The Most Complex Machines Ever (v3)

1

The$Most$Complex$Machines$Ever$

Nano6Technology$Enterprise,$M.phil$Seminar$3mar15:$Uo.Cambridge,$Uk.$

$Pdf$and$SlideCast$@$hGp://ianp24.blogspot.com$

$Opinions$expressed$are$my$own$...$

$

$

Prof. Ian Phillips

Principal Staff Engineer ARM Ltd

ian.phillips@arm.com

Visiting Prof. at ...

Contribution to Industry Award 2008

3v0

2

Two$Driving$MoNvaNons$…$

!  That:&Every&18mth&Moore’s&Law&gives&us&around&2x&the&‘capacity’&for&producing&ever&more&Appealing,&but&Complex&machines&to&enhance&our&lives&…&!  Containing(many(+ny(but(individually(engineered(components(many(being(just(14nm(big(today(…((

(…(these(are(the(most(Sophis+cated/Complex(machines(that(have(ever(been(made(by(man(!  And(the(next(years,(ever(more(so(...(

!...!We!need!to!understand!how!we!are!going!to!Design!and!Develop!them;!before!we!have!to!!(

!  That:&The&General&Public&is&increasingly&unaware&of&the&role&of&Technology&in&the&products&and&services&it&values;&and&thus&on&our&various&roles&within&it&...&!  ‘They’(consider(our(technology(was(‘solved’(years(ago,(and(that(‘manufacturing’(is(the(only(part(of(it(that(is(

now(valuable((and(the(UK(lost(both(opportuni+es)(!  And(although(we(understand(our(own(Scien+fic/Engineering(work,(our(knowledge(of(how(that(fits(into(the(

bigMpicture(is(liNle(beNer!(!  That(this(maNers,(because(it(is(ul+mately(the(Public(who(endorse(our(Research,(Products,(Businesses(and(

thus(Wage(Packets.(!…!We!need!to!understand!the!context!of!what!we!do;!before!telling!‘them’!about!it!!

3

... We don’t really understand it ourselves!

Today Samsung Galaxy S5

2014 (1yr lifetime)

40yr ago BT Yeoman

c1964-84 (20yr lifetime)

IC Eng’s came from?

SW Eng’s came from?

Understanding$Research,$Design,$Development$and$Product$

!  Products$have$changed$hugely$in$my$life$...$$!  Improved:(Technology,(Methods(and(Tools((!  Different:(Business(Models(and(Global(Markets((...(Con+nuous,(subtle(change(for(40+(yrs(

!  Both$products$went$along$this$(RDDP)$path$…&

...!So!is!History!relevant!to!today's!Products?&

4

Age of the ... Universe – 13.6Byr

Earth – 4.5Byr Life – 3.5Byr StarNng$at$the$Beginning$...$

32,000 yrs got us to this!

!  CroMMagnon(Man((Us!)$–$35,000$yr$ago$$!  ‘Developed’(from(HomoMSapien((Wise(Human)(>100,000(yr(!  Mission:(Survive!Nature!(1,000(gen’n)(

!  The(Philosophers(–$2,50061,000$yr$ago(!  Pythagoras,(Socrates,(Plato,(Aristotle,(Archimedes,(...(!  Mission:(Understanding!Nature!

!  The(Scien+sts(–$1,0006500$yrs$ago(!  Galileo,(Descartes,((1000(ad)(!  Electricity(M(William(Gilbert((1600ad)(!  Mission:(ManipulaIon!of!Nature!

!  The(Engineers(–$260$yrs$ago(!  Industrial!RevoluIon!(1750:(8(gen’n)(!  Mission:(ExploitaIon!of!Nature!!  Year(0:(ScienceMMeetsMExploita+on(!  Technology(Based(Business(Emerges((

...!Technology’s!BIGOBANG!was!just!260!years!ago!!

