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The Hemispheric Program for the Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PHEFA) & virus poolsSouth America
Ottorino Cosivi, Jose Naranjo, Rossana AllendePan American Centre for Foot-and-Mouth Disease (PANAFTOSA)Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
Contents
• Hemispheric Foot-and-Mouth Disease Eradication Program (PHEFA)
• The current situation
• Challenges
• Conclusions
• Lessons learned relevant to the Global Strategy
Evolution (1)
• 1951: PANAFTOSA established as a technical cooperation program in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil by the Organization of American States (OAS) with the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) as the executive agency
• First period (50s-60s): establishment of the diagnostic laboratory and vaccine production plant; investigation on the virus characterization, epidemiology, pathogenesis studies, technical cooperation for the establishment of national diagnostic capacities
• Second period (70s-80s): establishment of the country FMD control and eradication programs, development oil-adjuvant vaccine, establishment of the FMD ecosystem approach, extensive capacity building programs– 1972: South American Commission for the fight Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease
(COSALFA)– 1972: Continental epidemiological surveillance and information system (SIVCON):
based on weekly syndromic geo-referenced information – 1987: Hemispheric Committee for the Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
(COHEFA)– 1988: Hemispheric Foot-and-Mouth Disease Eradication Program (PHEFA)– 1989: River Plate Basin Agreement
Evolution (2)• Third period (90s-00s): promotion of public-private
partnerships, indirect method for estimating vaccine potency (EPP) and harmonisation vaccines strains and quality standards; wide application of oil-adjuvant vaccine leading to a dramatic decrease of FMD incidence; starting process for the recognition of country/zones free status with/without vaccination; development of ELISA 3ABC-EITB (NSP test) to differentiate vaccination from virus circulation; epidemiological methods to prove absence of virus transmission to support free status process– 2004: Hemispheric FMD Conference, Huston, USA, to revision of the
PHEFA
• Fourth Period (00s-to date): more than 85% population in free zones; 2000-2001 epidemic Southern Cone; virus O sporadic outbreaks in Southern Cone; consolidation of national FMD eradication programs– 2010: Plan Action 2011-2020 PHEFA
PURPOSE Hemispheric Foot-and-Mouth Disease Eradication
Program (PHEFA)
Increase the availability of meat and milk for the people of the Region and improve the social economic efficiency of livestock production, through:
• Improving the opportunity cost of the public investment in animal health and the private investment in livestock
• Removing the limiting factor to technology investment (genetics, feeding, management)
• Eliminating restrictions to international and domestic trade of animal and their products for the Region
PHEFA’S FUNDAMENTALS (1)
1. PHEFA as the Regional political agreement which provides the strategic and technical guidance for FMD eradication
• Action Plan 1988-2009
• Action Plan 2011-2020
2. Knowledge of the natural history of the FMD disease, and its relation with livestock production systems and livestock movement and trade patterns (ecosystem)
3. Veterinary service delivery models incorporating producers, private veterinarians and other private sector stakeholders
4. Characterization of the risk of FMD virus in different sub-regions and ecosystems; which it is now been applied at municipality or farm levels
PHEFA’S FUNDAMENTALS (2)
5. Prioritization and intensification of actions to weaker areas, by directing technical cooperation and support to areas not FMD free and free areas at risk with vulnerable borders
6. Regional coordination of the technical and managerial aspects of the FMD national programs with the support of a reference centre with laboratory, epidemiology and training capacities (PANAFTOSA)
7. Monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of Plan of Action 2011-2020 of the PHEFA in the South American countries by a Standing Monitoring Committee of COSALFA, with technical support by PANAFTOSA and the countries
PHEFATechnical and epidemiological guidance
• Areas of intervention according to the current OIE health status
– Free without vaccination
– Free with vaccination
– Not free
• Areas with endemic viral circulation
• Areas with sporadic presence of the disease introduced from external sources of infection
• Areas with no evidence of virus circulation
Libre
Libre No Libre
Libre SV No LibreIndemne
No LibreEndémico
No LibreEsporádico
Libre SVLibre CV
Intervención
Libre SV
Libre
CV
Libre
CV
10
añ
os
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Readecuación del plan nacional de erradicación
Fortalecimiento de estructura de atención veterinaria
oficial responsable por el programa
