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The Latest Dirt onThe Latest Dirt onSoil Sensor TechnologySoil Sensor Technology
Larry Stowell, Ph.D., CPAgPACE Turf, LLC,
www.paceturf.org
What are sensors?What are sensors?
Devices that expand our ability to detectDevices that expand our ability to detect something (physical or chemical) that would we cannot sense on our ownwould we cannot sense on our own
D i th t h l b bj ti iDevices that help you be more objective in evaluating turfgrass and soil conditions
Stock human sensors
• Sight – light spectraSight light spectra• Hearing – sound
S ll h i l• Smell – gas chemical sensor
• Taste – liquid chemical reception
• Touch –mechanoreception and pthermoreception
Types of sensorsTypes of sensors
• PhysicalPhysical• Electromagnetic
Ch i l• Chemical• Spectral analysis
Hearingg
Listening for Grubsg
Ultra-sensitive microphonep
Robert Hickling, Sonometrics
Touch
Soil Moisture by Touchy
Monitor fairway soil moisture with a il ti tsoil compaction meter
Dickey-John
Monitoring fairway soil moistureMonitoring fairway soil moisture• Insert meter into soil
using moderate pressure
• A depth of >12” is moist enough to support turf growth
• Avoid rocks, pipes, other obstructions
Turfguard Sensorg
Sensor Installation
Sensor Installation
TelemetryTelemetryyy
Volumetric Water Content
Soil Electrical Conductivity
Geonics EM-38Soil Moisture and Conductivity
EM38 & NTech GreenSeeker Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI)Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI)
Monitor soil moisture with a FieldScout TDR 300 meterFieldScout TDR 300 meter
Chafers vs. Soil Moisture
Clegg Soil Impact Tester USGA TruFrim
Greens Firmness
Soil CompactionSurvey
Trimble AgGPS 132TDS400 Handheld PC
y
TDS400 Handheld PCHGIS SoftwareSC900 Compaction Meter
Stage Construction
Rolling Stones at PetCo Parkg
Compaction MapS f
Before After
Surfer
Before After
8 cm (3 in)8 cm (3 in)300 psi = 2.1 Mpa
Compaction MapS f
Before After
Surfer
Before After
10 cm (4 in)10 cm (4 in)300 psi = 2.1 Mpa
Compaction MapS f
Before After
Surfer
Before After
13 cm (5 in)13 cm (5 in)300 psi = 2.1 Mpa
BEAD THERMOCOUPLE
WHAT IT DOES:WHAT IT DOES:• Measures turf canopy temperatures• Triggers cooling practices before• Triggers cooling practices before
damage occurs
BEAD THERMOCOUPLE: HOW TO USE
1 B i it i h i t1. Begin monitoring when max air temp reach 85F
2 Make measurements at hottest time
Coolbent
2. Make measurements at hottest time of day
3. Place bead in area between base of
CoolPoa
foliage and top of thatch4. Begin preventive cooling when turf
canopy = 100F for poa or 105 forcanopy 100F for poa or 105 for bentgrass
Beginmonitoringmonitoring
Infrared thermometer
Smell
Soil CO2Soil CO2Target < 3%Target < 3%
Taste?
IQ 150 pH Meter
WHAT IT DOES:• Measures soil
and water pH• ISFET solid state
technology• Target soil pH 6.2
– 8.1• Great for spray
tank pH monitoring
FieldScout EC meter
WHAT IT DOES:• Provides a quick,
rough estimate of soil salinity and/or water
li itsalinity• Soil temperature• Timing of
leaching events• Diagnosing turf
problems
Sightg
Spectrum CM 1000 Chlorophyll meter
What it does:What it does:• Objective measure of
turf quality (colorturf quality (color, density)E l d t ti f• Early detection of pest, nutritional
blproblems• Scheduling fertilizer
applications?
Turf �Quality vs. Soil Moisture
Digital Image Analysis
Digital Image AnalysisB Ri P t h PBrown Ring Patch on Poa
Brown Ring Patch Severity
60 50
Brown Ring Patch Severity
60
r)
50
nt)
50
mm
/hr 40
erc
en
40
ate
(m
30tc
h (
p
30on
Ra
20g P
at
30
ipita
tio 20
n R
ing
NDVI Sensors (LiCor)( )
• Equipment mounted sensors
• Easy to operate• Easy to maintain• Easy to maintain• Reliable• Telemetryy
• Remote data managementg
• Web-based data deliveryy
• Google Earth interface
GreenSeeker NDVI Sensors
EM38 & NTech GreenSeeker Normalized Diff V t ti I d (NDVI)Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI)
Trimble AgGPS132 GPS, BB Electronics RS232 MultiplexerBB Electronics RS232 Multiplexer
Relative Turf Quality
Don’t forget to use your head
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