The Future Anvelope

Research in Architectural Engineering SeriesVolume 8ISSN 1873-6033

Previously published in this series:Volume 7. M. Eekhout, F. Verheijen and R. Visser (Eds.)Cardboard in Architecture

Volume 6. M. VeltkampFree Form Structural Design – Schemes, Systems & Prototypes of Structures for Irregular Shaped Buildings

Volume 5. L. Bragança, C. Wetzel, V. Buhagiar and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)

Volume 4. R. di Giulio, Z. Bozinovski and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)

Volume 3. E. Melgaard, G. Hadjimichael, M. Almeida and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)

Volume 2. M.T. Andeweg, S. Brunoro and L.G.W. Verhoef (Eds.)

Volume 1. M. Crisinel, M. Eekhout, M. Haldimann and R. Visser (Eds.)

ISBN 978-1-58603-827-4

Publisher IOS Press BVNieuwe Hemweg 6b1013 BG AmsterdamThe Netherlands

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Layout & Bookcover DesignRonald Visser

The Future Envelope, a Symposium held at 11 June -

Gevelbrance.

PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

PREFACE

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CONTENTS

Ulrich KnaackThe Future Envelope 1

Bert Lieverse11

A. Beukers, M. van Tooren, C. Vermeeren

Luke LowingsOverlapping Boundaries 47

Thomas Auer67

Holger Techen75

Tillmann Kleiny

Wim PoelmanThe future envelope and design methodology 97

Joop HalmanIndustrial Building Systems Design & Engineering

Michiel Cohen, Joost HeijnisThe Future Envelope

Axel Thallemerm 131

Mick Eekhout135

Ulrich Knaack, Tillmann KleinRoadmap for The Future Envelope 159

Prof. Dr. Ulrich Knaack

Abstract-

------

THE FUTURE ENVELOPE

Ulrich Knaack

2. Current Façade Technology

Figure 1

- one of the early corridor facades

layer and single glass units as external layer

Figure 3

unit with a single layered façade, the so called “hybrid façade”

Figure 2

chimney in the façade cavity and boxed window units to provide

-------

Figure 4Post tower Bonn – one of the

and double leafed facades are combined into a decentralized “component façade”

3. Developing a Façade Research Group

Figure 5

of Building Technology at the Fac-

Figure 6Air-B-Wall – a student project

5. The Future Envelope

References:

Ing. Bert Lieverse-

DIFFERENT FUTURES

Bert Lieverse

3. ‘OP DE STEP’

P Psychology----

D Demography

E Economy -

S Social aspect

T Technology -

E Ecology

P Politics-

Prof. ir. Adriaan Beukers --

AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES IN THE CENTURY AHEAD*

From Arts To Science, From CraftsmanshipTo Multidisciplinary Design And Engineering

A. Beukers, M. van Tooren C. Vermeeren

Faculty of Aerospace Engineering

Figure 1Wright brothers

Figure 2

A Possible Scenario

2.2 Scenario / Energy carriers

------

Period Energy carrier/transformer Transport system MaterialsUp to 1830 Direct Wood, wind, water,

animals, manWalking, horses, barges, coaches

Wood, linen, copper, brass and iron

1830-1900 Coal Steam engines Coaches, ships, trains Wood, linen, iron, steel1900-1940 Coal Electric dynamo Trains, cars, buses Wood, linen, plywood, iron, steel1903-2003 Oil Internal combustion

engines, piston andturbine engines

All aluminium aircraft withpressurised fuselages

Wood, plywood, linen, iron, steel, aluminium, polymers

1960-2025? Oilpass turbine engines

Supersonic aircraft Iron, steel, aluminium, polymers, titanium,composites

1970-1990 Nuclear Centralised electricity distribution

High velocity trains Steel, aluminium, composites

1990-2025? Gasenergy supply, CH4and H2

City transport Steel, aluminium, titanium, advancedcomposites, advanced alloys, ceramics

2025-future? Hydrogen? Fuel cell?Gas? Bio-fuels?

Sustainable transport:Smart cars and busesNew aircraft and train concepts

newreinforcing materials and improved metals.

