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The Industrial Revolution
9th Grade Social Studies
The Big Picture
The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment led people to develop new ways of doing things.
Among these new ways were processes and machines for raising crops, making cloth, and other jobs.
These developments led to dramatic changes in industry and the world of work.
The Industrial Revolution caused a variety of problems that would lead to economic, social, and political reforms.
Why we study this unit:
Industrialization made a dramatic impact on the world and paved the way for modern industrial societies.
The factory system changed the way people lived and worked.
Many modern social welfare programs developed during this period due to the problems associated with industrialization.
Units:
Last Unit: Napoleonic Era Current Unit: The
Industrial Revolution Next Unit: Imperialism
Essential Questions:
1. Why was the Industrial Revolution a turning point in history?
2. What events helped to bring about the Industrial Revolution?
3. How did the factory system change the way people worked?
4. What new ideas about economics developed?
Vocabulary:
A New Kind of Revolution (21.1)
Industrial Revolution Enclosure movement Factors of production Cottage industry Factory Industrialization Jethro Tull Richard Arkwright James Watt Robert Fulton
Factories & Workers (21.2)
labor union Strike Mass production Interchangeable parts Assembly line
New Ideas in a New Society (21.3)Laissez faireAdam SmithThomas MalthusEntrepeneurAndrew CarnegieSocialismKarl MarxCommunismStandard of Living
Create your own paper…
3 Holes to fit in binderLines/marginsMay have creative touches
Must be neat and precise
Changes from 1700-1800
New Kind of Revolution Notes
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:The era when power-driven machinery was developed.FACTORS OF PRODUCTION:Land, labor, and capital basic resources needed for industrialization
Changes in Industrialization
1. Agricultural Revolution
2. Population Explosion3. New Technology
Farming in the Middle Ages
Villages feed themselves (subsistence farming)
One of three fields left fallow (empty) to regain fertility
Animals grazed in common pastures
Disadvantages
Land use inefficient Farmers didn’t experiment with new
farming methods
Forces for Change Population growing more food
needed French blockade more food needed
Agricultural Revolution: Enclosure Movement
Wealthy landlords buy up fields that had previously been shared by rich and poor farmers alike
fenced in common pastures and experimented with new farming technology
Effects: increased the food supply Some farmers lost land went to city looking
for jobs
Crop Rotation Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop
replenished by planting different crops Fields not left inefficiently fallow
Other Discoveries Jethro Tull- creates seed drill which
planted seeds efficiently New crops: corn and potato
Results More food available Population increased
Cottage Industry Factory Industry
Great Britain’s industrialism started with cloth-making (textile) industry
OLD WAY: Cottage Industry: usually small-scale
industry carried on at home by family members using their own equipment
FORCE FOR CHANGE: More wool available (enclosure movement) More cotton available (from India and North
America)
• Cotton Gin-Created by Eli Whitney
• before this invention, a laborer could clean 1 pound of cotton a day
• after the invention, a laborer could clean 1,000 pounds in a day
• NEW INVENTIONS• Richard
Arkwright develops water frame- powered by water
• Improvement upon spinning jenny
• Effects: spins stronger and thinner thread
Flying Shuttle made weaving thread into fabric quicker and easier
Power Loom Larger and faster could not be used in a home
Rise of Factories New machines, often too big for
homes, were put in factories Factory: a place where goods are
manufactured in mass quantities Effects:
More goods produced 1770: 50,000 bolts of cloth 1800: output had increased to 400,000
bolts
Steam Power
James Watt creates a faster and more efficient steam engine
Effects- Factories no longer had to be near water
1802-Richard Trevithick uses steam engine to power first locomotive
Robert Fulton develops the steamship called The Clermont
Effects Could transport goods to faraway markets
Factories and Workers
Workers and Factories
Production before Factories Produced goods at home Dealt directly with merchants
Steps of Production Merchant delivered raw materials Weavers and family processed wool Hand spun thread and wove into cloth Merchant picked up finished product and
sold
Benefits Controlled schedule Controlled product quality Work faster when needed more money Work slow for high quality fabric Made own decisions-when to work/when to
rest Make adjustments for holiday/illness/season
Problems Fire/flood could destroy business Skills are hard to learn Jobs were only for adults
The Mill: Some boys and girls were so small they had to climb up on to the spinning frame to mend broken threads and to put back the empty bobbins.
