The Nervous System

The BiologicalPerspective

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SplitMotorLobesLimbicHind

ReflexSynapseActionStructure Central

Links to Learning ObjectivesLinks to Learning Objectives

NS, NEURONS & NERVES

LO 2.1 Nervous system, neurons, nerves

LO 2.2 Neural communication

CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL NS

LO 2.3 Brain and spinal cord

LO 2.4 Somatic and autonomic systems

STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN

LO 2.5 Studying the brain

LO 2.6 Bottom part of the brain

LO 2.7 Control of emotion, learning,

memory, & motivation

LO 2.8 Control of senses and movement

LO 2.9 Higher forms of thought

LO 2.10 Left and right sides of the brain

THE CHEMICAL CONNECTION

LO 2.11 Hormones & the nervous system

Nervous System, Neurons & NervesNervous System,

Neurons & NervesNervous System,

Neurons & Nerves

Carries information

fromall

partsof

thebody

ervous systemervous system

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Branches of Nervous SystemBranches of Nervous System

PERIPHERAL

Autonomic Somatic

Para Sympathetic

CENTRAL

Spinal Chord

2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves?

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Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

CENTRAL

Spinal Chord

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PERIPHERAL

Autonomic Somatic

Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

Para Sympathetic

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NeuroscienceNeuroscience

• Neuroscience – study of neural structures, behavior and learning

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Structure of the NeuronStructure of the Neuron

Dendrites

Myelin

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Repairing Nerve Fibers

“…axons of neurons found in the body are also coated with a thin membrane called the neurilemma, or Schwann’s membrane. This membrane, which surrounds the axon and the myelin sheath, serves as a tunnel through which damaged nerve fibers can repair themselves.”

-Page 50 (Ciccarelli & White)

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Generating the Message: Neural ImpulseGenerating the Message: Neural Impulse

• All or none – like the firing of a gun, the neuron either fires completely or it does not fire at all

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Generating the Message: Neural ImpulseGenerating the Message: Neural Impulse

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The SynapseThe Synapse2.2 How do neurons use neurotransmitter to communicate?

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Neuron CommunicationNeuron Communication

• Excitatory neurotransmitter - causes receiving cell to fire– agonists mimic/enhance

neurotransmitter effect on receptor sites

• Inhibitory neurotransmitter - causes receiving cell to stop firing– antagonists block/reduce cell’s

response to other neurotransmitters

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Cleaning Up The SynapseCleaning Up The Synapse

Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems

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Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System

• Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord– spinal cord - bundle

of neurons carries messages between body and brain

2.3 How do the brain and spinal cord interact?

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Reflex Arc: Three Types of NeuronsReflex Arc: Three Types of Neurons

Afferent (sensory) neurons

Efferent (motor) neurons

Interneurons

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Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System

• Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - all nerves and neurons not contained in the CNS– allows brain to

communicate with senses

2.4 How do the autonomic and somatic nervous systems interact and control?

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Autonomic NS: ParasympatheticAutonomic NS: Parasympathetic

“Rest and digest”

Some psychologists believe that extraverts are seeking to increase naturally low autonomic arousal.

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Autonomic NS: SympatheticAutonomic NS: Sympathetic

“Fight or Flight”

END OF FIRST SECTION OF SLIDES

Jump to next section

Lecture ActivitiesLecture Activities

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Neural Squeeze Chain

What is your reaction time like? How many inches per second does a neural impulse travel? Let’s find out. We will need a stopwatch, a calculator and a little touching…

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• If the neural impulse fires with same “strength” every time it fires, how can you tell the difference among different stimulus intensities?

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• In small groups, discuss how the sympathetic NS functions help out in a “fight or flight” situation. What are the implications when the sympathetic NS remains active for extended time periods?

The Nervous System

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