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The Dynamic Earth. Chapter 3. Earth as a System. Geosphere – land 6,378 km radius Atmosphere – mixture of gases, air Hydrosphere – water covers 2/3’s Biosphere – life exists, 9 km above to the bottom of the ocean. Earths Interior. Each layer of the earth gets denser the deeper it gets - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Dynamic EarthThe Dynamic Earth
Chapter 3Chapter 3
Earth as a SystemEarth as a System
Geosphere – land 6,378 km radiusGeosphere – land 6,378 km radius
Atmosphere – mixture of gases, airAtmosphere – mixture of gases, air
Hydrosphere – water covers 2/3’sHydrosphere – water covers 2/3’s
Biosphere – life exists, 9 km above to Biosphere – life exists, 9 km above to the bottom of the oceanthe bottom of the ocean
Earths InteriorEarths Interior Each layer of the earth gets denser Each layer of the earth gets denser
the deeper it getsthe deeper it gets Three Compositional Layers:Three Compositional Layers: 1. 1. CrustCrust – outer layer, 5-8km under – outer layer, 5-8km under
the oceans, 20-70km under the the oceans, 20-70km under the continentscontinents
2. 2. MantleMantle – 2900km thick, medium – 2900km thick, medium dense 64%dense 64%
3. 3. CoreCore – radius of 3400 km, most – radius of 3400 km, most densedense
The GeosphereThe Geosphere
Five Physical Layers of the EarthFive Physical Layers of the Earth LithosphereLithosphere – cool, rigid layer, up to 300 – cool, rigid layer, up to 300
km, makes up the pieces called the km, makes up the pieces called the tectonic platestectonic plates
AsthenosphereAsthenosphere – plastic, solid layer of – plastic, solid layer of mantle that flows smoothly and the mantle that flows smoothly and the tectonic plates move on top of it, 250 kmtectonic plates move on top of it, 250 km
MesophereMesophere – lower part of the mantle, – lower part of the mantle, 2550 km2550 km
Outer CoreOuter Core – made of liquid nickel and – made of liquid nickel and iron, 2200 kmiron, 2200 km
Inner CoreInner Core – 1228 km, solid nickel and – 1228 km, solid nickel and ironiron
Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics Continents are on the tectonic plates Continents are on the tectonic plates
and move with them and move with them Major tectonic plates are the Pacific, Major tectonic plates are the Pacific,
North American, South American, North American, South American, African, Eurasian and AntarcticAfrican, Eurasian and Antarctic
Geologic activity occurs at the Geologic activity occurs at the boundaries between tectonic platesboundaries between tectonic plates
Plates collide, pull apart, slip past each Plates collide, pull apart, slip past each other cause mountains to form, other cause mountains to form, earthquakes and volcanoesearthquakes and volcanoes
EarthquakesEarthquakes Fault – break in the crust that is where Fault – break in the crust that is where
earthquakes occurearthquakes occur Richter scale 2-9.5- measure of the Richter scale 2-9.5- measure of the
magnitude of an earthquake, each magnitude of an earthquake, each number is 31.7 times stronger than number is 31.7 times stronger than the number belowthe number below
VolcanoesRing of Fire Contains 75% of the worlds active volcanoes
Located on plate boundaries
ErosionErosion Removal and transport of surface Removal and transport of surface
materialmaterial 2 Types:2 Types:
Water Erosion – rivers and oceansWater Erosion – rivers and oceans
Wind Erosion – deserts and beachesWind Erosion – deserts and beaches
Atmosphere -Atmosphere - Mixture of gases surrounding earthMixture of gases surrounding earth Constantly changingConstantly changing Insulates thus keeping earth temperature Insulates thus keeping earth temperature
constantconstant Nitrogen makes up 78%Nitrogen makes up 78% O, Ar, CoO, Ar, Co22, methane, water vapor , methane, water vapor Atmospheric Dust-soil, salt, ash from Atmospheric Dust-soil, salt, ash from
fires, volcanic ash, pollen, bacteria, fires, volcanic ash, pollen, bacteria, virusesviruses
Air pressure is less dense the further outAir pressure is less dense the further out
Atmosphere – 4 layersAtmosphere – 4 layers 1.1.TroposphereTroposphere – area closest to the – area closest to the
ground, 18 km 75%of the gases, dust, ice ground, 18 km 75%of the gases, dust, ice and liquid water-Weather, Clouds, and and liquid water-Weather, Clouds, and smog occur heresmog occur here