5

CompuNng:$At$the$FronNer$of$Technology$today?$

!  HPCs$and$Mainframes?&…&Yes&!  WorkstaOons&(High&Performance&DeskRTop)?&…&Probably&$

6

$ $...$State$(s)$and$Time$(t)$are$always$factors$in$this$(Though(not(always(important).$

!  Can(include(phenomena(ranging(from(human(thinking(to(calcula+ons(with(a(narrower(meaning.((( ( ( ( (...(Wikipedia(

!  Predominantly(used(it(to(animate(models(of(realMworld(situa+ons(( (...(fast(enough(for(use(as(a(stabilising(factor(in(a(loop((RealM+me).(

( (...(Not(prescrip+ve(about(the(choice(of(Implementa+on(Technology!(( (...(Nor(prescrip+ve(about(Programmability!(

Compute:$To$Evaluate$an$Algebraic$EquaNon$(Model)$...$$Computer: A mechanism to do this repetitively…

y=F(x,t,s) IN (x)

Enumerated Phenomena

OUT (y) Information

(Processed Data)

7

History:$100BC$6$Hipparchos’s$AnNkythera$Early-Mechanical

Computation

Hipparchos c.190 BC – c.120 BC.

Ancient Greek Astronomer,

Philosopher and Mathematician !  A!Mechanism!for!CompuIng!Planetary!PosiIons!

!  Technology:!!HandOMade!Metal,!HandOCut!Gears,!!Engraving,!Analogue!

!  Found(in(the(Mediterranean(in(1900((Believe(there(might(have(been(10’s)($ $ $See:$hGp://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02hz21v$

8

History:$1700$6$Graham’s$Orrery$

!  A!Mechanism!for!CompuIng!Planetary!PosiIons!(1,800!yrs!a[er!AnIkythera!)!

!  Technology:!!FactoryOMade!Metal,!MachineOCut!Gears,!Wood,!Analogue!

!  Inventor:(George(Graham((1674M1751).(English(ClockMMaker.(

Mechanical Technology

George$Graham

9

!  A!Mechanism!for!CompuIng!Polynomial!Tables!

!  Technology:!Metal,!Precision!Gears,!Digital!(base!10)!

!  Too(expensive(for(the(technology(of(the(day(

History:$1837$6$Babbage's$Difference$Engine$

Constructed 2000

Late-Mechanical Computation

10

History:$1856$6$Amsler’s$Planimeter$Mechanical

Computation

Planimeter 2014 !

!  A!Mechanism!for!CompuIng!the!Area!of!an!arbitrary!2D!shape!

!  Technology:!Precision!Mechanics,!!Analogue!

!  Available(today(...(Electronically(enhanced(

11

!  General!Purpose,!Stored!Program,!CompuIng!Mechanism!

!  Technology:!Electronics!(valves),!Digital!(base!2)!!  Available(today(...(Enhanced(by(MicroMElectronics((Mainframe(<=>(Laptop)(

History:$1947$6$Uo.Manchester’s$“Baby”$(Reconstruc+on)(Electronic

Computation

ImplementaNons$a

re$Limited$

by$availabl

e$Technolo

gy!$

12

10nm

100nm

1um

10um

100um

App

roxi

mat

e P

roce

ss G

eom

etry

ITRS’99

Tran

sist

ors/

Chi

p (M

)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law

Moore’s$Law:$50$yrs$of$$Technology$Driven$Opportunity$...$

Tran

sist

or/P

M (

K)

X

13

CompuNng:$Today$6$Visible,$but$not$Vital$

Purchased$by$Consumers$for$FuncNon$not$Technology$

14

CompuNng:$Today$6$Invisible$and$Vital$

Purchased$by$Professionals$for$FuncNon$not$Technology$

15

!  Need:&A$Mechanism$for$enhancing$human$memory$(Camera)&!  Technology:&...$

!  Excellent(Lenses(!  Fine(Mechanical(Mechanisms(!  ElectroMMechanical(Exposure(Metering(!  Metal((and(some)(Plas+c(Forming(!  Manual(Assembly(!  PhotoMChemical(Memory((35mm(Film)(

