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Huge Perspectives for Small Satellites
Pico-Satellites for Internet of Space Applications
Prof. Dr. Klaus SchillingZentrum für Telematik
Magdalene-Schoch-Str. 5D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
schi@informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de
2nd IEEE IoT Vertical and Topical Summit: IoT meets IoS, Orlando, 20.1.2019
The Next Challenge:
Pico-Satellite Formations
Huge Perspectives for Small Satellites
Next technology driver :
Internet of Things (IoT)
with expected 25 billion
nodes by 2020 includes
significant fraction not
covered by fiber glas
Internet of Space (IoS)
promoted by IEEE
Changing markets for Small Satellites:
From Academia to Commerce - since 2014
the majority of small satellites is commercial
2017
Huge Perspectives for Small Satellites
Small Satellites: From technology
demonstration to Earth Observation
2009 - 2013 2014 - 2016Source:
SpaceWorks, 2014 Nano/Microsatellite Market Assessment
Huge Perspectives for Small Satellites
The Small Satellite Market
Largest expected increase in CubeSat constellations.
Predictions of launches for 2017 are corrected from
250 (as in the table) to 475 pico- and nano-satellites
Expected perspectives
• towards decentralized distributed spacecraft systems
• from constellations (individually controlled from
ground) to self-organizing formations in orbit
Small satellites offer
• faster innovation cycles
due to shorter satellite
realization period
• at the cost of one
traditional satellite
many small satellites
can be provided
• use of high perfor-
mance commercial
components
Huge Perspectives for Small Satellites
Motivation for Future Commercial Growth
Global market volume in IoT:2017: 195 Billion $2020: 457 Billion $expected yearly groth rate 30 %(source VDI-Nachrichten 20.4.2018)
Source:Booz & C 2012
Internet of Things (IoT)
is expected to connect
until 2020 more than 25
billion devices.
Source:CISCO
Internet of Space
“Internet of Things” requires also data access to remote locations (by example oil platforms in deep sea, mines in mountains,…) and to mobile systems (trains crossing deserts, transport drones, autonomous cars, airplanes over the oceans, ships on sea, ….)
Huge Perspectives for Small Satellites
By using pico-satellites a space based communication system can provide the following properties…
• global availability
• 24/7 h service
• low cost implementation opportunities
• support of energy-autonomous sensor systems
• safe and high availability data transfer for professional applications (monitoring, process
management and control, ...)
Pico-Satellites support paradigm change in space technology towards “faster – less expensive –
high commercialization potential”
Introduction
Huge Perspectives for Small Satellites
Earlier Approaches for global telecommunication networks: Iridium, GlobalStar, …
Recent announcements:
• OneWeb asked for permission of operations of 720
LEO-satellites in V-band and an additional constellation
in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) of 1.280 satellites.
• Boeing proposed a global network of initially 1.396, later
2.956 satellites in low Earth orbits (LEO) in V-band (37 GHz up
to low 50 GHz-range)
• SpaceX, analyses a LEO-constellation in
V-band composed of 7.518 satellites, following the
earlier proposed 4.425 satellites in Ka- and Ku-Band.
• The Canadian company Telesat planes its LEO
constellation in V-band as successor of the Ka-Band LEO-constellation with 117
satellites.
• Samsung planed 2015 a 4600-satellite-constellation in
1.400 km altitude, providing 200 Gigabytes Internet capacity per month.
Internet of Space Market Development
Huge Perspectives for Small Satellites
Planet produces pico-satellites with dimension
30 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm for Earth observation
with about 3 - 5 m resolution
Picture taken by Dove
pico-satellites
Commercial Perspectives for Small Satellites
in Earth Observation
2017: about 150 Dove
satellites flying in a
constellation are operational
The companies Spire (San Francisco) and
PlanetiQ (Boulder, Colorado) detect with a
pico-satellite constellation atmospheric deviations
of GPS-signals and infer weather characteristics
(like temperature, pressure, humidity)
Application Areas for Pico-Satellite Formations
Key Technology Development Areas:
National Academy of Science Recommendations“ Constellations of 10 to 100 science spacecraft would have the potential to enable
critical measurements for space science and related space weather, weather and
climate, as well as some astrophysics and planetary science topics. Therefore NASA
should develop the capability to implement large-scale constellation missions
taking advantage of CubeSats or CubeSat derived technology and a philosophy of
evolutionary development.
NASA and other relevant agencies should invest in technology
development programs in four areas that the committee believes
will have the largest impact on science missions:
• high bandwidth communications,
• precision attitude control,
• propulsion and
• the development of miniaturized instrument technology.”
