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http://www.iteachbio.com/Anatomy-Physiology/Intro%20to%20Anatomy%20and%20Physiology/TheAmazingHumanBody.mov
AnatomyAnatomy The study of the The study of the structuresstructures or or parts of the body. parts of the body.
PhysiologyPhysiology The study of the The study of the functionfunction of the of the body. (How the parts work.)body. (How the parts work.)
Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study
Gross Anatomy– Large
structures– Easily
observable
Anatomy – Levels of Anatomy – Levels of StudyStudy
Microscopic Anatomy– Very small
structures– Viewed with
a microscope
Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization AtomsAtoms form form moleculesmolecules MoleculesMolecules form form cellscells (the smallest (the smallest
units of living things)units of living things) A A tissue tissue consists of consists of cellscells working working
together to perform a together to perform a common common functionfunction
Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization AnAn organ organ consists of 2 or more consists of 2 or more tissuestissues
working togetherworking together An An organ systemorgan system is a group of is a group of organsorgans
working together working together An An organismorganism consists consists ofof organ systems organ systems
working togetherworking together
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Integumentary Integumentary SystemSystem
Forms the Forms the external external body coveringbody covering and and protects the protects the internal organs internal organs from infection.from infection.
Includes Includes skin, hair skin, hair and nailsand nails. .
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Skeletal Skeletal SystemSystem
Functions in Functions in Movement and Movement and SupportSupport
Includes Includes bones, bones, cartilage, cartilage, ligamentsligaments
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Muscular SystemMuscular System Functions in Functions in
movementmovement of the of the body and through the body and through the bodybody
Includes Includes three typesthree types of of musclesmuscles
Skeletal, cardiac and Skeletal, cardiac and smooth (visceral)smooth (visceral)
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Nervous Nervous SystemSystem
Fast acting Fast acting control systemcontrol system
Also functions in Also functions in communicationcommunication
Includes Includes brain, brain, spinal cord and spinal cord and nervesnerves
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Endocrine Endocrine SystemSystem
Slower acting Slower acting control systemcontrol system of of the bodythe body
GlandsGlands secrete secrete hormoneshormones to to regulate the bodyregulate the body
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Cardiovascular Cardiovascular SystemSystem
Transports Transports materials materials through through the body via the the body via the bloodstreambloodstream
Includes Includes heart and heart and blood vesselsblood vessels
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Lymphatic System– Returns tissue
fluid to blood vessels
– Important in immunity
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Respiratory System– Supplies
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
– Includes lungs, trachea, etc.
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Digestive System– Digestion of food
for absorption of nutrients
– Includes stomach, intestines, etc
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems
Urinary System– Filters toxins
from the blood
– Includes kidneys, bladder, etc.
Organ SystemsOrgan Systems Reproductiv
e Systems– Produces
offspring– Includes
male and female genitalia
Necessary Life Necessary Life FunctionsFunctions
1.1. Maintaining boundaries between Maintaining boundaries between internal and external environmentsinternal and external environments
– Plasma membranes Plasma membranes – SkinSkin
2.2. Movement (contractility)Movement (contractility)– Of body parts (skeletal muscle)Of body parts (skeletal muscle)– Of substances (cardiac and smooth Of substances (cardiac and smooth
muscle)muscle)
Necessary Life Necessary Life FunctionsFunctions
3.3. Responsiveness: The ability to Responsiveness: The ability to sense and respond to stimulisense and respond to stimuli
– Withdrawal reflex Withdrawal reflex – Control of breathing rateControl of breathing rate
4.4. DigestionDigestion– Breakdown of ingested foodstuffsBreakdown of ingested foodstuffs– Absorption of simple molecules into Absorption of simple molecules into
bloodblood
Necessary Life Necessary Life FunctionsFunctions
5.5. Metabolism: All chemical Metabolism: All chemical reactions that occur in body cellsreactions that occur in body cells
– Catabolism and anabolismCatabolism and anabolism
6.6. Excretion: The removal of Excretion: The removal of wastes from metabolism and wastes from metabolism and digestiondigestion
– Urea, carbon dioxide, fecesUrea, carbon dioxide, feces
Necessary Life Necessary Life FunctionsFunctions
7.7. Reproduction Reproduction – Cellular division for growth or repairCellular division for growth or repair– Production of offspringProduction of offspring
8.8. Growth: Increase in size of a Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of organismbody part or of organism
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
1.1. NutrientsNutrients– Chemicals for energy and cell Chemicals for energy and cell
building building – Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, Carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
minerals, vitaminsminerals, vitamins
2.2. OxygenOxygen– Essential for energy release (ATP Essential for energy release (ATP
production)production)
Survival NeedsSurvival Needs
3.3. WaterWater– Most abundant chemical in the bodyMost abundant chemical in the body– Site of chemical reactionsSite of chemical reactions
4.4. Normal body temperatureNormal body temperature– Affects rate of chemical reactions Affects rate of chemical reactions
5.5. Appropriate atmospheric pressureAppropriate atmospheric pressure– For adequate breathing and gas For adequate breathing and gas
exchange in the lungsexchange in the lungs
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment – Temperature, fluid levels, pH, etc.