Readecuación de plan de inmunización para vacunación
estratégica y/o suspensión de vacunación y formación de
banco de vacunas
Fortalecimiento del sistema oficial de control
epidemiológico-sanitario de tránsito animal
Fortalecimiento del plan de movilización social para que la
comunidad comprenda, apoye y participe de acciones
Fortalecimiento del sistema de información del programa
que apoye toma de desiciones
Readecuación del sistema vigilancia epidemiológica,
evaluación y mitigación de riesgo de introducción y
monitoreo sanitario continuo
Fortalecimiento del sistema de gestión y administración del
programa
Cobertura vacinal (% población bovina ) 90 95 95 95 95 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nivel inmunitario (% población bovina ) 80 80 85 85 90 70 20 10 0 0 0
Movimiento ganado bajo control oficial (% del movimiento) 70 80 90 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95
Presentación clínica (establecimientos afectados por año) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tiempo de ausencia (años sin enfermedad) > 5 > 6 > 7 > 8 > 9 > 10 > 11 > 12 > 13 > 14 > 15
Estatus sanitario de la enfermedadLib
CV
Lib
CV
Lib
CV
Lib
CV
Lib
CV
Lib
CV
Lib
SV
Lib
SV
Lib
SV
Lib
SV
Lib
SV
Situación Sanitaria de Libre con Vacunación
Componentes y Parámetros
Par
ame
tro
s d
e R
esu
ltad
os
Evolución del desarrollo de componentes y parametros de
resultados en programas nacionales (por año)
Co
mp
on
en
tes
% Cumplimiento 0 20 40 60 80 100 End Endémico Esp Esporádico Ind Indemne Lib CV Libre Con Vac
Financing the PHEFA
• Direct contribution from public and private sectors of each country in their respective programs of eradication
• Technical assistance agreements with bilateral (APHIS-USDA, MAPA-Brazil, SENASA-Argentina) or multilateral (MERCOSUR - FOCEM, FAO-EU-CAN)
• Contributions from global and regional financial institutions and non-refundable refundable credits
• OPS Trust Fund to finance the technical cooperation PANAFTOSA for the PHEFA
COHEFA
Hemispheric level
with sub-regional
representative of
the private and
public sectors from
the 6 sub-regions
COSALFA
11 South American
countries with
official
representatives of
the public and
private sectors
GIEFA
Hemispheric level with sub-
regional representatives
from the public and private
sector with advocacy role
PHEFA
Plan of
Action 2011-
2020
PANAFTOSA
OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory, provision of technical cooperation on
epidemiology and management of programs, including capacity building
National FMD
Eradication
Programs
Political, strategic and technical mechanisms supporting
FMD eradication/prevention in the Americas
Inter-country
agreements and
border projects
Financing the TC of PANAFTOSA
Plan of Action 2011-2020 of the PHEFAPolitical agreement with strategic and technical framework (COHEFA)
Bia
nnual P
lan
(CO
SA
LF
A)
Bia
nnual P
lan
(CO
SA
LF
A)
Bia
nnual P
lan
(CO
SA
LF
A)
Bia
nnual P
lan
(CO
SA
LF
A)
Bia
nnual P
lan
(CO
SA
LF
A)
PAHO’s PHEFA Trust Fund and other financing mechanismsTo complement the available resources and ensure sustainability of TC
on the basis of solidarity among countries and private-public sectors
Reported cases of Vesicular Disease, FMD, Vesicular Stomatitis
Continental epidemiological surveillance and information system (SIVCON)
Reported cases of type O, A, C FMD virusContinental epidemiological surveillance and information system (SIVCON)
J Naranjo & A MendesUnidad de EpidemiologíaPANAFTOSA, OPS/OMS
FMF reported outbreaks 78-82
Weekly reporting
J Naranjo & A MendesUnidad de EpidemiologíaPANAFTOSA, OPS/OMS
FMF reported outbreaks 83-87
Weekly reporting
J Naranjo & A MendesUnidad de EpidemiologíaPANAFTOSA, OPS/OMS
FMF reported outbreaks 88-92
Weekly reporting
J Naranjo & A MendesUnidad de EpidemiologíaPANAFTOSA, OPS/OMS
FMF reported outbreaks 93-96
Weekly reporting
J Naranjo & A MendesUnidad de EpidemiologíaPANAFTOSA, OPS/OMS
FMF reported outbreaks 97-99
Weekly reporting
J Naranjo & A MendesUnidad de EpidemiologíaPANAFTOSA, OPS/OMS
FMF reported outbreaks 00-02
Weekly reporting
J Naranjo & A MendesUnidad de EpidemiologíaPANAFTOSA, OPS/OMS
FMF reported outbreaks 03-07
Weekly reporting
J Naranjo & A MendesUnidad de EpidemiologíaPANAFTOSA, OPS/OMS
FMF reported outbreaks 08-09
Weekly reporting
FMD situation in South America according to the OIE May 2012
PANAFTOSA, OPS/OMSEpidemiology unit
Health Situation
Surface of the territory Cattle and buffalo herds Cattle and buffaloes
Km2 % No % No %
Free without vaccination 3.808.129 21,4 854.912 16,9 11.694.110 3,5
Free with vaccination 8.743.526 49,2 2.662.945 52,7 272.851.766 81,5
Protection zone 88.190 0,5 16.869 0,3 479.199 0,1
Not free 5.124.056 28,8 1.522.726 30,1 49.557.982 14,8
Total 17.763.901 100 5.057.452 100 334.583.057 100
Total Free 12.639.845 71,2 3.534.726 69,9 285.025.075 85,2
FMD situation in South America in 2011
COSALFA39
*Venezuela is not included
Country
Country FMD program No. local veterinary
unitsSurface Km2No. herds
cattle/buff.No.
