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North vs. South The North
1860 Population = 22 million
Industrial society Fluid, dynamic,
growing
The South 1860 Population
= 9 million (3.5 to 4 million slaves)
Agricultural society
Static, conservative society
Antebellum North Industrialization
continued More inventions
John Deere: steel edged plow Cyrus McCormick: reaper
Working conditions Late 1830s: good (attraction
of west) After 1837: worse (surplus of
labor => immigration) Transportation /
communication Telegraph, Pony Express
(1860) Savannah (1819) – first
oceanic steamship Clipper ships, through 1850s
Importance: united Western farms with NE industry to create industrial North
Antebellum North Immigration
Rapid increase in immigration from Ireland, Germany
Ireland: UK oppression, potato famine
Germany: autocratic rulers, failed revolutions of 1830 & 1848
US seen as escape, place of hope
Irish to cities in NE Germans to farms,
cities of Midwest
Antebellum North Perception of
immigration Threat to “American
way of life” Economics Religion (“Popery”) Language
Reaction to immigration Discrimination
(“NINA”) American (“Know
Nothing”) Party Plunge in work
conditions
Ad, New York Times (1854)
Antebellum North Cheap labor, strikes,
led to reform Child labor Shorter work day Work conditions
“Organized labor” emerges 1834: Nat’l Trades
Union – America’s first union
Antebellum South Social Structure
Planters – owned at least 20 slaves
50,000 in 1860 2,500 owned 100-
500 slaves 3 owned 500+
slaves Small Slave Owners
Owned 2-3 slaves Not accepted into
planter society Small farmers
No slaves (looked up to planters)
Laborers & tenants Skilled crafters Mobile
Planter’s home(1861)
Antebellum South Social structure,
cont. Poor whites
Subsistence farmers Generally anti-
slavery “Poor white trash”;
“Piney white folks”; “crackers”
Free blacks Born or set free Often educated Lived in cities, for
safety Slaves
House slaves Field workers
Antebellum South South nickname =
“King Cotton” 1791: 4000 bales
(500 lbs. each) of cotton produced
1793: invention of cotton gin
1860: 4 million bales produced
1860, cotton represented 2/3 of all US exports
Road to Civil War: Slavery Debate
Anti-Slavery justifications Religion:
Christian ethic Morality: slavery
utterly evil Humanity:
disruption of families, cruel treatment of other humans
Freedom: denied political, civil rights
Enlightened thinking: equality denied
Pro Slavery justifications Slaves were inferior,
uncivilized, child like “classical” civilizations
used slaves Better than “wage slave”
Northern system “Cotton Kingdom”, US
depended on slavery Bible upheld slavery Slavery was profitable Fear of change in
relationship between whites, blacks
No alternative to slavery, in South
Slavery seen as a positive good (unified South)
Road to Civil War: Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
Dred Scott was a slave owned by an army doctor
Owner moved to free state (Illinois)
Scott: am I free because I’m in a free state?
Supreme Court: NO! Any person descended from
a black African was not a citizen
MO Compromise was unconstitutional, b/c Congress did not have power to free all Black Africans or give them citizenship (5th Am)
Effectively, SC said slaves were property, it could not be excluded from North or the territories
North horrified!
Dred Scott
Chief JusticeRoger Taney
Road to Civil War Lincoln-Douglas
Debates, 1858 Lincoln: coming of
age of Republican cause
Douglas: popular sovereignty survived Dred Scott
Douglas won Senate seat, but Lincoln gained national attention
John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry, 1859 Southern militias
started training after raid
Secession talk increased w/ approaching election
Election of 1860 Four candidates
Northern Ds: Douglas (status quo, pop. Sovereignty)
Southern Ds: Breckenridge (protect slavery, S. rights)
Republican: Lincoln (against extension of slavery) (not on 10 ballots, in South)
Constitutional Union: Bell (status quo)
People went to polls knowing that six states would secede if Lincoln elected
ResultsLincoln (R): 180 ECV / 1,865,593Breckenridge (SD): 72 ECV / 1,382,713Douglas (ND): 12 ECV / 848,356Bell (U): 39 ECV / 592,906
Abraham Lincoln Born in KY, 1809,
log cabin Little formal
education – self taught
6’5” tall, very strong – “wrassler”
Moved to Springfield at age 21
New Orleans trip (1832)
Became attorney, 1 term Congressman, President
Secession South saw election of
Lincoln as radicalization of Union
Secession by inauguration (4/61): SC, MI, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX TX – ¼ of entire Federal
army surrendered, joined confederacy
Feb 1861: Jefferson Davis (US Senator from SC) took oath of office as President of CSA
VA, AK, NC, TN joined CSA after Fort Sumter surrender
MO, KY divided between N, S
WV formed out of VA (anti-slavery part)
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