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Edmund J. Synakowski
Fusion Power Associates MeetingSeptember 27 - 28, 2006
The LLNL Fusion EnergyProgram and its Directions
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Eneryg by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore NationalLaboratory, under contract W-7405-Eng-48
10/2/06 11:03 AM2
• Vision and present structure of the LLNL FEP
• MFE, including ITER and the role of LLNL capabilities
• IFE opportunities: NIF and present research elements
The LLNL FEP research & resources enable broadcontributions to fusion energy research
10/2/06 11:03 AM3
The long-range vision for the LLNL Fusion Energy Program:leadership roles in both MFE and IFE, buoyed by ITER, NIF
science, and LLNL’s broad capabilities
MFE IFEITER NIF
Comp & engineering
10/2/06 11:03 AM4
The present structure: LLNL FEP research portfolio isdiverse
MFE experimentDIII-D, SSPX
MFE TheoryTurbulence & edge
simulation. Dynamo FusionTechnology
MFE IFE
IFE/HEDP TheoryTargets, ion beams,
fast ignition
IFE experimentHEDP with heavyions, fast ignition,
HAPL
• Magnetic: Tokamaks (DIII-D, NSTX) and self-organized systems (SSPX). Boundary andcurrent density measurements. Turbulence theory and simulation, SOL transport. MFEsystems technology, including neutronics
• Inertial: Target design. High energy density physics: fast ignition, heavy ion fusion throughcollaboration (Virtual National Laboratory with LBL, PPPL, LLNL), HAPL. IFE systemstechnology, including neutronics
• LLNL resources in engineering and computation available
10/2/06 11:03 AM5
• Vision and present structure of the LLNL FEP
• MFE, including ITER and the role of LLNL capabilities
• IFE opportunities and research elements
The LLNL FEP research & resources enable broadcontributions to fusion energy research
10/2/06 11:03 AM6
We are pursuing an LLNL role in ITERphysics through diagnostics
• Current density measurements (MSE) a U.S. task, with LLNL FEP interest• Infrared camera measurements (boundary) a U.S. task, with FEP interest• The diagnostic choices are born from leadership on DIII-D• Port integration, testing of interest to LLNL
10/2/06 11:03 AM7
• Active feedback on DIII-D (LaHaye) - Suppression of tearing modesdemonstrated
• LLNL modeling tools capable of ITER control system modeling– Have developed plasma control simulator developed using CORSICA as a
central element.– History: CORSICA used in EDA to design ITER PF coils
The LLNL experience with MSE on DIII-D has high impact andincludes integration to plasma control, important for optimizing
ITER performance
10/2/06 11:03 AM8
ITER’s boundary physics needs areadvanced by the LLNL FEP
• A major DIII-D focus. Workincludes SOL transport,including13C transport,edge ergodization,pedestal physics, heatfluxes
• LLNL researchers keyparticipants in ELMcontrol/mitigation studiesat General Atomics.
• Partnership with PPPL onNSTX in fueling, divertorspectroscopy, andboundary modeling
Evans (GA)
Surfacetemperature
measurements(Lasnier)Experiment:
13C transport
ELMControl
10/2/06 11:03 AM9
LLNL offers its resources to lead the U.S.effort in port plug integration
• Recognition of a newage in diagnosticrequirements fortokamaks- the systemhas to work whendelivered
• Neutronics expertise in -house.
• An EngineeeringDirectorate that has along history ofdelivering complexprojects of this scale,and having them workfirst time
B432 High Bay – southeast v iew
B432 has been identified as a potential sitefor the Port Integration and Test Facility
Leverage from NIFwork
Performing neutronics calculations fordiagnostic design assumptions
starting with ITER CADs
MSE
Candidate high bay Port plug test chamber
10/2/06 11:04 AM10
LLNL aims to develop a predictive capability ofedge dynamics for ITER
• First work to self-consistently couple boundary turbulence simulations withboundary transport
• Edge Simulation Laboratory and edge gyrokinetics: joint OFES effort withOASCR builds on internal TEMPEST code development– LLNL lead, with GA, LBNL, UCSD, PPPL, UCB
• LLNL resources: FEP collaboration with Center forAdvanced Scientific Computing
Self-consistent profilesBOUT code UEDGE transport modeling
+
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The LLNL program is committed to validationand verification of simulation
• Core: theory & theory– Led ETG benchmarking
study– Highlights need for
careful consideration ofparticle noise
– Essential as simulationsbecome more and more“like experiment” incomplexity
BOUT datapoints
typicalexperimentalrange
typicalexperimentalrange
BOUT datapoints
double-null
C-Mod, BOUTcorrelation lengthsbrought intoagreement with fully2-D code upgrade
Nevins
• Edge: theory &experiment– Up-down asymmetry
now realizable– Simulations readily
compared withturbulence imaging
10/2/06 11:04 AM12
SSPX has an effective interplay with leading MHDsimulations to increase understanding and to develop new
operating scenarios• Computational theory is
guiding the experimentalplanning, not justdescribing it
• Modular cap bank upgradeenables longer pulses,larger field generation ==>platform for NBI & basis forflexible laboratory to studyand assess– the promise of the
spheromak itself– helicity transport &
dynamo formation– reconnection physics– coronal mass ejection
physics– hyperresistivity relevant to
tokamaks
SSPX NIMROD
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
ptsfit3_14546 11:10:43 PM 4/3/05
eV
Radius(m)
Te vs Radius for full energy shots
350eV
2 4 6 8 10ms
Plasma current
Pulse length extended withmodular cap bank upgrade
NBI heatingoperational FY08
10/2/06 11:04 AM13
• Vision and present structure of the LLNL FEP
• MFE, including ITER and its relation to LLNL capabilities
• IFE opportunities and research elements
The LLNL FEP research & resources enable broadcontributions to fusion energy research
10/2/06 11:04 AM14
Opportunity for IFE: NIF success, hoped-for physical sciencefunding, and ITER construction funding roll-off
• NIF success, then headlinesread, “Promise for limitlessenergy!”