cattle/buff.Surface Km2
No. herds cattle/buff.
No. cattle/buff.
Argentina 2,780,525 205,928 52,613,811 2,780,525 205,928 52,613,811 353
Bolivia 1,098,581 56,958 7,642,241 1,098,581 56,958 7,642,241 105
Brasil 8,514,877 2,732,813 214,374,447 8,514,877 2,732,813 214,374,447 1,736
Chile 2,006,096 125,402 3,719,507 2,006,096 125,402 3,719,507 64
Colombia 1,141,768 491,802 23,433,362 1,141,768 491,802 23,433,362 132
Ecuador 256,370 427,514 4,486,021 256,370 427,514 4,486,021 48
Guyana 98,630 3,618 280,310 98,630 3,618 280,310 3
Paraguay 406,752 114,689 12,437,120 406,752 114,689 12,437,120 81
Perú 1,285,216 846,829 4,495,263 1,285,216 846,829 4,495,263 119
Uruguay 175,086 51,899 11,100,975 175,086 51,899 11,100,975 42
Venezuela* ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Total 17,763,900 5,057,452 334,583,057 17,763,901 5,057,452 334,583,057 2,683* El país no envió el Informe a la COSALFA XXXIX.
Coverage of FMD national programs in 2011: COSALFA39
FMD vaccine production, control and availability by countrySouth America (COSALFA39)
Elaborada (en 2011)
Controlada* (en 2011)
Dosis Disponibles** (distribuidas)
Dosis
País Valencia Cepa Aprobada Exportada Importada Disponible
Bovino
Argentina
Bivalente A24 Cruzeiro, O1 Campos 7,614,690 7,614,690 7,614,690 7,614,690 0 0 -
TrivalenteA24 Cruzeiro, O1 Campos, C3
Indaial54,483,195 54,483,195 54,483,195 54,483,195 0 0 -
TetravalenteA24 Cruzeiro, A2001 Argentina,
O1 Campos, C3 Indaial88,046,625 80,691,965 79,495,965 0 931,725 86,707,445 1.67
Bolivia TrivalenteA24 Cruzeiro, O1 Campos, C3
Indaial0 0 0 0 12,557,485 12,557,485 1.86
Brasil
Bivalente A24Cruzeiro, O1Campos 9,260,445 5,360,135 5,360,135 5,360,135 0 0 -
Trivalente A24Cruzeiro, C3Indaial,O1Campos 458,950,395 496,955,980 491,484,770 4,232,035 43,365,720 486,013,564 1.70
Colombia Bivalente A24 Cruzeiro, O1 Campos 61,305,920 50,475,650 47,982,235 5,115,390 0 44,494,605 1.91
Ecuador Bivalente O1 Campos y A24 Cruzeiros 0 0 0 0 7,789,470 7,789,470 1.74
Paraguay
Bivalente A24 Cruzeiro, O1 Campos 3,006,000 3,006,000 3,006,000 3,006,000 0 0 -
TrivalenteA24 Cruzeiro, O1 Campos, C3
Indaial26,006,000 26,006,000 25,000,000 0 11,596,670 36,573,520 2.94
Perú Bivalente A24Cruzeiro, O1Campos 0 0 0 0 120,000 120,000 Vac.Tatica
Uruguay Bivalente A24 Cruzeiro, O1 Campos 0 0 0 0 20,000,000 19,282,692 1.74
Venezuela***
Bivalente ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
TOTAL
Bivalente 81,187,055 66,456,475 63,963,060 15,980,825 27,909,470 71,686,767
Trivalente 539,439,590 577,445,175 570,967,965 58,715,230 67,519,875 535,144,569
Tetravalente 88,046,625 80,691,965 79,495,965 0 931,725 86,707,445
* Incluye dosis producidas en 2010 y no necesariamente todas las dosis producidas en 2011.