(

1998$6$Canon$EOS$Rebel$GII$(17yrs$ago)$

35mm Film Camera

System-Level Mechanical Computation

16

!  Need:&A$Mechanism$for$enhancing$human$memory$(Camera)&!  Technology:&...$

!  Digital(Logic((CPU+I.O.)(!  Sokware(!  Memory((NV(and(RAM)(!  Excellent(Lenses(and(Displays(!  Analogue(Electronics((Network(&(GPS)(!  Sensors(and(Transducers((CCD(&(MEM)(!  Precision(Mechanics(!  MicroMMotors(!  BaNeries(and(Energy(Storage(!  LEDs(and(Discharge(Tubes(!  Precision(forming(of(Plas+cs(and(Metal(!  Electronic(Packaging(!  Robo+c(Assembly(...(Technology(External(to(the(Product!(

...((All(of(these(Technologies(are(available(to((21c(Businesses(today(...(

2014$6$Canon$EOS$5D$$$(Today)$

Incorporating DIGIC5+ (ARM)

System-Level Computation

Q: So why couldn’t ARM make a camera to compete with Canon?

A: Because Canon has Capabilities in place that we don’t have!

ARM-based Computer

17

So$CapabiliOes$actually$limit$a$Business's$Product$PossibiliNes...$ ... They are also an Entry Barrier to your Competitors

CA

PAB

ILIT

IES

Product Development

PR

OD

UC

T

!  Business$needs$to$Know$it$can$make$a$Product$before$they$Start$to$design$it.$!  CapabiliIes(help(to(Manage(the(Risk((There’s(frequently(no(second(chance!)(

!  Making$a$Product$is$sNll$Work;$but$based$on$CapabiliNes$it$is$KnownRWork!$!  Unknowns(lead(to(Protracted(Timescales,(Blown(Budgets,(Lost(Opportuni+es(and(Panic!(

!  Business$need$and$Appropriate&set&of&CapabiliOes,$before$they$commences$a$Product&Development&

(...(But(is(the(Process(Linear((as(depicted(here)?(((((((…(Does(a(given(Set(of(Capabili+es(lead(to(a(Specific(Product?(…!NO!!

18

!  Science(M(Demonstrated(Fundamentals;(Predictable,(Encapsulated,(New(

!  Technology(M(ScaledMup(Science(s).(Reliable(and(produc+ve(enough((for(use(in(a(real(Product((or(its(Processes.(May(be((NewMtoMAll,(or(only(NewMtoMYou(((others(may(have(as(a(Capability)(

!  Capability(M(Installed(Technology(InMplace(in(business,(ready(for((missionMcri+cal(use(in(a((New(Product(Development.(

!  Product(M(Delivered(Func+onality.((Market(Need,(Func+onality(CostMEffec+ve,(Quality((

The$Capability&Model1$…$“Capabilities are the Bridge between Science and its Exploitation”

Capability Capability Capability Capability

Capability Capability Capability

Concept

KN

OW

N-W

OR

K

Developm

ent - Exploit Capabilities

Using Science or Technology here just increases RISK

TRL 1-4

TRL 9

TRL 8-9

TRL 5-9

Tech

nolo

gy

Rea

dine

ss

Leve

ls

1:(Not(described(in(literature.(

Science Science Science Science

Science

Science Science ?-

WO

RK

Technology Technology

Technology ?-w

ork

Research - Enquire, Understand & Establish a Capability

19

!  A$Capability$is$an$Installed$$‘Unit’$of$$Technology,$such$that$it$may$$be$relied$upon$for$Mission6CriNcal$Business$purposes.$!  They(are(Installed:(Reliable,(Trusted,(Predictable,(Usable.(!  They(may(Cross(Technology(Boundaries((HW,(SW,(Op+cs,(Mul+MChip,(etc)(!  They(are(NOT(Product(Specific(...(

!  Eg:$$Need$Fortran$capability$by$2016.$$Need$to$handle$Logic$Reliability$by10nm$node.$$Need$a$Bus$

architecture$for$use$in$and$between$3D/Chiplet$by$2020.$$Need$10x$system6power$efficiency$improvement$$by$2020.$$Need$a$JIT$Java$Compiler$by$2016.$