U.S. ITER project
funding profile
• The challenges are– making it up the hill of ITER
spending growth– Having necessary elements in
place near-term for a clearstoryline after 2011
NIFignition
campaign
But then a question: “What is your energy strategy?”
• NIF ignition campaign projectedto occur with rising physicalsciences budget, ITER projectfunding roll-off
We are working with the community towards ameeting this spring (likely April) to sharpenan IFE 20 year vision
10/2/06 11:04 AM15
IFE research at LLNL has many facets tosupport such a strategy
Activities include
• HAPL program
• Heavy ion fusion– The HIFS VNL– Advanced accelerator design
• Target design & laser/plasma interactions
• Fast ignition
• Systems technology
10/2/06 11:04 AM16
The High Average Power Laser (HAPL) programaddresses many elements critical to the success of IFE
ChambersSNL, LLNL, WISC,
UCSD, ORNL, UCLA
Target, Design, and FabricationNRL, LLE, LLNL, GA, LANL, SCHAFER
Target Injection GA, LANL
Final OpticsLLNL, LANL, UCSD
Laser DriversLLNL: DPSSL (Mercury)
NRL: KrF (Electra)
From C. Bibeau (LLNL)
10/2/06 11:04 AM17
The FEP theory efforts contribute directly tothe science of NIF ignition
In the last 8 years, the following are examples ofdiscoveries that have been made that have their originswithin the LLNL FEP:
• Designed and fielded capsules (withSNLA and GA) that have increasedrobustness to asymmetries
• Proposed radiation shine shields toimprove radiation symmetry inholhraums.
• Proposed use of low density materialsin holhraum walls to reducehydrodynamic losses.
• Identified minimum kinetic energy required forignition vs. drive pressure, adiabat, and implosionvelocity. Sets ignition requirements for NIF
• Studied robustness of targets w.r.t. Rayleigh-Taylor & implosion velocity.
e.g. Callahan & Tabak, NuclearFusion 39, 883 (1999)
HIF will benefit fromthe target physicsresearch on NIF
10/2/06 11:04 AM18
Heavy ion fusion science VNL is ready for WDM studies and hasadvanced the science of accelerators
• With LBL &PPPL
• Developingexperimentalplan to utilizeaccess to WDMregime in 2008
• Driftcompression,electron cloudwork are recentresearchhighlights
Non-neutralized
neutralized
Beam current with velocity tiltIdeal & programmed tilt
Roy et al.,Phys. Rev.Lett. 95,234801 (2005)
V&V: electroncloud
measurements& simulation
Driftcompressionexperiments
at NDCX
Radial focus
10/2/06 11:04 AM19
High gradient cells may be a foundation for a new,compact heavy ion accelerator
Closely spaced conductors inhibit the breakdown process
HGI structure formsa periodic
electrostaticfocusing system forlow energy electrons
Leopold, et. al., IEEETrans. Diel. and Elec.
Ins. 12, (3) pg. 530(2005)
floatingconductorsfield emitted
electrons
- -
++
High Gradient InsulatorConventional Insulator
Emitted electronsrepeatedly bombard
surfaceEmitted electrons
repelled from surface
Dielectric Wall Accelerator (DWA) incorporates pulse forming linesinto a high gradient cell with an insulating wall
Highgradientinsulator
Z0
Z0
Z0 /2
Z0 /2
High gradient cell withpotential for >10 MV/M
•Beam physics group, LLNL
10/2/06 11:04 AM20
NIF could be adapted to demonstrate highgain fast ignition
Advanced RadiographyCapability (ARC) wouldprovide the tools:petawatt lasers forradiography backlighting
10/2/06 11:04 AM21
Fast ignition may be a critical strategicelement for ignition, and certainly for IFE
• The FEP has run timeaimed at fast ignitionphysics on Titan(LLNL; recentlycommissioned), RAL(UK), in preparation foroperations on OmegaEP (U. Rochester) in‘08
• FI brings extensiveuniversity collaborationto LLNL through theOFES, FSC and ILSA(including 16 students/ postdocs fromUCD,UCSD and OSU)
•Ist hydro design by S Hatchett, M Tabak et al. Anomalous Abs. Conf. April 2000
TitanTitanTwo beams 350J ,10 Two beams 350J ,10 psps, 1kJ ,1 ns, 1kJ ,1 ns
10/2/06 11:04 AM22
• The lab offers its resources for advancing fusion energy
• Major experiment efforts and theory focal points in MFE arewell aligned with ITER needs
• A validation and verification focus of the LLNL FEP benefitsboth theory and experiment. A leading example is with SSPX,where theory guides experimental choices.
• There is an obligation and opportunity to leverage the attentionafforded to IFE by NIF success. LLNL seeks to work with thenational community to define an IFE vision
The LLNL FEP research & resources enable broadcontributions to fusion energy research
10/2/06 11:04 AM23
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