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The Muslim “Gunpowder” EmpiresChapter 19
Geography The Ottoman Empire began in the
Middle East The Ottoman Empire expanded from
where the Muslim Empire began (the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia)
It continued to spread to cover parts of North Africa, the Balkans, and Europe. Included areas such as Turkey, Persia,
India, and China
Three “Gunpowder” Empires There were three gunpowder empires-
Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Similarities:
All of them were Muslim Formed by conquerors Mastered modern warfare (firearms) Rose at the same time
Absolutism The Ottoman Empire began with the
decline of feudalism, the spirit of the Renaissance, the European encounter with the Americas, the Reformation, and the Commercial Revolution
Ottomans, like the monarchs that were ruling Europe, used gunpowder and large armies to take over their land.
The Ottoman Empire (1300-1700) Ottoman Empire is named after Osman-
a Turkish sultan whose military won in 1301.
Osman’s army took over the land of modern day Turkey
Ottoman Empire expanded in the 1400s and 1500s to include Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; all with Muslim influences.
Here Come the Ottomans! By the 1400s, the Byzantine Empire was
in decline Faced a growing threat from the
Ottomans Ottomans: nomadic, Turkish speaking
group These people migrated from Central
Asia and Asia Minor
Here Come the Ottomans! Ottomans began moving and
threatening the Byzantine Empire Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the
Battle of Kosovo (1389) 1390: Ottomans annexed Bulgaria Ottomans controlled the Bosporus and
Dardanelles Straits
Siege of Constantinople 1453: Ottomans took over the Byzantine
capital of Constantinople The siege was led by Mehmed II: “the
Conqueror” April 6, 1453- bombarded
Constantinople with massive cannons Once the Byzantine Empire died, the
Ottomans took over
Rise of Istanbul Mehmet changed the name to Istanbul Made the once Christian city a major
city of the Ottoman Muslim Empire Rebuilt the Ottoman Empire Built universities, mosques, and schools
Rise of Istanbul Madrases- religious schools; major
attraction for immigrant scholars Hagia Sophia- Justinian’s church that
was turned into a mosque Istanbul- one of the world’s largest cities
at the time with 700,000 people
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Sultan Selim I- Conquered Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia Holy cities: Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina
Also expanded into southern Europe- Balkans and Russia
Suleyman I- took over Hungary At the peak of the Ottoman Empire, it
covered three continents- Europe, Middle East, and North Africa
Reasons for Ottoman Success New military technology Cannons- used to take down
Constantinople’s walls Well equipped foot soldiers Increased battlefield effectiveness
Three Groups that Sustained the Invasions Gazis:
Warrior “war leader” of Islam Warriors inspired by Islam to conquer territories
and bring them to Dar al-Islam Government hospital to Islam
Sufis: Member of a religious order Often come with troops to spread Islam
Janissaries: Elite Ottoman foot soldiers Slaves to Captured Christians forced to convert
Life Under Ottoman Rule Imperial Sultans
Sultans “hold power” Military and political head of state under
the Seljuk Turks Became isolated from his people Hereditary- not always the first son though Private domain- harem- “sacred place” Topkapi Palace- “iron gate”- center of
sultan’s power
Ulema Group of religious scholars Sunni Muslims Sultans claimed the “caliph” since
1500s Theory: sultan is responsible for guiding
and maintaining Islamic law Religious practices: sultan was given
responsibility from a group a religious advisers
Grand Vizier Ottoman sultan’s chief minister who
carried out the main burdens of the state and led council meetings
Did the typical day to day governing Council was needed to control the large
bureaucracy Met 4 days a week
Pashas Bureaucrats The Ottoman Empire was governed by
provinces and districts Pasha- an appointed official of the
empire who collected taxes, maintained law and order, and was directly responsible to the sultan’s court
A Diverse Society Social classes:
Men of the pen- highly educated people: scientists, lawyers, judges
Men of the sword- military Men of Negotiation- businesspeople:
bankers, tax collectors, artisans
**Top two classes were made up entirely of Muslims
Millets Non-Muslims communities Each Miller was allowed to maintain its own