!  They(can(be(Technology(Answers(...(!  Eg:$$How$will$our$Partners$handle$the$end$of$Moors$Law?$How$can$we$increase$our$Partners$ProducNvity$

in$our$Product$Offering?$Will$Transistor$Reliability$become$a$serious$issue$at$14nm?$

(...(Capabili+es(are(the(Founda+ons(for(Product(Development(( (...(And(they(are(established(by(Research((“Finding(out”)(

Capability&6$A$unit$of$Deployable$Science$A Capability is the Bridge between a Science and its Exploitation

20

!  Short$Term:$From$the$KnownRSet&...(!  Refine!what!we!know!(Including(Individual(knowledge,(Team(knowledge,(and(Tools).(!  Acquire!what!others!know!(Recruit,(Develop,(Contract,(Licence,(Acquire,(Espionage,(etc)((...(Specific,(internal,(secrecy,(lowMnumber,(highMcost,(confidence(

(

!  Longer$Term:$From$the$UnknownRSet$...(!  Targeted!Research!M(Specific,(pointMfocus,(commercial(advantage((CrownMjewels)(!  Partnered!Research!M(Specific,(focused,(indirect(commercial(advantage((ARM(Partners)(!  University/InsItute!Research!M(Generic,(wide(spectrum,(nonMdifferen+a+ng(knowledge(

!  ARM$Funded$Research$Projects$

!  NaNonal$Support$Programs1$(TSB,$H2020,$Research$Councils,$DARPA,$etc)(

( (...(Generic,(broadMspectrum,(openness,(highMnumber,(lowMcost,(partnering,(sharing,(uncertainty($

(...(Guided(by(Road(Map(from(longer(term(Business(Objec+ves$

Research$6$Establishes$CapabiliNes$... for Development Engineers to use for Product Development

21

Development$–$Exploits$CapabiliNes$to$Deliver$a$Product$... (Tangible or Intangible) to fulfil a Customer Need and a Business Objective !  Design$is$a$creaNve$role$within$Development$!  Engineers$Deliver&an$effecNve$Technical6Product$soluNon$...$

!  MeeIng!FuncIonal(and(NonOFuncIonal(criteria(...(!  Eg:$Quality,$TTM,$Budget,$Reproducibility,$Testability,$Cost,$Power.$$

!  Maximising!Product!DifferenIaIon;(Minimising(Product(Risk,(Cost(and(Uncertainty(!  Using(Available!Capability!(Technology,(Methodology,(Tools(and(KnowMHow)(

!  Engineers$Innovate$by$pushing$the$bounds$of$Available$CapabiliNes$...$!  Using(the(opportuni+es(presented(by(the(Par+cular(Product(Brief(!  Trading(between(Available(Capabili+es((Eg:(HW,(SW,(Analogue)(!  U+lising(his/her(wider(sphere(of(knowledge,(knowMhow(and(experience((...((Not(all(implementa+ons(are(‘equally(good’(

(...(Innova+on(is((&(will(remain)(a(Fundamental(Engineering(role(

22

!  A$Customer$buys$a$Product$it$for$its$Valued$UNlity$...$$ $ $...$A$Supplier$sells$a$Product$for$its$AnNcipated$UNlity$

!  They!are!different!so(its(Important(to(Match(Expecta+ons!(!  Product(must(exceed(Consumers(needs((By(how(much?)(!  Func+onality(is(Assumed((It(has(no(Extra(Value!)(!  Customers(are(not(always(the(best(source(of(New(Product(ideas(

!  EndRProduct&is$very$special$...$It$funds$its$enNre$value6chain$!  The(EndMCustomer(is(YOU!(

!  Research$Outcomes$can$be$Products!$$!  Their(Product(is(a(Science(or(Technology((Occasionally(a(Capability)(!  It(is(seldom(tangible((It(is(usually(virtual)(!  But!never!an!EndOProduct!in!its!own!right(

