mated through artificial insemination results in hybrid
vigor
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Egg Production
• Eggs are expelled from the hens body and the embryo develops outside the mother’s body.
• Eggs are encased in a hard shell and can weigh several ounces• Process begins with the release of the ovum (yolk) from the
ovary• If the female has been mated, the ovum will be fertilized within
the infundibulum.• The albumin or white of the egg is secreted by cells in the
magnum.• Chalazae is formed, It is a ropelike substance which holds the
yolk in place in the center of the egg.
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Egg Production
• Inner and outer shell membranes are formed in the isthmus• The shell is formed in the uterus• In 18-20 hours the shell is completed and moves to the vagina
and out of the hens body.• Some facilities collect eggs with the use of a conveyor belt• The egg rolls out of the nest box and onto the belt• Eggs must be kept clean and free from contamination
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Egg hatching
• Eggs are stored at 70-80 degrees until being placed in the hatchery
• within 48 hours after incubation begins the embryo has developed a circulatory system
• Circulatory system sustains life by carrying nourishment from the yolk to the embryo
• Eggs are turned at least two times per day• Turning eggs keeps the embryo from sticking to the inside of
the shell• By the end of the first week, embryos are recognizable as
chickens
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Egg hatching
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Egg hatching
• After two weeks, the chicks are covered with down• incubation takes about 21 days. • After hatching, chicks are removed from the incubator, dried
off, cleaned, and placed in a warm dry environment.• The chicks are sexed and separated into groups.• At one day of age chicks are vaccinated and the beaks are
trimmed to prevent canabalism.• Chicks are then placed in ventilated cardboard boxes to be
shipped to the broiler house.
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Broiler Breeder SelectionKeep - Cull
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Broiler Breeder Placement
Is this chicken keep or cull?
A. Cull
B. Keep
If Cull, choose a reason
A. Cross Beak
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Broiler Breeder Placement
Is this chicken keep or cull?
A. Cull
B. Keep
If Cull, choose a reason
A. Cross Beak
B. Discolored or swollen hocks
C. Leg or foot abnormalities
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Broiler Breeder Placement
Is this chicken keep or cull?
A. Cull
B. Keep
If Cull, choose a reason
A. Cross Beak
B. Discolored or swollen hocks
C. Leg or foot abnormalities
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Broiler Breeder Placement
Is this chicken keep or cull?
A. Cull
B. Keep
If Cull, choose a reason
A. Cross Beak
B. Discolored or swollen hocks
C. Leg or foot abnormalities
D. Crooked toes, greater than 90º
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STRESSORS
Cold
Humidity
BacteriaViruses
Protozoa
Loud Noises
BeakTrimming
Parasites
PoorVentilation
Mold &Mycotoxins
NH3/H2S
HeatDust
Vaccination
RoughHandling
PoorSanitation
Molting
Weighing
PeckingOrder
FeedRestriction
NutritionalDeficiencies
Poor LitterQuality
Dirty Water
Crowding
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COMMERCIAL BROILERS
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SIMILAR BASIC REQUIREMENTS…FOR…
BROODINGNUTRITION
HOUSING AND EQUIPMENTMANAGEMENT
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Brooding
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ALL THE BIRD’S BODYSYSTEMS ARE DEVELOPING 35
1-DAY OLD BROILER CHICK
RESIDUAL YOLK
IMMATUREDIGESTIVE TRACT
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HATCH1 WEEKOF AGE
TOTAL MASS IS 4 FOLDGREATER THAN REST OF BODY
Gut development
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DURING EMBRYOGENESIS THE DIGESTIVE TRACT DEVELOPS
BEFORE THE BRAIN
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COMMERCIAL SCALE
BROODING
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SMALL SCALE
BROODING
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BROODING UNITS
LAMP-TYPE BROODER 41
BROODING
BROODING HEAT SOURCES 42
BROODING UNITS
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THE CHICKS WILL TELL YOUIF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE
WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO DETERMINEIF THE CHICKS ARE COMFORTABLE
IN THE BROODER ?
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BROODINGTHE CHICKS WILL TELL YOU IF THEY ARE COMFORTABLE
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BODY
WEI
GH
T
AGE
1000 HOURS
MOST CRITICAL PERIOD
42 DAYS
TODAY’S MEAT-TYPE BIRDSGROW VERY RAPIDLY
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….FACT….WHEN FEED INTAKE DECLINESGUT DEVELOPMENT DECLINES
Gut development
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Crop fill
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IMPORTANT NUTRITIONAL CONCEPT
NUTRITIONIS FIXED
NUTRITIONIS NOT FIXED
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NUTRITIONALLY SPEAKINGWHAT ARE THE ONLY SIX
THINGS CHICKENS NEED ?
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SIX MAJOR NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATELIPID
PROTEIN
VITAMINSMINERALS
WATER52
VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF NUTRITION TO REMEMBER
…..ENERGY IS NOT A NUTRIENT…..IT IS A “PROPERTY” OF THREE NUTRIENTS
CARBOHYDRATE
LIPID
PROTEIN 53
VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT OF POULTRY NUTRITION TO REMEMBER
MOST POULTRYEAT THE AMOUNT OF FEED THEY NEED IN
ORDER TO MEET AN ENERGY REQUIREMENT54
IMPORTANT FACT TO REMEMBER
…TODAY…FEED COSTS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY
75% OF THE TOTAL COST OFPRODUCING MEAT AND EGGS
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“CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION” 1) USE THE CORRECT FEED FOR EACH AGE & BIRD TYPE
STARTER GROWER FINISHER LAYER
“General Nutrition”
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GIZZARD & PROVENTRICULUS(VENTRICULUS)
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KOILIN LINING 59
KOILIN LINING OF GIZZARD
GROOVES
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GRITFED FOR ONLY ONE PURPOSE
NOT NECESSARY IF MASH OR PELLETS ARE FED ALONE 61
KOILIN LAYER
GIZZARD
GRIT
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HOW MUCH WATER WILL POULTRY DRINK
?
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BROILER AGE AND WATER CONSUMPTION
BODY WEIGHT
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DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION
DAYS OF AGE X 6 ML
“BROILERS”(UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS)
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