religious traditions and educate its people Had to obey Ottoman law Paid tax Devshirme system- Christians who
converted to Islam were offered positions in the military and bureaucracy
Ottoman Achievements Ottoman Empire absorbed the
influenced of the Byzantine Empire Had Greco-Roman and Middle East
influences Justinian: introduced silk cultivation Ottomans: silk for courts, wool rugs
Sultan Suleyman’s Golden Age Called the “Magnificent” by the
Europeans Suleyman was a military leader Had absolute power
Strengthened the government Based his government on Sharia
Decline of the Ottoman Empire Internal Disorder
Nationalism and internal rebellions Government corruption and poor
leadership Constant wars Government positions were given based
on relation not based on merit Increased taxes Wars were costly
Ottoman Decline European Advances
Europeans had better military technology Battle of Lepanto- Spanish and Italian
forces defeated the Ottomans (1571) European economy was stronger than the
Ottoman Empire’s Ottoman’s did not industrialize Fell behind economically
The Safavid Empire
Rise of the Safavid Dynasty Esma ‘il the Founder
Began in the 1500s: new dynasty that took control after years of chaos
1501: Took over control of present day Iran and Iraq
Ema ‘il called himself the shah (king)of the Persian state
He was a descendant of Safial-Din Safi al-Din was a militant religious teacher
Shah Esma ‘il Devote Shiite Muslim Aggressive, militant, and intolerant Shia Muslims believe in the successors of
Muhammad Made conversion to the Shia faith
mandatory Declared it the state religion Ordered the massacre of Sunni Muslims
in 1508
Tension between the Ottomans and Safavids Ottoman Empire was tolerant; Safavids
were not Ottoman rulers tried to stop Safavid
leaders from forcing civilians to convert This led to tension between Ottomans
and the Safavids
Glory and Decline Shah Abbas
Shah moved against the Ottomans Sought to gain territory Used cavalry (soldiers on horseback) and
infantry armed with gunpowder and weapon
Imported European weapons, equipment, technicians, and advisors
New capital- Esfahan
Decline After Shah Abbas’ death, empire
declined Difficult to bring together diverse
peoples and interests Power of the Shiite religion rose Persian women were forced to be
secluded and wear a veil Safavid ruling family were forced to
retreat
Society of Safavids Mixed Society
Safavids came into power to support the nomadic Turkish
Majority of the people were Persian Most were farmers or townspeople
The Position of Shah Shah was the head of the bureaucracy Appointment to senior positions were
dependent on merit not birth Shah Abbas: hired foreigners from
neighboring countries Absolute ruler
Economy and Trade Shahs played active role in trade and
manufacturing Large middle class involved in trade Used Baazars Most goods traveled by camel caravans
or by horses This empire is not as prosperous as the
Ottoman Empire
Isfahan Shah’s capital Well planned and ordered city One of the largest cities Markets, mosques, shops, factories Trade was stimulated by a Western
demand for Persian carpets
The Mogul Empire (1526-1857)
Babur Founder: Babur Location: Present day India Inherited Tamerlane’s land Moguls are a mixture of Mongol and
Turkish people Had four emperors: Akbar, Jehangir,
shah Jahan, Aurangzeb
Sikhism New religion Blending elements of Islamic Sufism and
Hinduism Sikhs believe in one god Sikhs stress the belief in one god,
stressing that mankind’s goal is unity with the deity
Akbar the Great Religiously tolerant
Babar’s grandson Only 14 years old when he came to the
throne Brought most of present day India under
his throne Wanted to end hostility and bring peace
to the land
Examples of Religious Tolerance of Akbar the Great Invited representatives of all religious to
his court His wife was a Hindu princess Abolished tax on Hindu pilgrims
Government Upper ranks of Akbar;s government
were filled with non-native Muslims Lower officials were Hindu Zamindars- a local official who received
a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government
All Indian peasants were required to pay 1/3 of their annual harvest to the state
Trade Indian goods: textiles, tropical food
products, spices, and precious stones Merchants flourished
Decline of Mogul’s Decline occurred under Shah Jahan He wanted to expand the land Had no income and internal chaos Most people lived in poverty Built the Taj Mahal
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