(...(A(Business(Model(makes(the(Rela+onship(Sustainable!(

Product$6$Something$you$make$which$a$Customer$buys$ ... The basis of a Mutually Beneficial, Business Relationship

23

!  They$profitably$sell$what$Customers$(you)$want$to$Buy$

!  They$focus$on$their$Core$Competencies$in$a$Globally$CompeNNve$Market$

!  They$avoid$CommodiNsaNon$by$Product$DifferenNaNon$…$

!  Cost(and(Quality((by(improving(Process)(..and..(!  Improved(BusinessMModels((which(take(the(Money)((..and..(!  New/Improved(Technology(when(it(offers(benefit((may(be(Expensive(or(Risky)(

!  Product&Development&is&a&Cost&(Risk)&to&be&Minimised&!  Technologies(just(enable(Op+ons!((HW,(SW,(Mechanics,(Op+cs,(Graphene,(etc)((!  NewMTechnology(may(cost(more(than(it(delivers(in(Product(Value!((Including(risk)(!  OverMDesign(costs(...(Good(Enough(is(Enough!(!  Reuse(saves(…(Cannot(afford(to(reMinvent(the(wheel,(or(the(pursuit(of(excellence.(

(...(Because(successful(EndMProducts(fund(their(en+re((RD&I)(ValueMChains((...(Their(Technologies(will(flowMdown(into((all)(lower(volume(markets!$

Business$–$A$sustainable$Money$Making$enNty$Businesses have to be Competitive, Money Making Machines today …

24

(...(Older(Markets(remain;(but(inherit(their(current(technology(from(Lead(Markets!(

Business$OpportuniNes$Drive$Technology$Developments$ ... And 21c Products are ‘Smart’ and ‘Connected’

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Main Frame

Mini Computer

Personal Computer

Desktop Internet

Mobile Internet

Mill

ions

of

Uni

ts

Prof

essio

nal !

" C

onsu

mer

1st Era Select work-tasks

2nd Era Broad-based computing for specific tasks

3rd Era Computing as part of our lives

25

ARM:$Enables$InnovaNon$Across$the$EnNre$Industry$

Leader$in$wearables$and$the$IoT$

>70%$of$smart$TVs$and$>95%$of$portable$game$consoles$ Enabling$the$transformaNon$

of$the$network$infrastructure$

and$data$center$

ARM6based$servers$now$shipping$

Driving$smart$energy,$home$networking,$automoNve$$

>95%$of$smartphones$

and$tablets$>80%$of$digital$cameras$

((…(So(how(did(this(happen?(

26

1991: ARM RISC-Processor Core …

27

ARM7 Core

DMA

Par. Port

PCMCIA UART (2)

Int’t. Contr.

Memory Interface

Timers W’Dog Arb’tr. Misc.

1991: ARM RISC-Processor Core …

28

10nm

100nm

1um

10um

100um

App

roxi

mat

e P

roce

ss G

eom

etry

ITRS’99

Tran

sist

ors/

Chi

p (M

)

Tran

sist

or/P

M (

K)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law

“Verification Gap” 1,800py 8,500py

100py

Moore’s$Law:$50$yrs$of$Increasing$Design$Challenge$...$

Global Teams Local Teams Small Team Single Designer

Expertise Reuse HW&SW Reuse Some Reuse Clean Sheet

29

Designer$ProducNvity$became$the$Methodology$Driver$

!  The$Product$PossibiliNes$offered$by$uNlising$the$Billions$of$Affordable$and$AestheNcally$Encapsulate6able$Transistors$is$Commercially$Beguiling!$

!  But$the$only$way$to$realise$these$possibiliNes$in$a$reasonable$Nme,$with$a$reasonable$team$and$at$a$reasonable$cost$…$is$by$huge$amounts$of$Reuse$of$Design$and$Technology$

