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The Impending Crisis. 1836 - 1860. Introduction. Until the 1840s, tensions between North & South remained relatively contained New sectional issues arose around the expansion of slavery. Looking Westward. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Impending Crisis
1836 - 1860
Introduction• Until the 1840s,
tensions between North & South remained relatively contained
• New sectional issues arose around the expansion of slavery
Looking Westward• More than a million
sq. miles of new territory came under the control of the U.S. during the 1840s
• “Manifest Destiny” ideology
Manifest Destiny• Am. destined by God &
history to expand its boundaries
• John O’Sullivan (1845)
• Reflected nationalism of 19th cent.; social perfection mvmts
• “Empire of liberty”
American Progress
Texas• In early 1820s, MX govt.
encouraged Am. immigration into TX
• Majority were white southerners & their slaves; est. cotton production
• By 1830s, twice the # of Ams. than MXs
Texas, cont.• Empresarios – received
sizable land grants from MX in return for bringing settlers into region
• Stephen Austin
• MX banned slavery in TX in 1830
• Independence declared in 1836
Texas, cont.• General Antonio Lopez
de Santa Ana defeated Ams. @ Alamo & Goliad
• General Sam Houston & Battle of San Jacinto
• TX granted independence
• Tejanos
Texas, cont.• Pres. Houston offered to
join Union
• Jackson doesn’t recognize TX until 1837
• Van Buren & Harrison also avoid issue
• Pres. Tyler
• 1845 (Polk)
Oregon• OR Territory
• Britain & U.S. claimed sovereignty
• 1818 treaty allowing for “joint occupation”
• Ams. outnumbered British by 1840s
Go West!!• Hundreds of
thousands of Anglo & African Ams. into far western regions of continent, 1840 – 1860
• Most traveled in family groups, young, shorter migrations before larger “trains”
Go West…(cont)• Economic opportunity
• Religious missions
• Mormons
• Major depots in IA and MO; joined wagon trails
• OR Trail & Santa Fe Trail
War is afoot…
• The growing number of Anglo Ams. west of the MS put great pressure on the govt. to annex TX, OR, & other territory
The Democrats and Expansion• Election of 1844
• Clay (Whig)
• James K. Polk (Democrat)
• Polk won
• TX became a st. in 1845
The Democrats and Expansion, cont.
• Polk resolved the OR question
• “Fifty-four forty or fight!”
• 1849 boundary fixed at the 49th parallel
The Southwest and California• Dispute over boundary
between TX & MX
• Rio Grande River vs. Nueces River
• Polk sends small army to Nueces line
• Part of area in dispute was NM
The Mexican War• Polk sends John Slidell
to try & buy land from MX; MX refused
• Jan. 1846 – Polk ordered Taylor’s army in TX to move across Nueces to Rio Grande
• May 1846 - war
The Mexican War, cont.
• War had many opponents in U.S., esp. Whigs
• Polk planned most of military strategy
• Taylor to cross Rio Grande, into northeastern MX, beginning w/Monterrey, before marching to MX City
The Mexican War, cont.
• Polk ordered offensives against NM & CA
• Colonel Stephen W. Kearny & Santa Fe
• Bear Flag Revolution & John C. Frémont
The Mexican War, cont.• MX refused to end the hostilities or cede the
conquered territory
• General Winfield Scott occupied MX City
• New govt. took power & negotiated peace
• Feb. 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Polk’s Legacy
General Winfield Scott – Entry into Mexico (1851)
Slavery and the Territories• Wilmot Proviso
(David Wilmot of PA – antislavery Democrat)
• Amendment to appropriation bill prohibiting slavery in any territory acquired from MX
Slavery and the Territories, cont.• Polk supported a
proposal to extend the MO Compromise line to Pacific coast
• Others supported “popular sovereignty”
Slavery and the Territories, cont.• Pres. campaign of 1848 – both Dems. & Whigs tried to
avoid the slavery question
• Dems. – Lewis Cass
• Whigs – Zachary Taylor
• Free-Soil Party emerged from the opponents of slavery; candidate was Van Buren
• Taylor won a narrow victory
The California Gold Rush• 1848 gold in Sierra
Nevada Mtns.• “Forty-niners”• 1st Chinese migrants;
Anglo Ams., Europeans, South Ams., Mexicans, freed slaves, slaves
• Discrimination• Foreign Miners’ Tax
Rising Sectional Tensions
• CA adopted a constitution prohibiting slavery; applied for statehood
• NM as soon as it was ready
• Calhoun
The Compromise of 1850, cont.• Provisions:
• CA as a free st.