(source: NAS report “Achieving Science with CubeSats”, 2016)
Full report can be downloaded at: www.nap.edu/cubesats
Huge Perspectives for Small Satellites
Key Technology Development Areas:
Propulsion
Propulsive capabilities in terms of effective CubeSat velocity change for every 100 g of propellant
(source: NAS report “Achieving Science with CubeSats”, 2016)
Technology developments for pico-satellite formations
Improvement of attitude control capabilities with time. Many scientific missions especially in
astrophysics, would benefit from control below a few tens of arcseconds
. (source: NAS report “Achieving Science with CubeSats”,2016)
Key Technology Development Areas:
Attitude and Orbit Determination & Control
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
ZfT / S4 GmbH /Uni Würzburg: Our Expertise
for distributed networked pico-satellite systemsRoles: • Uni Würzburg has emphasis on basic research
• ZfT acts as technology provider
• S4 GmbH is providing commercial, advanced pico-satellite products
(UWE = University Würzburg’s Experimental satellites)
2025 CloudCT: computer tomography of clouds by 10 pico-satellites
2020 TIM, TOM satellite formation with 12 pico-satellites
- photogrammetry for Earth Observation
2020 QUBE secure communication by
quantum technologies
2019 NetSat-1 to NetSat-4 Formation
– Formation Control, DTNs, MANets
2018 UWE-4
- Position & Orbit Control
2013 UWE-3
- Attitude Control
2009 UWE-2
- Attitude- and Orbit Determination
2005 UWE-1
- Telecommunication “Internet in Space”UWE-3
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Reliable Data Handling by Commercial Low Power On
Board Microprocessors Using Radiation Shielding by
Software
• Miniaturization leads to higher susceptibility to spaceradiation environment
• Only commercial of the shelf electronics was used
• Fault detection, identificationand recovery by software and simple watch-dog function
Despite significant radiation encountered, UWE-3 runs now since launch for more than 5 yearswithout any interruption, despite encountered SEUs and latch-ups
Future developments address provision of distributed computational resources integrated on different spacecraft of a formation
Redundant microcontrollers withmutual supervision and recovery
Redundant serial flash for mass storage
High Precison real-time clock
latchup protection and quad-redundant power cycling unit
Technology Challenge:
Reliable Robust Pico-Satellites
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Attitude Determination and Control System
Integrated magnetic torquer, Sun
sensor and magnetometer on the
backside of each solar array panel
Miniature reaction wheelcombined with low power ADCScontrol board
Technology Challenge:
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Technology Challenge:
3-Axes attitude control systemFour such miniature reaction wheels are combined to form a 3-axes control system with nominal operation power need of just 0.5 W, providing even redundancy by the fourth wheel; for desaturation magnetorquers are used.
Miniature 3-Axes Attitude
Precision Control System
• Efficient Reaction Wheel• Momentum storage 2.0 mNms
• Nominal rotational speed 19 000 rpm
• Nominal torque 0.1 mNm
• Mass < 20 g
• Dimension 20×20×20 mm
• Power (nominal) < 200 mW
Informatik VII:Robotik und Telematik
Forschungszentrum Adaptive RobotikPico-Satellite FormationsComputer Science VII:
Robotics & TelematicsProf. Dr. Schilling
Electric Propulsion System for Orbit Control and De-Orbitingis flown on UWE-4 (launched December 2018)
Determination of attitude by
magnetometers, gyros and Sun sensors,
while an electrical propulsion system is
used for corrections
Electrical propulsion
systems comparing
FEEP- und Micro-
Arc-Thrusters
Technology Challenge: Orbit Control for Pico-Satellites
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
UNISEC Europe Bus Design:
1st time implemented in UWE-3
Miniaturized, flexible and modular structure
allows easy integration of instruments, parts and components from different
partners
Standardization Challenge:
Flexible Design for Electrical Interfaces
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Standardization of electrical IF: no Harness,
Modular and Flexible Satellite System Design
Technology Innovations: Standards
Electrical IF Standards supported by UNISEC Europehttp://unisec-europe.eu/standards/bus/
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Development Boards for
UNISEC Europe Electrical Interface Standard
Related development boards support development implementation phase as well as
EGSE functionalities after launch. Can be ordered from www.s4-space.com
Helpful features:
• provides efficient interfaces to
computers during development
and simulation tests
• supports flexible, modular
satellite architecture
• provides fast and easy access
for comparisons between
different variants of
subsystems
• easy integration: realizes
UNISEC Europe electrical
interface standard
Technology Innovations: Standards
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Spin-offs ZfT and S4 GmbH offer a broad spectrum
of high-performance CubSat products and reliable, low-
power miniature Subsystems (OBDH, AOCS, backplane,…)