!  Reuse!fundamentally(increases(ProducIvity!!  Hardware,(So[ware(and(other(Technologies;(Methods(and(Tools!!  InOCompany:!Sourced(and(Evolved(from(Predecessor(Products!!  ExOCompany:(Sourced(from((smaller)(businesses(with(Specialist(Knowledge((Such(as(ARM)(!  Reuse!Improves!Quality;(as(objects(are(designed(more(carefully,(and(bugMfixes(are(incremental(

!  But$Beware;$all$systems$have$residual$errors!$$

(...(CleanMSheet(approaches(will(always(be(orders(of(magnitude(higher(in(cost((…(So(>99%(Reuse(will(be(the(nature(of(future(all(Product(Design(and(Development!(

(

30

A$Truly$Global$Endeavour$...$ ... Global Teams contributing their Specialist Knowledge & Knowhow

!  Apple$ID’d$159$Tier61$Suppliers$...$!  Thousands(of(Engineers(Globally(

!  Est.$10x$Tier62$Suppliers$...$!  Including(Virtual(Components1(and((

SubMSystems(((ARM(and(other(IP(Providers)(!  Mul+ple(Technologies(...(

!  Hardware,(Sokware,(Op+cs,(Mechanics,(Acous+cs,(RF,(Plas+cs,(etc$

!  Manufacturing,(Test,(Qualifica+on,(etc.(!  Methods,(Tools,(Training,(etc(

!  Tens(of(thousands(Engineers(Globally(

...(More(than(90%(of(Technology(and(Methods(are(Reused((produc+vity)!(

1:(Virtual(Components(do(not(appear(on(BOM(

31

Many$Virtual$Components$in$an$iCon$"  Analogue$and$Digital$Design$"  Embedded$Souware$

"  Signal$Processing$Methodology$

" Metal,$PlasNcs$and$Glass$Forming$

" Micro6Machines$(MEMs)$

"  Displays$and$Transducers$"  RoboNcs$and$Test$in$Manufacture$

"  Knowledge$and$Know6How$"  Research,$EducaNon$and$Training$"  Special$Components,$Sub6Systems$$

and$Systems;$Design,$Assembly$and$$Manufacture$

" Metrology,$Methodology$and$Tools$

"  ReproducNon$Processes$

...(But(only(Physical(Components(appear(on(the(BOM(!((…(Danger:(Out(of(sight,(is(out(of(mind(!!(

32

ARM$brings$the$Right$Horse$to$the$Right$Course$...$

( ( ( (...(Delivering(~5x(speed((Architecture(+(Process(+(Clock)(

About 50MTr

About 50KTr

33

...$Which$means:$24$Processors$in$6$Families$...$

Not(just(the(Processors,(but(How(to(Build(them(into(Systems(...(

34

...$CoreLink$for$Hetrogeneous$MulN6Processing$...$

ACE

ACE

NIC-400 Network Interconnect

Flash GPIO

NIC-400

USBQuad Cortex-

A15

L2 cache

Interrupt Control

CoreLink™DMC-520

x72DDR4-3200

PHY

AHB

Snoop Filter

Quad Cortex-

A15

L2 cache

Quad Cortex-

A15

L2 cache

Quad Cortex-

A15

L2 cache

CoreLink™DMC-520

x72DDR4-3200

8-16MB L3 cache

PCIe10-40GbE

DPI Crypto

CoreLink™ CCN-504 Cache Coherent Network

IO Virtualisation with System MMU

DSPDSP

DSP

SATA

Dual channel DDR3/4 x72

Up to 4 cores per cluster

Up to 4 coherent clusters

Integrated L3 cache

Up to 18 AMBA interfaces for I/O coherent accelerators

and IO

Peripheral address space

Heterogeneous processors – CPU, GPU, DSP and accelerators

Virtualized Interrupts

Uniform System

memory

35

$…$Tools,$Libraries$and$Partners$to$Realize$the$Opportunity$!  Technology&to&build&Electronic&System&soluOons:&

!  So[ware,!Drivers,!OSOPorts,!Tools,!UIliIes!!to(create(efficient(system(with(op+mized(sokware(solu+ons!