** Dosis de vacuna distribuidas en el país (independe del año de producción y incluye dosis remanecientes del año anterior)
*** El país no envió el Informe a la COSALFA XXXIX.
Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Argentina 93.889 114.819 119.015 119.015 116.622 131.610
Bolivia 8.145 1.977 6.105 6.948 10.699 10.699
Brasil 439.810 634.708 653.192 727.300 914.673 1.092.313
Chile 1.355 1.760 4.009 4.615 3.822 3.822
Colombia 24.751 24.255 27.328 23.626 66.436 24.861
Ecuador 1.939 5.531 7.135 9.737 9.119 10.789
Paraguay 6.641 7.174 13.339 8.244 12.093 1.141
Perú 639 283 812 848 1.339 1.228
Uruguay 20.187 23.878 29.689 25.975 33.888 30.327
Total 597.356 814.384 860.625 926.310 1.168.690 1.315.496
Total expenditure by national FMD programs2006-2011 (US$ x 1000)*
*Source COSALFA
Pais Sectores Gasto / Sector Gasto Total Población BovinaGasto/
BovUnid Vet Locales
Gasto/ UVL Publ /Priv
ArgentinaPublico 30.609,61
131.610 52.613.811 2,5 353 372.832 0,3Privado 101.000,00
BoliviaPublico 5.511,00
10.699 7.642.241 1,4 105 101.895 1,1Privado 5.188,00
Brasil1 Publico 754.632,471.092.313 214.374.447 5,1 1.736 629.213 2,2
Privado 337.680,60
ChilePublico ...
3.822 3.719.507 1,0 64 59.719Privado ...
ColombiaPublico 10.601,54
24.861 23.433.362 1,1 132 188.342 0,7Privado 14.259,62
EcuadorPublico 8.321,63
10.789 4.486.021 2,4 48 224.766 3,4Privado 2.467,13
GuyanaPublico 1.140,70
1.141 280.310 4,1 3 380.233 -Privado 0,00
ParaguayPublico 12.528,48
12.528 12.437.120 1,0 81 154.673-Privado 0,00
PeruPublico 1.228,21
1.228 4.495.263 0,3 119 10.321-Privado 0,00
UruguayPublico 21.933,21
30.327 11.100.975 2,7 42 722.078 2,6Privado 8.394,07
Venezuela*Publico ...
... ... ...Privado ...
Total GeneralPublico 846.506,85
1.315.496 334.583.057 3,9 2.683 490.308 1,8Privado 468.989,42
FMD Programs private/public sectors investments (COSALFA39)
Recent important events 2011-2012South America (1)
• 9 outbreaks FMD were notified: 8 virus O (5 Ecuador, 2 Paraguay, 1 Venezuela) and 1 virus A (Venezuela)
• Bolivia had 5 years without FMD outbreaks (last outbreak February 2007) and received the OIE recognition of free without vaccination for the Region del Altiplano
• Brazil started epidemiological studies for the recognition of free zone with vaccination in the states of its Northeast Region
• Peru has requested the OIE recognition of free without vaccination for the remaining part of its territory
• Ecuador and Venezuela maintain FMD virus circulation
Recent important events 2011-2012South America (2)
• Ecuador improved its veterinary service and strengthened the FMD program with a drastic increase of the vaccination coverage, surveillance and movement control
• Colombia continues implementing an intensified surveillance and prevention strategy in its border areas
• FAO project with CAN continues to provide technical cooperation to Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela; IICA, USDA/APHIS continue to provide technical cooperation
• Amazon Region maintains its indene status along with Guyana free without vaccination
Challenges
• Maintain the political commitment, investment and stakeholders participation to achieve the goal of eradication by 2020
• Strengthen the FMD program of Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela
• Strengthen monitoring mechanisms to detect residual virus circulation in the Southern Cone
• Maintain an active follow up participation of the countries to the monitoring process of the PHEFA
Conclusions
• FMD was notified from an area previously recognized as free, a very important center of livestock production in the Southern Cone
• Most countries are increasing their investment in FMD eradication program
• Circulation of FMD virus remains endemic epidemic in Ecuador and Venezuela, posing a risk to the regional eradication
• There still are numerous challenges to eradication where FMD virus circulation persists requiring a coordinated and systematic work at national and regional levels and a solidarity effort among the countries
Lesson Learned from PHEFA relevant to the Global Strategy
• PHEFA is the result of a political commitment, and provides the strategic and technical evidence-based framework for countries coordinated actions
– Regional approach
– Private-public collaboration
– Monitoring mechanisms: regional information and surveillance (SIVCON); PHEFA monitoring processes; COSALFA, COHEFA
• Technical cooperation and coordination (PANAFTOSA)
– Development of human resources
– Reference laboratory services and research
– Country TC support on epidemiology and program management
OrganizaciónPanamericana de la Salud
GRACIAS
http://new.paho.org/panaftosa
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