Nuclear? Direct electricity high velocity trainSolar? Direct electricity

Table 1

materials

2.3 Scenario/Velocity domains

••

Proven and future transport systems

VelocityDomain (km/h)5

Transport market/system- Fuel Dominantresistance/drag-

50 < V < 100 Local:Smart2 busesSmart2 carsSmart2 trains

gas and electricity wheels(rubber/asphalt)(steel/steel)

50 < V < 250 Local, regional and continental:human controlledcarsbuses

liquid fuels wheels, air friction(rubber/stone)

125 < V < 300 Regional and continental:high velocity trains

electricity air friction(steel/steel)

300 < V < 900airspeed

Regional, continental andintercontinentalsubsonic aircraft

liquid fuel, hydrogen friction drag spec3

Exotic or obsolete transport systemsIntercontinental:supersonic aircraft

liquid fuels induced drag, wave drag spec

V < 150 Regional:wings in ground effect

liquid fuels air friction, induced drag spec

V < 120 Regional:airships

liquid fuels air friction spec4

Table 2

1. Dspec = 0·30 (equal to 30%) means: for 1kg in transport about 3N is needed to overcome resistance.2. Smart could mean:

passenger seat

2.5 Scenario/Morphologies of structures

Figure 3Leonardo da Vinci sketch

Figure 4

Figure 5Wright biplane

2.5.1 Fire safety

8 Fire, smoke, and toxicity regula-

interiors.

2.5.4 Improved durability

••••

State of the art metaltransport vehicles

Wempty /Wpayloadindicative3

BusesCars 3 (12)1

8 (27)1 Mercedes Benz S-class, 1st edition, value dominated by propulsion and systems weightSubsonic aircraft 42 balanced division of weight fractions3

Supersonic aircraft 122 value dominated by propulsion, systems and fuel weightIntercity trains 102 value dominated by structural weightGlobal orbit 66 value dominated by fuel weightLunar orbit 500 value dominated by fuel weight

Table 3

1. Between brackets the value is given for one occupant only

3. Wtotal = Wempty + Wpayload

Wempty = W + Wfuel + Wstructure

2.6 Scenario/Concluding remarks

Design Philosophy

•••••

Figure 6Extra 400

Figure 7Airbus A380

Figure 8Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

Figure 9

•••••

lightweight structures

Figure 10

Table 4

lowest registered value11

or Performance per unit weight

based on imaginary yarn properties of equal apperance

engineering constants yarns existing

T 300yarns existing E-type

yarn virtual 7075

yarn virtual piano wire

Material properties densityYoung’s modulusyield stress

3 kgm–3

9 Nm–2

y 106 Nm–22303,530

733450

2103100

(vs) the lowest listed value (1 0)dominantparameter

Solid shells: compression

buckling critical (E 1/3

(E 1/3min

Curved beams:CompressionBending

buckling critical orstiffness criticalstrength critical

(E 1/2

(E 1/2min

Bending f 2/3

Pressure vessels: strength critical,iso-tensoid wound

Sandwich shells:Bending

stiffness criticalmin

11 The yield stress is the lowest stress at which a material under-

4.1 Technology growth curves--

4.2 Improved performance and cheaper to manufacture

Figure 11The S curve

Figure 12Fuselage requirements

Figure 13

Figure 14The shift of the coincidence frequency for a sandwich panelwith a bending stiffness of 20 times the stiffness of a single skin plate and 2/ 1 = 10(7)

wich Fuselage Concept

8.1 Exterior noise

8.2 Interior noise-

10. Conclusions

Figure 15BWB fuselage cross-section

Figure 16Nests of pressure vessels from pressurised tubes to nestedchains of ellipsoidal segments and pressurised ‘cathedrals’

References

M.A. Luke Lowings-

OVERLAPPING BOUNDARIES

Luke Lowings

London

The Rachofsky House Dichroic Light FieldTower Palace London

Columbus Center, Glass Wall and Roof

Design engineer: Schlaich, Berger-mann & Partner1999-2004

Lichthof Facade and Roof

Bergermann & Partner1999

3. Thin Facades:

-101 Queen Victoria Street, London

Arup & Partners, London 2002 - 2004

Engineer: Arup Facade Engineer-ing, London2005-

-- Heathrow screens

5. Synthesis?

6. Conclusion:

Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Auer

Thomas Auer

Transsolar

PERFORMANCE AS A GOAL INTEGRATION AS THE APPROACH?