!  Diverse(Physical!Components,(including(CPU!and!GPU!processors!designed(for(specific(tasks(

!  Interconnect(System!IP!delivering(coherency(and(the(quality(of(service(required(for(lowest(memory(bandwidth(

!  OpImised!CellOLibraries!for(a(highly(op+mized(SoC(implementa+ons(

!  Well&Connected&to&Partners&in&the&LifeRCycle:&!  For(complementary(tools(and(methods(required(by(System(

Developers(!  Global&Technology&Global&Partners:&

!  ~1000(Partners;(Millions(of(Developers(

36

Software development tools

Physical IP – Design of the building blocks of the chip

Processor and Graphics IP – Design of the brain of the chip

Power Mgmt Bluetooth

Cellular Modem

WiFi

SIM

GPS Flash Controller

Touchscreen & Sensor Hub

Sensor Hub

Camera

Apps Processor

ARM$Technology$!  Advanced$consumer$products$are$incorporaNng$more$and$more$ARM$technology$–$from$processor$and$mulNmedia$IP$to$souware$

Early software development on Virtual Platforms

37

ARM$Partnership:$Building$for$the$Long$Term$

ARM Chips shipped in 2014 by ARM Partners

ARM Chips Shipped to Date by ARM Partners

38

!  UK$Established$and$Headquartered$$!  Global$leader$in$the$development$of$semiconductor$IP$

!  R&D(outsourcing(for(semiconductor(companies(

!  InnovaNve$business$model$yields$high$margins$!  Upfront!license!fee!–(flexible(licensing(models(!  Ongoing!royalIes!–(typically(based(on(a((

percentage(of(chip(price(!  Technology!reused!across(mul+ple(applica+ons(

...(ARM!Technology!Creates(new(markets,(and(Transforms(exis+ng(ones(

ARM’s$Business$Model$

2-3

20+$years$MulNple$applicaNons$

development$and$sales$

263$years$Partner$chip$

development$

263$years$ARM$research$and$

development$

Cost$incurred$

License$revenue$$$

Royalty$revenue$$$

~1,200$total$licenses$$…$163$in$2014$

>350$potenNal$$royalty$payers$

12bn$ARM6based$chips$in$2014$

20%$CAGR$over$last$5$years$

~$1.3b$Revenue $$(~28%$on$R&D)$

~3300$Employees$ww $(~1400$in$the$UK)$

… from Y2014 published figures

39

ARM’s$Vision$…$ … Is a world where all electronic products and services are based upon energy

efficient technology from ARM, making life better for everyone

40

Conclusions$!  These$are$the&Most&Complex&Machines&ever;$they$are$driven$by$High6Volume$Commercial$opportuniNes$whose$customers$do$not$recognise$or$value$the$technical$achievement…$

!  EndMCustomers(buy(‘Sa+sfac+on(of(a(need’(…(!  Product(Cost,(Availability(and(Style(are(their(dominant(concerns(!  Func+onality(is(assumed!((They(don’t(pay(extra(for(cleverness)(

!  CapabiliOes$are$the$Bridge$between$Research$outcomes$and$Products$…$!  Research(establishes(Capabili+es(so(that(Product(Development(can(proceed(predictably(

!  From$the$Known$and$the$Unknown$sets$of$knowledge$

!  CapabiliIes(are(installedMtechnology;(ready(for(Engineers(to(use(to(create(a(Product!!  Technologies(provide(op+ons;(not(all(of(which(will(be(valuable(in(all(Products(

!  Moor’s&Law&has$provided$us$with$huge$Technical$Opportunity$for$50yrs$…$!  Today(its(poten+al(can(only(be(realised(by(deploying(>99%!Reuse;(!  Using(Real(and(Virtual!Components;(from(Specialist(Suppliers(around(the(world(

(...(Designer(Produc+vity(is(the(Driver(of(Methodology!((Perfec+on(is(s+ll(for(the(gods)(

41

Complexity;$Coming$to$your$Doorstep!$