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- 1. THE EARTHS INTERIOR Introduction
- 2. In Module 1, you have learned about the different processes
and landforms along plate boundaries that slowly shaped the Earths
surface. In Module 2, you will learn the connection between these
processes with the internal structure and mechanisms of our
planet.
- 3. What to expect: This module will help you visualize and
understand the composition and structure of the Earths
interior.
- 4. It provides you scientific knowledge that will help you
describe the different layers of the Earth as well as understand
their characteristics.
- 5. You will also learn concepts that explain the physical
changes that it underwent in the past. This module also consists of
activities that will help you develop your critical thinking skills
to have a deeper understanding about the planet where you
live.
- 6. Key Questions: 1. How do the structure and composition of
the Earth cause geologic activities and physical changes? 2. What
are the possible causes of the lithospheric plate movements? 3.
What proves the movement of the tectonic plates?
- 7. Studying the Earths Interior Scientists tried to explore and
study the interior of the Earth. Yet, until today, there are no
mechanical probes or actual explorations done to totally discover
the deepest region of the Earth.
- 8. How did they know? The Earth is made up of three layers: the
crust, the mantle, and the core. The study of these layers is
mostly done in the Earths crust since mechanical probes are
impossible due to the tremendous heat and very high pressure
underneath the Earths surface.
- 9. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities Read the
given resources and answer Act. 1.
- 10. Activity 1A: Amazing Waves! Objectives: Define seismic
waves scientifically. Differentiate the different types of seismic
waves. Recognize the importance of seismic waves in the study of
the Earths interior.
- 11. Procedure: (1whole) Construct your own organizer that shows
necessary information and summarizes the concept about seismic
waves. Answer Q1 and Q2.
- 12. Seismic Waves Seismic waves from earthquakes are used to
analyze the composition and internal structure of the Earth. What
are seismic waves?
- 13. Seismic waves Earthquake is a vibration of the Earth
produced by the rapid release of energy. This energy radiates in
all directions from the focus in the form of waves called seismic
waves.
- 14. Earthquake: Seismic Wave Wave Direction Fault Epicenter
Focus
- 15. Types of Seismic Wave Surface waves Body Waves
- 16. Surface Waves can only travel through the surface of the
Earth arrive after the main P and S waves 2 Types of Surface Waves
Love Waves Rayleigh Waves
- 17. Love Wave named after A.E.H. Love, a British mathematician
who worked out the mathematical model for this kind of wave in
1911. faster than Rayleigh wave it moves the ground in a
side-to-side horizontal motion, like that of a snakes causing the
ground to twist cause the most damage to structures during an
earthquake.
- 18. Love Wave
- 19. Rayleigh Wave named after John William Strutt, Lord
Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the existence of this kind
of wave in 1885 wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls
across a lake or an ocean up and down or side-to-side similar to
the direction of the waves movement shaking felt from an
earthquake
- 20. Rayleigh Wave
- 21. Body waves can travel through the Earths inner layers they
are used by scientists to study the Earths interior higher
frequency than the surface waves
- 22. Body waves 2 types P-Waves (Primary waves) S-waves
(Secondary waves)
- 23. P-waves (Primary) is a pulse energy that travels quickly
through the Earth and through liquids travels faster than the S-
wave it reaches a detector first
- 24. P-waves (Primary) compressional waves, travel by particles
vibrating parallel to the direction the wave travel move backward
and forward as they are compressed and expanded they travel through
solids, liquids and gases
- 25. S-waves (Secondary/Shear) pulse energy that travels slower
than a P-wave through Earth and solids Move as shear or transverse
waves, and force the ground to sway from side to side, in rolling
motion that shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the
direction of the waves
- 26. S-waves (Secondary/Shear) cannot travel through any liquid
medium led seismologists to conclude that the outer core is
liquid
- 27. Seismic Waves movement
- 28. Cross section of the Earth as seismic waves travel through
it
- 29. Propagation of Seismic Waves Through Earths Interior
Longitudinal waves travel through both solids and liquids.
Transverse waves travel through solids only.