2. History

Figure 1

Figure 2Crown Hall and the Dayley Center in Chicago

3. High Performance glass buildings

Figure 3Prisma Building, Frankfurt, using double facade technology

Figure 4

with heat mirror glass

opposite page

Figure 5

Figure 6

integrated mechanical systems

Figure 7Graded wall principles (Marcel Bilow)

5. Future Systems

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Holger Techen -

2. Zollverein School, Zeche Zollverein, Essen, Germany

FUTURE ENVELOPES FROM IMAGINATION TO REALIZATION

Holger Techen

Figure 1Design model

Figure 2

components

Figure 3Lower reinforcement layer, piping

displacement bodies, built-in light

Figure 4Arrangement of high-load posts

Figure 5Glass dividing walls with concealed -

Figure 6

a free-standing wall during the building process

Figure 7

Winter)

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

fully glazed building envelope

Figure 11

membrane

Figure 12Details of membrane mounts

Figure 13Assembly and test loading of the membrane roof on the free-stand-ing glass panels

Figure 14

4. Summary

Dipl.-Ing. Tillmann Klein --

Tillmann Klein

Leader Facades Research Group Faculty of Architecture

Abstract-

EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS IN FAÇADE TECHNOLOGYIs Function Integration the Strategy for the Future?

Figure 1

Technology, Chicago, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1956

Figure 2

Technology, Chicago, Detail of façade

Ausklinkung A

Ausklinkung B

Figure 3Detail of post-beam system, Raico Bautechnic

Figure 4-

sign teams from project to project

Figure 5Standars and systems in the design process

•• -

Exemplary projects-

Modular facade element

Figure 6Modular fa

concrete with decentralized climate unit

Figure 7Detail of modular façade element

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11Assembly of Jackbox

Jackbox

Zollverein School of Management and Design

Figure 12School of Management and Design, Essen, SANAA, Tokio with Heinrich Böll, Essen, 2006

Figure 13

6. Conclusion

••

• -ties

••

References

Dr. ir. Wim Poelman

THE FUTURE ENVELOPE AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Wim Poelman

Chair of Product Development Faculty of Architecture

Poelman + Partners

Figure 1Eekels (1995)

process

Figure 2Fundamentals of design

3. The funnel model

Figure 3The funnel model

6. Methodology for technology assessment

Figure 4

technology

8. The architect as technology broker

Figure 5

(1992)

Figure 6

research, according to Van den

10. Conclusions

References-

Prof. Dr. ir. Joop Hallman ---

INDUSTRIAL BUILDING SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERINGAccelerating change through research and education

Joop Halman

Management & Engineering Faculty of Engineering

2. The voice of the customer

Figure 1

(Hofman et al, 2006)

Relative importance

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Type of kitchen

Sanitairy facilities (type and colour bath, w ashbasin, toilet)

Tiling (type and colour)

Floor f inish (parquet, carpet, tiles)

Interior w alls (w allpaper, stucco)

Telecommunication (telephone, internet, television)

Position kitchen

Type, number and position sockets and sw itches

Length and w idth living room

Number of bedrooms

Type of heating (f loor / w all)

Choice in roofing construction (dormer, terrace)

Façade back (bay, position w indow s)

Façade front (bay, position w indow s)

Position bathroom

Position w ashbasins

Inner casements and doors

Depth house

Heating system (boiler, w ater heater)

Door hardw are (type of locks and latches)

Casing (material, free of maintenance)

Position toilet

Choice in type of roof

Position innerdoors

Number of bathrooms and toilets

Position w atertaps (cold and w arm)

Façade f inish (masonry, w ood)

Plot layout

Parking facilities

Width house

Roofing f inish (type and colour roofing tiles)

Type security system

Playground and green area

Extra (solar system)

Pavement

Housing attribute

4. Organizing the supply chain

Figure 2

hierarchy of modules (Veenstra et al, 2006)

Structure Traffic Space

(Bed)room

Kitchen

BathroomExtensionLiving room

Garage

Storage

Bay window

Dormer

Exterior(building style)

Finishes

Floorplan

Built-inmodules

Extensionmodules

Module specification

Interior

Figure 3Centralized versus decentralized network (Langlois and Robertson, 1992)

7. New models for business development in the building industry

8. Towards a new Master in Industrial Building systems Design and Engineering

Figure 4-

ules and subsystems (NCC and Burggraaf)

9. Future professionals in façade development

• • •

• •

10. Conclusion

References-

Ir. Michiel Cohen, as prin-

THE FUTURE ENVELOPETowards a More Reactive Facade

Figure 1“Could medieval man imagine a city of brick?”

