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The Nature of Living Things: How They Are Organized. Chapter 2. Taxonomy of Living Things. Next. Monera. Table. Protists. Table. Fungi. Table. Plants. Table. Animals. Table. Levels of Organization. Eukaryotic Cells. Prokaryotic Cells. Eukaryotic Cells Structures. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Nature of Living Things:How They Are Organized
Chapter 2
Taxonomy of Living ThingsKingdom Features Examples
Monera • Prokaryotic• Unicellular
Bacteria
Protista • Eukaryotes that “don’t fit into other kingdoms”• Most are unicellular
Amoeba, Algae, Slime Molds
Fungi • Filamentous eukaryotes Yeast, Bread Mold
Plantae • Photosynthetic• Multicellular• Have cell walls
Moss, Flowering plants, Conifers
Animalia • Multicellular• Non-photosynthetic
Coral, Insects, Mammals
Next
Monera
Table
Protists
Table
Fungi
Table
Plants
Table
Animals
Table
Levels of OrganizationEukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic Cells
• more complex• contain a nucleus• membrane-bound organelles• protists, fungi, plants, and animals
• simple cells• no nucleus• no organelles•bacteria
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells StructuresOrganelles Function
Plasma membrane Permeable cell membrane; separates external and internal environment
Nucleus Contains DNA
Cytoplasm Part of the cell between the nucleus and plasma membrane; contains cytosol
Ribosome Site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria Site of aerobic respiration (ATP synthesis)
Chloroplast Contains chlorophyll; site for photosynthesis
Cell wall Boundary outside cell membrane
Eukaryotic Nucleus
Cellular MoleculesSmall Organic Molecules Macromolecules
• Occur free in solution in cytoplasm• Examples: - Simple sugars - Fatty acids - Amino acids - Nucleotides
• Larger molecules • Made of chains (polymers) of simpler/smaller molecules that act as building blocks (monomers)• Examples: - Proteins - Nucleic acids - Polysaccharides
Small Organic Molecules
Glucose
Nucleotides
Macromolecules
Smaller Organic Molecule or Monomers
Macromolecule or Polymer
Macromolecules
Amino Acids (Monomers)
Proteins (Polymer)
Macromolecules
Nucleotides (Monomers)
Nucleic Acid (Polymer)
Proteins• Long polymers made up of many monomers
(amino acids)• 20 different amino acids can combine in
different number and sequence to produce huge variety of proteins
• Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form long chains, polypeptide chains
For example:
Function of Proteins
• Structural – help make up cells and cell membranes
• Catalysts (enzymes) or substrates (reactants)• Help regulate production of other proteins
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/
Enzymes
• Group of proteins that catalyze chemical reactions
DNA Structure
DNA Structure• Nucleotides join together to form long strands• DNA consists of two strands• Strands twist around each other to form a double helix• Nucleotides are held together by a phosphodiester bond
– Connects the sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate of another
• Nucleotide sequence can vary
Phosphodiester bonds
Polarity of DNA
• Each strand of nucleotides has a 5’ end and 3’ end– The 3’ end used to bond to another nucleotide– The 5’ end is attached to the phosphate group
of the nucleotide
• A strand of DNA runs from the 5’ 3’
•Each carbon in the deoxyribose is numbered 1’-5’
DNA Structure
• DNA consists of two strands joined together by hydrogen bonds between the base pair
• Base pairs are complementary on opposite strands– Adenine only base pairs with thymine– Guanine only base pairs with cytosine
• Two strands are considered antiparallel because the polarity of each strand opposite– Necessary for nitrogen bases to align and form
hydrogen bonds
DNA Animations
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/dna.html#
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/
• http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAanatomy.html• http://
www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/DNA_structure.html
Images taken from:
• http://s569.photobucket.com/albums/ss139/kateharsh/Monera/?action=view¤t=bacecoli.png&newest=1
• http://www.williamsclass.com/SixthScienceWork/Classification/ClassificationNotes/ClassificationNotes.htm
• http://www.scientificentertainment.com/Brain-Eating_Amoeba.html• http://scienceblogs.com/neurotopia/2009/12/friday_weird_science_the_milli.php• http://waynesword.palomar.edu/slime1.htm• http://inhabitat.com/2009/01/19/moss-carpet-by-nguyen-la-chanh/• http://plantimporters.com/plantphotos5.htm• http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/aa-oct-08/• http://www.mghs.sa.edu.au/Internet/Faculties/Science/Year8/livingWorld.htm• http://www2.volstate.edu/UGarimella/BIOL1010/BIOL1010lab.htm• http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect20/A12c.html• https://www.lakelawnandpond.com/WeedItemGroups.aspx?weed=46• http://www.biologyjunction.com/fungi_notes_b1.htm• http://soe.ucdavis.edu/ms0809/180Sec1/WongJ/Web/Default.html• http://www.insectcollectorshop.com/• http://sdakotabirds.com/species/baltimore_oriole_info.htm • http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcid.php• http://accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/aminoAcids2.php• http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/what-makes-an-amino-acid• http://www.npc.edu.hk/~chem/news/3_03/Hair%20Waves.htm• http://www.bioss.ac.uk/~dirk/genomeOdyssey/go_1955_to_66.html
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