The modernization of Nanjing government 1928-37

The modernizationof Nanjing government 1928-37

1919-reorganized the GMD (formed in 1912) &Set up military government in Guangzhou. -turned to USSR

1925-Sun died

1926-Northern Expedition

1928-completed the expedition

Results:

-some areas still under warlords

-northeast occupied by Japanese

-Jiangxi controlled by Communists

Evaluation of the modernization effortsOf the Nanjing government

AchievementsDiplomatically

1. Raising the international status of China1. Recovery of foreign concessions-British returned Hankou, Weihai & Xiamen-Belgium got Tianjin

2. Resumption of the tariff autonomy and Abolition of unequal treaties

-they wanted to abolish the unequal treatiesand agreement signed between the Qing government andForeign powers and replace them with new ones.

-the Nanjng government had resumedThe tariff autonomy. It was only after WWIIThat it could abolish all unequal treaties.

3. Cancellation of extra-territorial rights

-The Nanjing government strove to cancelThe extra-territorial rights enjoyed by the foreignPowers in China, and this was achievedBefore the outbreak of the Second World War1943.

Politically1. From military rule to political tutelageEstablishment of a constitutional governments

• What are the three stages?

In 1928, the Guomindang Central Executive CommitteIn 1928, the Guomindang Central Executive Committee (e ( 國民黨中央執行委員會國民黨中央執行委員會 ) promulgated a provisional c) promulgated a provisional constitution entitled ‘An Outline of Political Tutelageonstitution entitled ‘An Outline of Political Tutelage’ (’ ( 訓政綱要訓政綱要 ). ).

Jiang Jieshi Jiang Jieshi

Jiang JieshiJiang Jieshi PresidentPresident

Commander-in-Commander-in-Chief of the Army, Chief of the Army, Navy and Air ForceNavy and Air Force

The Nanjing government waThe Nanjing government was established according to Ss established according to Sun Yixian’s theory of the ‘un Yixian’s theory of the ‘Five – Power Constitution’ Five – Power Constitution’ (( 五權憲法五權憲法 ).).

Sun Yixian

Jiang Jieshi unified China in 1928.Jiang JieshiFeng Yuxiang

(馮玉祥 )Yan Xishan (閻錫山 )

•In 1928, the Nanjing Government entered the second stage of Political tutelage.•In May 1936, the Nanjing government drafted aConstitution, preparing for the establishment of A constitutional government. •After the victory, the constitution was approved.The National Assembly was then opened.

2. The division of government powerfive yuans-executive, legislature, judiciary, civil serviceExaminations and supervision of all governmentOperations.

3. Legislation

The Nanjing government also made a series of Laws. For example, a civic code was passed in 1929.

President President President President

• the highest organ of administration

• consisted of ten ministries and a number of special commissions

Executive YuanExecutive Yuan

• composed of 49-99 members

• its basic function was to draft legislation

Legislative YuanLegislative Yuan

• the highest judicial organ of the state

Judicial YuanJudicial Yuan

• was responsible for conducting different types of government examinations and in charge of civil service ratings

Examination YuanExamination Yuan

• similar to the Censorate ( 都察院 ) of imperial China

• supervised government operations, audited the budget and impeached irresponsible officials

Control YuanControl Yuan

The political structure of the Nanjing government

Economically1. The introduction of new currencies

2. Development of industry

3. Development of agriculture

4. Regulation for economic activities 5. The improvement in transportationAnd communications

6. Nationwide construction

Factories in Nanjing Factories in Nanjing

The new currency was The new currency was backed by British pound backed by British pound and American dollar. and American dollar.

Banknotes issued by the Central Bank of China

4. Developing agriculture

The Nanjing government also worked to Increase the output of agriculture products.In 1936, its output of rice and cotton increaseRespectively by 6.1% and 12.9% comparedWith that of 1931.

The Nanjing government also consideredCarrying out land reforms and settingUp cooperatives. However, the plan leftUnfulfilled in the end.

5. Making laws for economic activities/Regulations for economic activities

A series of laws were made in the economic Field, e.g. on the units of measurement, foreignExchange, setting up of companies and Bankruptcy.

6. Planning nationwide economic construction

In 1936, a special committee was established toSet the directions for nationwide economicModernization. Its achievements, however,Were limited due to the outbreak of war shortlyAfterwards.

Socially-improving the social well beings1. Setting up universities and colleges

2. Promoting free education

3. Cultural development:In 1935, the first batch of simplified Chinese Characters was issued, while the use of Chinese phonetic alphabet was encouraged.

Xiong Qinglai (熊慶來 )

Wu Youxun (吳有訓 ) Hou Debang (侯德榜 )

Chinese scientists made Chinese scientists made many significant discoveries. many significant discoveries.

Li Siguang (李四光 )

4. Prohibition of drugsIn 1929, a law was passed to prohibit opium Smoking. Later in 1934, other drugs were banned.

5. The launching of the New Life Movement-politeness, righteousness, integrity, self respect-psychological lift

Jiang Jieshi and Song Meiling

Jiang Jieshi and his wife SonJiang Jieshi and his wife Song Meiling were the main advog Meiling were the main advocates of the New Life Movemcates of the New Life Movement. They urged Chinese peoent. They urged Chinese people to change their ways of liple to change their ways of live.ve.

Jiang Jieshi and his wife SonJiang Jieshi and his wife Song Meiling were the main advog Meiling were the main advocates of the New Life Movemcates of the New Life Movement. They urged Chinese peoent. They urged Chinese people to change their ways of liple to change their ways of live.ve.

In 1933, the Nanjing government sIn 1933, the Nanjing government started the New Life Movement (tarted the New Life Movement ( 新新生活運動生活運動 ).).

Aims of the New Life Movement

to encourage hygienic practices and good habits

to raise public morals Jiang Jieshi and his wife Song Meiling (宋美齡 ) promoting the New Life Movement in Nanchang (南昌 )

Limitations

Politically

1. One party dictatorship

2. Little progress in democracy-no general elections-Jiang had the highest authority“strong on the outside but weak on the Inside.”

Economically• Monopolizing of economy

• Serious corruption

•Construction damaged by war

•Fiscal imbalance:-Commercial tax and custom tax-issue of paper money--overspending

SociallyProblems of landlordism remained--80% people deeply in debt and over-

burdenedWith taxes-nationalist officials connection with warlords

During the rule of the Nanjing governmentDuring the rule of the Nanjing government spread of communist activities in the 1930sspread of communist activities in the 1930s intensification of Japanese aggression intensification of Japanese aggression

A cartoon about Japanese aggression in China in 1932

Japan

In a word

China remained weak and divided.•Internal-monarchical movement, no Genuine democracy, conflict between northAnd south, poor livelihood and warlordism

•External-foreign aggression-Japan and other foreign powers

END