The HUMAN BODY Concepts of ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY

The HUMAN BODYThe HUMAN BODY

• Concepts of ANATOMY and Concepts of ANATOMY and • PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY

HomeostasisHomeostasis

• Body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment--despite changes that occur internally or externally.

Homeostasis must be Homeostasis must be maintained in:maintained in:

• gas gas concentrationsconcentrations

• temperaturetemperature• blood pressureblood pressure• pH (acidity)pH (acidity)• nutrientsnutrients• WaterWater• ionsions

Feedback SystemsFeedback Systems• NegativNegativ

e e FeedbaFeedbackck

• Body Body attempts attempts to stop to stop (inhibit) (inhibit) actionaction

• Most Most feedback feedback in the in the body is body is negativenegative

• Positive Positive FeedbacFeedbackk

• Body Body attempts to attempts to encourage encourage (stimulate) (stimulate) actionaction

• Blood Blood clotting, clotting, labor, labor, breast milk breast milk productionproduction

5 STEPS OF 5 STEPS OF FEEDBACKFEEDBACK

1.1.STIMULUSSTIMULUSWhat action occurredWhat action occurred

22. RECEPTOR. RECEPTORfinds out what finds out what happenedhappened

3. 3. CONTROL CENTERCONTROL CENTERBrain/spinal cord—Brain/spinal cord—decide on actiondecide on action

4.4.EFFECTOR-EFFECTOR-carries out actioncarries out action

5. 5. RESPONSE—RESPONSE—return return to to homeostasishomeostasis

ANATOMYANATOMY

• FORMFORM• What it isWhat it is• Example, heart, Example, heart,

blood cellsblood cells

PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY• FUNCTIONFUNCTION• What it doesWhat it does• Ex: Heart pumps Ex: Heart pumps

blood, blood cells blood, blood cells carry Oxygencarry Oxygen

Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization

• Chemical LevelChemical Level• elements (atoms) and elements (atoms) and

molecules essential for molecules essential for

lifelife..

• Cellular LevelCellular Level• each cell has a unique each cell has a unique

shape and functionshape and function

• Tissue LevelTissue Level• groups of similar cells

performing a specific functionfunction

Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization

• Organ LevelOrgan Level• two or more different two or more different

tissues with specific tissues with specific functions and functions and recognizable shapesrecognizable shapes

• System LevelSystem Level• groups of organs which groups of organs which

work together for a work together for a common functioncommon function

• Organism Organism Level: Level: Human Human Body-Body-groups of organ groups of organ systems working systems working togethertogether

Directional TermsDirectional Terms• SuperiorSuperior• InferiorInferior• AnteriorAnterior• PosteriorPosterior• MedialMedial• LateralLateral• ProximalProximal• DistalDistal

PlanesPlanes

• Fixed lines of reference --which aides Fixed lines of reference --which aides viewing of the body or an organviewing of the body or an organ

Sagittal planeSagittal plane

Divides body in right Divides body in right and left sectionsand left sections

Mid-Sagittal planeMid-Sagittal plane

•Divides body into Divides body into EQUAL right and left EQUAL right and left

sectionssections

Mid-Sagittal planeMid-Sagittal plane

•Divides into anterior Divides into anterior and posterior and posterior

sectionssections

Mid-Sagittal planeMid-Sagittal plane

•Divides into Divides into superior and superior and

inferior sectionsinferior sections

BODY CAVITIESBODY CAVITIES

• SPACES in SPACES in the body the body that contain that contain body organs body organs or other or other structuresstructures

BODY CAVITIESBODY CAVITIES• Lined with a serous Lined with a serous

membranemembrane• two membranestwo membranes• next to the cavity next to the cavity

wall—parietalwall—parietal• next to the organ--next to the organ--

visceralvisceral• Serous fluid is Serous fluid is

between between membranes membranes prevents friction prevents friction and provides and provides protection and protection and cushioncushion

Dorsal Body CavityDorsal Body Cavity• Cranial CavityCranial Cavity

• houses the brainhouses the brain

• Spinal Spinal (Vertebral) (Vertebral) CavityCavity• Houses and Houses and

protects spinal protects spinal cordcord

Ventral Body CavityVentral Body Cavity• Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity

• pleural cavities pleural cavities (2)(2)

• mediastinummediastinum• pericardial pericardial

cavitycavity

• Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic CavityCavity• abdominal abdominal

cavitycavity• pelvic cavitypelvic cavity

LOOK AT HANDOUT ON LOOK AT HANDOUT ON BODY CAVITIES—STUDY BODY CAVITIES—STUDY

THE HIGHLIGHTED THE HIGHLIGHTED SECTIONSSECTIONS

Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

• Imaginary lines intersecting the UMBILICUS. Divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four areas

• The quadrants are used by clinical personnel to describe the location if abdominopelvic pain, tumors, or other abnormalities

Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

• RUQ--Right upper quadrant

• Liver• Right kidney• Gall bladder

•LUQ--Left upper quadrant

•Spleen• StomachStomach• Left kidneyLeft kidney

• RLQ--Right lower quadrant

• Cecum• Appendix• Right ovary

• LLQ--Left lower quadrant

• Left ovary• Lower

descending colon

Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

• STOP AND DRAW:

• Draw a circle where the lines intersect

• Label this area the UMBILICUS

The endThe end

AnabolismAnabolism

• Using energy Using energy to synthesize to synthesize or BUILD new or BUILD new tissue or tissue or moleculesmolecules

CatabolismCatabolism

• The The BREAKDOWN BREAKDOWN of tissue or of tissue or chemical chemical structures to structures to produce or produce or generate generate energyenergy

MetabolismMetabolism

• Sum total of ALL CHEMICAL PROCESSES that Sum total of ALL CHEMICAL PROCESSES that occur in the bodyoccur in the body