Must be maintained for normal functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – can result in disease or death
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through nervous and endocrine systems consisting of 3 basic components1) Receptor
Detects a stimulus
2) Control centerAnalyzes informationDetermines appropriate response
3) Effector (Muscles or glands)Responds to the stimulus
Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body– Production of energy– Making body structures
Maintaining Homeostasis
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback– Includes most homeostatic
control mechanisms– The response shuts itself off
when it reaches the setpoint. – Example: Household thermostat
Figure 1.5
Sweat glands activated
Shiveringbegins
StimulusBody temperaturerises BALANCE
Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter
Information sentalong the afferentpathway to controlcenter
Afferentpathway
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
Efferentpathway
Information sentalong the efferentpathway toeffectors
Information sentalong the efferentpathway to effectors
StimulusBody temperature falls
ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain
ReceptorsTemperature-sensitivecells in skin and brain
EffectorsSweat glands
EffectorsSkeletal muscles
Control Center(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Control Center(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
ResponseEvaporation of sweatBody temperature falls;stimulus ends
ResponseBody temperature rises;stimulus ends
Negative Feedback: Negative Feedback: Regulation of Blood Regulation of Blood Volume by ADHVolume by ADH Receptors sense decreased blood Receptors sense decreased blood
volumevolume Control center in hypothalamus Control center in hypothalamus
stimulates pituitary gland to release stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH)antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the bloodto return more water to the blood
Feedback MechanismsFeedback Mechanisms
Positive feedback– Increases the intensity of the
original stimulus until ultimate goal is reached
– In the body, this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed.
Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.
Positivefeedbackloop
Break or tearoccurs in bloodvessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to siteand releasechemicals.
Releasedchemicalsattract moreplatelets.
Platelet plugforms.
1
23
4
Figure 1.6
Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.
Break or tearoccurs in bloodvessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to siteand releasechemicals.
1
2
Figure 1.6, step 2
Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.
Positivefeedbackloop
Break or tearoccurs in bloodvessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to siteand releasechemicals.
Releasedchemicalsattract moreplatelets.
1
23
Figure 1.6, step 3
Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed.
Positive feedbackcycle is initiated.
Positivefeedbackloop
Break or tearoccurs in bloodvessel wall.
Plateletsadhere to siteand releasechemicals.
Releasedchemicalsattract moreplatelets.
Platelet plugforms.
1
23
4
Figure 1.6, step 4
Body MembranesBody Membranes
The organs within the cavities are The organs within the cavities are surrounded by a type of two surrounded by a type of two layered membrane called the layered membrane called the SEROUS MEMBRANE SEROUS MEMBRANE
The outer layer of each The outer layer of each membrane is called the membrane is called the PARIETALPARIETAL layer and forms a "lining" against layer and forms a "lining" against the inner wall of each cavitythe inner wall of each cavity
The inner layer of each membrane The inner layer of each membrane covers the surface of each organ covers the surface of each organ and is called the and is called the VISCERALVISCERAL layer layer
Membranes:Membranes: 1. 1. PleuraPleura (or pleural membrane) - (or pleural membrane) -
surrounds the surrounds the lungslungs--outer layer = parietal pleura--outer layer = parietal pleura--inner layer = visceral pleura--inner layer = visceral pleura
2. 2. PericardiumPericardium (or pericardial (or pericardial membrane) - surrounds the membrane) - surrounds the heartheart--outer layer = parietal --outer layer = parietal pericardiumpericardium--inner layer = visceral --inner layer = visceral pericardiumpericardium
3.3. Peritoneum Peritoneum (or peritoneal (or peritoneal membrane) - surrounds all the membrane) - surrounds all the organsorgans within the within the abdominopelvic abdominopelvic cavitycavity--outer layer = parietal peritoneum--outer layer = parietal peritoneum--inner layer = visceral peritoneum--inner layer = visceral peritoneum
Between the layers of each Between the layers of each membrane is a lubricating fluid membrane is a lubricating fluid which is called which is called SEROUS FLUIDSEROUS FLUID
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