• Popular sovereignty in the rest of territories acquired from MX
• Abolition of slave trade in DC
• More effective fugitive slave law
The Compromise of 1850, cont.• 1st dominated by Clay,
Calhoun, & Webster
• Defeated in July of 1850
• 2nd group of politicians emerge
The Compromise of 1850, cont.• William H. Seward
(NY)
• Jefferson Davis (MS)
• Stephen A. Douglas (IL)
The Compromise of 1850, cont.• New leaders were able to produce a
compromise• Led by Douglas, the “omnibus bill” was
divided into a series of measures to be voted on one by one
• September 1850
The Crises of the 1850s
• The sectional conflict seemed to briefly be forgotten amid booming prosperity & growth
The Uneasy Truce• Pres. election of
1852
• Dems. – Franklin Pierce
• Whigs – Winfield Scott
The Uneasy Truce, cont.
• Whigs plagued by defections of antislavery northerners
• Refused to openly condemn slavery
• The “Conscience” Whigs
• Free-Soil Party was gaining in numbers
The Uneasy Truce, cont.
• Pierce won
• Fugitive Slave Act – most controversial of the provisions of the Comp. of 1850
• Many northerners were openly defying it
• Personal liberty laws
“Young America”
• Expansion of democracy around the world as a way to divert attention from the controversies over slavery
“Young America,” cont.
• Ostend Manifesto (1854) made the case for seizing Cuba by force
• Kingdom of Hawaii (1854)
• Mvmt. to annex Canada
Slavery, Railroads, and the West• Great Plains were
suitable for farming
• Railroads & slavery
• Support for a transcontinental railroad
• Gadsden Purchase (1853)
The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy• Douglas wanted
transcontinental railroad for Chicago
• Introduced a bill (Jan. 1854) to organize territory west of IA & MO
The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy, cont.• Proposed territory was north of the MO
Compromise line
• Douglas offers popular sovereignty
• KS-NE Act
• Republican Party (1854)
“Bleeding Kansas”• Anglo settlers
from both the North & the South moved into area
• 1855 election for a territorial legislature
“Bleeding Kansas,” cont.
• Proslavery forces elected a majority to legislature (fraudulent)
• Free-staters enacted their own “govt.” in Lawrence
• Town is sacked by proslavery forces
“Bleeding Kansas,” cont.
• John Brown
• Pottawatomie Massacre
• Senator Charles Sumner (MA) beaten by Rep Preston Brooks (SC)
The Free-Soil Ideology• Differing economic &
territorial interests
• “Slave power conspiracy” threatened the future of the anglo laborer & property owner
• New Republican Party
Buchanan and Depression• Pres. election of 1856
• Dem.- James Buchanan
• Rep. – John C. Frémont
• Know-Nothing – Fillmore
• Buchanan won
The Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott v. Sanford
• Questions status of slavery in territories
• Chief Justice Roger Taney
The Dred Scott Decision, cont.• Scott couldn’t bring a suit in federal
court because he wasn’t a citizen; Africans had no claim to citizenship
• Congress possessed no authority to pass a law depriving persons of their slave property
Deadlock over Kansas• Buchanan supported
KS admission as slave st.
• Lecomptom Constitution – legalized slavery, but a majority of KS opposed slavery
• St. in 1861
The Emergence of Lincoln
• U.S. Senate election in IL
• Douglas vs. Lincoln
• Douglas defended popular sovereignty (Freeport Doctrine)
The Emergence of Lincoln, cont.• Douglas accused Reps. of advocating social equality of
the races & wishing to interfere w/slavery in the South
• Lincoln’s increasingly eloquent attacks on slavery
• Lincoln appealed to basic human rights & free labor; prevent its expansion into territories; wouldn’t directly challenge it where it existed; eventually it would die out
The Emergence of Lincoln, cont.• Lincoln lost the
election
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUjG1HSSaGI&feature=player_detailpage
John Brown’s Raid• Oct. 16, 1859, he & 18
followers attacked & seized control of a U.S. arsenal in Harpers Ferry, VA
• Brown & 6 followers were hanged
John Brown Mural – Kansas State Capitol
John Brown Going to His Hanging (1942) by Horace Pippin
The Election of Lincoln
• Douglas – Northern Democrat
• John C. Breckinridge – Southern Democrat
• John Bell – Constitutional Union
• Lincoln – Republican
The Election of Lincoln
• Republican platform: • High tariff • Internal improvements • Homestead bill & a Pacific railroad to
be built w/federal assistance • Congress nor territorial legislatures
could legalize slavery in territories
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