- 30. Remember: P-waves are detected on the other side of the
Earth opposite the focus. A shadow zone from 103 to 142 exists from
P-waves Since P-waves are detected until 103, disappear from 103 to
142, then reappear again, something inside the Earth must be
bending the P-waves
- 31. Remember: existence of a shadow zone, according to German
seismologist Beno Gutenberg (u t n bk), could only be explained if
the Earth contained a core composed of a material different from
that of the mantle causing the bending of the P-waves To honor him,
mantlecore boundary is called Gutenberg discontinuity
- 32. Remember: From the epicenter, S-waves are detected until
103, from that point, S- waves are no longer detected S-waves do
not travel all throughout the Earths body knowing the properties
and characteristics of S-waves (that it cannot travel through
liquids), and with the idea that P-waves are bent to some degree,
this portion must be made of liquid, thus the outer core
- 33. Remember: 1936, the innermost layer of the Earth was
predicted by Inge Lehmann, a Danish seismologist discovered a new
region of seismic reflection within the core Earth has a core
within a core
- 34. Remember: the outer part of the core is liquid based from
the production of an S wave shadow and the inner part must be solid
with a different density than the rest of the surrounding material
size of the inner core was accurately calculated through nuclear
underground tests conducted in Nevada. echoes from seismic waves
provided accurate data in determining its size
- 35. Bring the ff. (by grp) 15g cornstarch 2 small cups Medicine
dropper Stirring rod or spoon
- 36. Act. 1B. Simulating Plasticity Procedure: Put 15 g
cornstarch into one of the beakers. Put 10 ml water into the other
beaker. Add one drop full of water to the cornstarch. Stir the
mixture. How does the mixture react like; solid, liquid or
gas?
- 37. Continue to add water to the mixture, one drop full at a
time. Stir the mixture after each addition. Stop adding water when
the mixture becomes difficult to stir. Pour the mixture into your
hand. Roll the mixture into a ball and press it.
- 38. Answer the ff. questions How does the mixture behave like?
How is the mixture of cornstarch and water similar to the earths
mantle? How is it different from the earths mantle? How does the
plasticity of the earths mantle influence the movement of the
lithospheric plates?
- 39. Bring the ff: (by grp) hardboiled egg/s bread knife used
paper/newspaper to work on
- 40. Activity 1C: Hard Boiled Earth PROCEDURE: 1. Prepare the
materials. (hardboiled egg, bread knife, used paper to work on) 2.
Place used paper or newspaper on your working area. Cut the egg
into halves using a knife or a cutter.
- 41. Procedure: Using qualitative observation, describe the
parts of the egg from the outermost to the innermost by completing
the table. Write your answer on a piece of paper/ short bond paper.
PARTS OF THE EGG DECSRIPTION EQUIVALENT TO THE EARTHS LAYER
DESCRIPTION
- 42. Procedure: 4. Draw the appearance of the cut hard-boiled
egg. 5. Answer the ff. A. How many layers does a hard-boiled egg
have? B. Which is the largest part? The thinnest? C. Compare the
parts of the egg to the model of the earth. D. Aside from the
hard-boiled egg, what other things can you compare to the earths
interior layers?
- 43. OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH Our Earth is about average among the
planets in the Solar System, in many respects: largest and most
massive of the four terrestrial planets, but smaller and less
massive than the four giant, or Jovian, planets third in distance
from the Sun among the four terrestrial planets has a moderately
dense atmosphere; 90 times less dense than that of Venus but 100
times denser than that of Mars
- 44. OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH Earth is also unique in many
respects: the only planet with liquid water on its surface. the
only one having a significant (21%) proportion of molecular oxygen
to our best current knowledge, the only planet in the solar system
having living organisms the only terrestrial planet having a
moderately strong magnetic field the only terrestrial planet having
a large satellite
- 45. OUR HOME PLANET, EARTH
- 46. The Solid Earth geology -the study of the structure,
history, and activity of the solid Earth, including its
interactions with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and
biosphere solid Earth contains four major zones: the core (which is
divided into inner and outer zones), the (upper and lower) mantle,
the asthenosphere, and the lithosphere
- 47. The Solid Earth the outer zones is not uniform and fixed
over the surface of the Earth, but shows much variability with
position and time. The field of plate tectonics deals with this
spatial and temporal variability. Geological phenomena such as
earthquakes, volcanoes, and continental drift are accounted for by
plate tectonics.
- 48. The Composition of the Earths Interior
- 49. Seismic Waves: Interior Part
- 50. HW 4: Describe the unique characteristics of each interior
layer of the earth. (10pts) Bring: (by group) Coloring materials
Pencil Marker
- 51. Activity 2: Our Dynamic Earth Objectives: Describe the
properties of the layers of the Earth. Tell the composition of the
layers of the Earth.
- 52. Did you know? The deepest mine in the world, the gold mine
in South Africa, reaches a depth of 3.8km. But... You would have to
travel more than 1,600 times that distance-over 6000km-to reach the
earths center.