Michiel Cohen, Joost Heijnis

Cepezed Architects

Figure 2Basic shelter without added (com-plicated) requirements.

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6The sandwichpanel evolved into a building component which led to

Figure 7-

Figure 8Perforated steel screens used in the design of the Centre for Hu-man Drug Research, CHDR (1995) in Leiden, the Netherlands (by cepezed)

The future should be more simple.

References

Figure 5

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Axel Thallemer

AFTERTHOUGHTS TO THE SYMPOSIUM

Axel Thallemer

Professor Technical Design Academy of Fine Arts, Hamburg. Dean of Industrial Design Linz, Austria Self-employed under Airena®

-Prof. Dr. ir. Mick Eekhout -

FUTURE FOR FAÇADE RESEARCH AT TU DELFT

Mick Eekhout

Professor of Product Development Nestor of Building Technology Faculty of Architecture

A warrior of light knows that he has much to be grate-ful for.

He was helped in his struggle by the angels; celestial forces placed each thing in its place, thus allowing him to give of his best.

His companions say: ‘ He’s so lucky!’ And the warrior does sometimes achieve things far beyond his capa-bilities.

That is why, at sunset, he kneels and gives thanks for the protective Cloak surrounding him.

His gratitude however, is not limited to the spiritu-al world; he never forgets his friends, for their blood

A warrior does not need to be reminded of the help

he makes sure to share with them any rewards he re-ceives.

Figure 1

and 5 research programs

Figure 2Six rings from fundamental re-search to free architectural design

of Research, Development and Design.

Figure 3

Technology Research, 15 subpro-grams and some 80 researchers.

------

3. Status Of The Subprogram Facades

4. Sixteen Steps Strategy

Step 1: Growth-

Step 2: Arrangement---

Figure 4-

approach.

Step 5: Towards Reprogramming

Step 6: External Finances

Step 8: Peer Reviews for the Mid Term Review -

ponents’

Step 11: Mid term Review

Step 12: Programming Building Technology Plus

Step 14: SME partnerships

Step 16: Tendering for the European 7 FP Program-

5. Colloquia

• BlobsKassel

• Industrial Building

• Informatics

• Zappi

• Climate Design

6. Development of this Research Program

7. Peer Reviews

8. Aim Of The Colloquia

Poster 9.2.2

Poster 9.2.3

Poster 9.2.4

Poster 9.2.5

Poster 9.2.6

Poster 9.2.7

10. Towards a 3TU Research Plan for Building Technology

12. Research Centre ‘Sp Bouw’

13. Enlarging the Research Plan In 2007

14. Match between Demand and Supply

15. Conclusions for Façades

Before embarking on an important battle, a warrior of light asks himself: ‘How far have I developed my abilities?’

He knows that he has learned something with every battle he has fought, but many of those lessons have caused him

did not deserve his love.

Victors never make the mistake twice. That is why the war-rior only risks his heart for something worthwhile.

References

The Next Step: Integrated Facades and Comfort Industry

ROADMAP FOR THE FUTURE ENVELOPE

Ulrich Knaack Tillmann Klein

Façade System ProviderPost-and-rail systemElement systemDouble Facades

Service Provider (Subsystem)HeatingCoolingVentilationLight

Integrated facade solution

Figure 1

The Strategic Development: Performance Oriented Envelopes

------

Façade System ProviderPost-and-rail systemElement systemDouble Facades

Service ProviderHeatingCoolingVentilationLight

Integrated facade system

Figure 2

Rapidchange

New discovery

Improvement

Figure 3

and incre-mental improvement when products reach maturity.

The performance oriented envelope.

Personal Conclusions of the Conference

The Future Anvelope

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