Bibb Mill No. 1. Macon, Georgia.
Factory/Factory Towns Working in a Factory
Had to leave home Each person assigned a role Children were hired and paid lower
Benefits Not as much skill required
Disadvantages Dangerous work with many hazards Long workday (over 12 hrs.) Noisy, lack of ventilation, inadequate food, poor
sanitation
Life in Factory Towns Large mills developed near rivers and coal mines Some employees offered housing Cities and towns grew around factories Coal was dirty and left blankets of soot Chemicals and other poisonous gasses were put into
air Factories for smelting, refining, iron created more
pollution Manchester, England became a symbol of hazards of
industrialization Two toilets for every 250 people Disease spread easily and quickly
Testimony Child Labor 1. At what age did Elizabeth begin working at the
factory? 2. At busy times, how many hours did Elizabeth
work per day? Slower times? 3. How long and how many breaks were the
workers given? 4. What happened to Elizabeth as a result of
factory work? (2) 5. Do you find this testimony convincing of the
need for child labor reform? Explain.
CAPITALISM
v.
COMMUNISM
Laissez-Faire Capitalists
MalthusRicardo
Capitalism:
Laissez-faire- French word for “let do” or leave things alone Government should NOT interfere
with business Believe in the concept of
competition and free markets EX: Adam Smith who wrote The
Wealth of Nations
THOMAS MALTHUS – POPULATION GROWTH
Effects of population growth Overcrowded slums Widespread misery Hunger Low wages unemployment
Checks of population growth War Famine Disease
Malthus’ Theory Population would always grow faster than
food production It was used to justify low wages and laws
that limited charity to the poor
POPULATION SHORTAGE POOR HAVE LESS
GROWTH IN FOOD SUFFER CHILDREN
DAVID RICARDO
“IRON LAW OF WAGES’ Theory was used to justify low wages
wages are families have increase in lower wages & lesshigh more children labor supply unemployment
children
Industrial Reformers
SocialismCommunism
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY INDUSTRIALIZATION
Long hours for low pay Dangerous, unsanitary working
conditions Harsh and severe factory discipline Unfair use of child labor Lack of adequate housing and
unsanitary living conditions Disease and frequent epidemics Class tensions (working vs. middle)
Laissez-FaireCapitalism
Bad conditions for the working class
CALL FOR REFORMS BY GOVERNMENT
SOCIALISMCOMMUNISM
SOCIALISM
Socialism – Goal is to achieve material equality by promoting a more equal distribution of the nation’s wealth Means of Production: Controlled by people as a whole,
not individuals, and includes all of the resources needed to produce and distribute goods
Forms of Socialism1. Utopian Socialism – peaceful, set up of communities
which share work and profit, no vote by people Robert Owen (model community in New Lanark)
2. Scientific Socialism – violent revolution calls for a defeat of capitalists by proletariats, basis of communist thought
Karl Marx
COMMUNISM
Communism – a form of socialism that sees class struggle as unavoidable Proletariat (have-nots, working class) vs.
Bourgeoisie (haves, middle class) goal is to redistribute a nation’s wealth to
create a classless society condemned capitalism for creating
prosperity for a few and poverty for many
Essay Assignment Thesis (ends first paragraph)
Answer questions to introduce topic and connect to thesis
TOPIC + YOUR OPINION. A thesis statement clearly expresses the author's opinion on a specific topic and can be argued and supported with ample evidence.
Body Paragraphs: Life (lifestyle), how they lived, family, work (type and
conditions), children
Conclusion: Restate thesis, summarize main points, overall impact
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