- 53. The Composition of the Earths Interior
- 54. DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION IN DEPTH
- 55. The Crust
- 56. The Crust thinnest and the outermost layer of the Earth
that extends from the surface to about 32 kilometers below
Continental Oceanic
- 57. Stanley, 1989, p. 14 Continental Stanley, 1989, p. 14
Continental Root Moho Oceanic Lithosphere Asthenosphere
- 58. Continental mainly made up of silicon, oxygen, aluminum,
calcium, sodium, and potassium mostly 35-40 kilometers found under
land masses made of less dense rocks such as granite
- 59. Oceanic oceanic crust is around 7-10 kilometers thick which
its average thickness is 8 kilometers. found under the ocean floor
made of dense rocks such as basalt heavier than the continental
crust.
- 60. The Crust: Continental GRANITE -crystalline igneous rock
composed primarily of quartz and feldspar. forms from slowly
cooling magma that is subjected to extreme pressures deep beneath
the earth's.
- 61. The Crust: Oceanic BASALT -volcanic rock forms from lava
flows along mid-ocean ridges and also in igneous intrusions such as
dikes and sills. Columnar jointing, pictured here at Devil's Tower,
Wyoming, occurs when molten basalt cracks as it cools, producing
separate, polygonal fractures on the surface of the rock.
- 62. Elements in the Crust
- 63. Moho Discontinuity While studying the speed of earthquake
waves, Croatian geophysicist Andrija Mohorovii discovers a boundary
between Earth's crust and mantle, which becomes known as the
Mohorovii, or Moho, Discontinuity.
- 64. The Mantle Beneath the crust is the mantle extends to about
2900 kilometers from the Earths surface about 80% of the Earths
total volume about 68% of its total mass mainly made up of silicate
rocks and contrary to common belief, is solid, since both S-waves
and P-waves pass through it
- 65. The Mantle mostly made of the elements silicon, oxygen,
iron and magnesium lower part of the mantle consists of more iron
than the upper part lower mantle is denser than the upper portion
temperature and the pressure increase with depth high temperature
and pressure in the mantle allows the solid rock to flow
slowly
- 66. Remember: The ability of the asthenosphere to flow slowly
is termed as plasticity. crust and the uppermost part of the mantle
form a relatively cool, outermost rigid shell called lithosphere
(Gk.lithos means stone) and is about 50 to 100 kilometers
thick
- 67. Remember: Beneath the lithosphere lies the soft, weak layer
known as the asthenosphere (Gk. asthenes means weak) made of hot
molten material, about 300 800o C upper 150 kilometers has a
temperature enough to facilitate a small amount of melting, and
make it capable to flow facilitates the movement of the
lithospheric plates lithosphere, with the continents on top of it,
is being carried by the flowing asthenosphere.
- 68. Layers
- 69. The Core 2000-5000o C core is subdivided into two layers:
the inner the outer core.
- 70. Outer Core 2900 kilometers below the Earths surface 2250
kilometers thick made up of iron and nickel temperature reaches up
to 2000oC at this very high temperature, iron and nickel melt
- 71. Outer Core Aside from seismic data analysis, the Earths
magnetic field strengthens the idea that the Earths outer core is
molten/liquid mainly made up of iron and nickel moving around the
solid inner core, creating Earths magnetism
- 72. The Inner Core made up of solid iron and nickel and has a
radius of 1300 kilometers about 5000oC extreme temperature could
have molten the iron and nickel but it is believed to have
solidified as a result of pressure freezing, which is common to
liquids subjected under tremendous pressure
- 73. The Inner Core Aside from the fact that the Earth has a
magnetic field and that it must be iron or other materials which
are magnetic in nature, the inner core must have a density that is
about 14 times that of water. Average crustal rocks with densities
2.8 times that of water could not have the density calculated for
the core. So iron, which is three times denser than crustal rocks,
meets the required density.
- 74. Clues that the inner core and the outer core are made up of
iron Iron and nickel are both dense and magnetic. overall density
of the earth is much higher than the density of the rocks in the
crust suggests that the inside must be made up of something denser
than rocks
- 75. Clues that the inner core and the outer core are made up of
iron Meteorite analysis have revealed that the most common type is
chondrite. Chondrite contains iron, silicon, magnesium and oxygen;
some contains nickel. The whole earth and the meteorite roughly
have the same density, thus the Earths mantle rock and a meteorite
minus its iron, have the same density.
- 76. HW5 Write a short story that describes the most exciting
part of your own imaginary journey to Earths center. Bring the ff.
(by group) scissors old magazines brown envelope