taylored to costumer needs
Our Products
Our ambition:
High quality space products
at smallest size possible
Application Areas
LNA
PA
RX/TX SW
Synthesizer
MODEM
Mixer
Antenne
40,00
20
,00
6,5
0
14,00
14
,00
Ref. Clk
RF FilterIF Filter
Inter-Satellite Link: X-Band Antenna
Frequency 10,475 GHz
Relative Distance 100 km
Application Areas
Optical Link Capacity
OSIRIS4CubeSat (by DLR IKN)• Highly compact system design
(~0,3U) • Data rates up to 100 Mbit/s at 8 W
power consumption • Active beam steering + body pointing • Basis for scientific and demonstration
missions
Sender module of 4 laserdiodes with outcouplers, polarizing (PBS) and polarization independent (BS) beamnspliitters , as well as a λ/2 –plate rotating the polarization
Orbits for Formations
The orbitsFour nano-satellites in a Cartwheel-Helix formation
Orbits for Formations
90 % of worldwide transports are done by ships. The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is used to avoid collisions. The first AIS data from AISSat-1 (a 20 cm cube). The yellow and orange symbols show the new AIS data that the satellite gives in addition to the data from the land-based network shown in turquoise symbols. (credits: FFI)
The Automatic Identification System (AIS) for
Railway Transport Tracking
Orbits for Formations
Concrete Examples
GP-Aims – Monitoring of Railway Traffic by Pico-SatellitesRailways provide efficient and ecological mean for inter-continental
transport. Tracking of containers can be economically realized by a
network of pico-satellites in LEO. Sensor and localisation data from trains
will be transferred to the monitoring
and control center. Relevance for inter-
national program “one belt, one road”.
Partner consortium:
Orbits for Formations
GP-AIMSMotivation for prevention of accidents
Severe accident in Viareggio/Italy 2009 due to broken axle
Navigation unit:NavMaster RT-EX
The Automatic Identification System (AIS) for Railway Transport Tracking
Orbits for Formations
GP-AIMSData acquisition/telematics
RodoTAG® with data logger
aJour® Telematics unitt
RodoTAG® withexternal energy supply
The Automatic Identification System (AIS) for Railway Transport Tracking
Orbits for Formations
GP-AIMSVisualisation
• important events are marked at the railway route
• visualisation enables survey representation or high resolution zoom
• further interesting visualisation potential will be realized with availability of first test datas
The Automatic Identification System (AIS) for
Railway Transport Tracking
Orbits for Formations
Industrial Examples
Industrial partners
Injection molding machine 52 at
Procter & Gamble facility
Robotic arm and RobOffice Software
by KUKA industry
Orbits for Formations
Telemaintance-ToolInteraction
Observed savings:
Reduced maintenance costs
(especially by external
technicians)
Secure, QoS
regulated connection
Mobile Environment
of the service
technician: tablet,
data glass
Control station: Chat, File-
Transfer, Robot-Control,
Multi-Cam, Paint
Orbits for Formations
Application Scenarios:
Quantum Encryption via Satellite for
Secure and Bugproof Communication: Project QUBE
S4 and ZfT build a small and cost-efficient satellite,
carrying as payload a quantum computing equipment
(LMU Munich, MPL Erlangen) and optical link
(DLR Oberpfaffenhofen) in order to test key
components for secure communication
China’s Micius satellite, launched in
August 2016 on the frontpage of
“Science” June 2017
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Our Missions: in Telecommuncations
QUBE - Quantum encryption via satellite
QUBE pico-satellite – Exploded View
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Our Missions: in Telecommuncations
QUBE - Quantum encryption via satellite
QUBE ground station – Optical Antenna
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Our Missions: in Telecommuncations
QUBE - Quantum encryption via satellite
Future Pico-Satellite Network for Quantum Key distribution in
Encryption Applications
ZfT-Test Facilities for Pico-Satellite Formations
Preparations for Würzburg’s
Multi Satellite Simulation Environment
Turntables providing high precision and high
dynamics capabilities for inter-satellite link testing
Current Technology Achievements for Pico-Satellites
Technology achievements in the field of small satellites
modular, flexible design with standardized interfaces via backplane
suitable attitude determination and control capabilities
robust miniaturized on-board data handling system
orbit control capabilities by electric propulsion
Networked satellite systems offer efficient approaches for
high spatial and temporal resolution of observation data
affordable low-bandwidth communication
cooperatively solving faster more complex tasks by parallelization
higher fault tolerance and robustness of the overall system
scalability (according to application needs further satellites can be added)
Application aspects
Efficiency of flow of materials and logistics can be increased at global
scale by networked satellite systems
Closing the control loop via realtime communication links by LEO
satellites enables interactive solutions
Conclusions
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