2. 2. StratosphereStratosphere – 18-50 km Ozone – 18-50 km Ozone layer, temperature riseslayer, temperature rises
3. 3. MesosphereMesosphere – 50-80 km, coldest – 50-80 km, coldest layer, down to -92layer, down to -92oo C C
4. 4. ThermosphereThermosphere – contains the – contains the ionosphere where electrical charged ionosphere where electrical charged particles are (get AM radio at night when particles are (get AM radio at night when sun goes down, particles quit jumping)sun goes down, particles quit jumping)
Temperatures up to Temperatures up to 20002000ooCC
Energy Transfer occurs by:Energy Transfer occurs by: RadiationRadiation – electromagnetic waves, no – electromagnetic waves, no
contact but still feel it, moves from object contact but still feel it, moves from object with a higher temperature to one with a with a higher temperature to one with a lower temperaturelower temperature
Conduction –Conduction – direct contact, fast moving direct contact, fast moving molecules to slow moving moleculesmolecules to slow moving molecules
Convection Convection – density differences, air is – density differences, air is warmed, the air molecules move apart warmed, the air molecules move apart which increases the volume of air which which increases the volume of air which reduces its density thus the air raises and reduces its density thus the air raises and causes a circular movement of air called causes a circular movement of air called a convection currenta convection current
Green House EffectGreen House Effect Solar energy is trapped next to the Solar energy is trapped next to the
earth’s surface by the atmosphereearth’s surface by the atmosphere Gases that trap heat next to earth are Gases that trap heat next to earth are
called greenhouse gases: water vapor, called greenhouse gases: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxideoxide
These gases keep earth warm enough These gases keep earth warm enough to support life as we know it.to support life as we know it.
Water Cycle
Water on EarthWater on Earth HydrosphereHydrosphere – all water on earth’s surface, – all water on earth’s surface,
covers 70% of earths surface, 97% salt water, covers 70% of earths surface, 97% salt water, of the remaining 3% - 2/3’s is frozen in the ice of the remaining 3% - 2/3’s is frozen in the ice caps of the south and north polescaps of the south and north poles
Water Cycle – Water Cycle – water constantly moves water constantly moves between the atmosphere and earth, sun between the atmosphere and earth, sun provides the energy for thisprovides the energy for this– EvaporationEvaporation - Heat from sun cause water to - Heat from sun cause water to
evaporate into the atmosphere into water evaporate into the atmosphere into water vapor vapor
– CondensationCondensation -Water vapor changes back into -Water vapor changes back into a liquid in the atmosphere as it cools, when it a liquid in the atmosphere as it cools, when it condenses it forms cloudscondenses it forms clouds
– PrecipitationPrecipitation – clouds cannot hold any more – clouds cannot hold any more water vapor, it falls as rain, snow, hail, sleetwater vapor, it falls as rain, snow, hail, sleet
rain is either absorbed by ground, runoff, or rain is either absorbed by ground, runoff, or evaporatesevaporates
Earth’s OceansEarth’s Oceans Make up over 70% of the earth’s surfaceMake up over 70% of the earth’s surface Major Oceans:Major Oceans: Pacific Ocean is the largest – deepest Pacific Ocean is the largest – deepest
area of all ocean is Challenger Deep, area of all ocean is Challenger Deep, 11,033 m below sea level, (deeper than 11,033 m below sea level, (deeper than Mt. Everest)Mt. Everest)
Atlantic Ocean- also North and southAtlantic Ocean- also North and south Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean – smallest ocean covered by Arctic Ocean – smallest ocean covered by
ice, pack iceice, pack ice
Ocean WaterOcean Water Salinity – concentration of all the Salinity – concentration of all the
dissolved salts, average 3.5%dissolved salts, average 3.5% Composed of Sodium (31%) and Composed of Sodium (31%) and
Chlorine (55%)Chlorine (55%) Zones of the OceanZones of the Ocean Surface Zone – warm, sunlightSurface Zone – warm, sunlight Thermocline – area that gets coldThermocline – area that gets cold Deep Zone – average temperature 2Deep Zone – average temperature 2oo C C Functions to absorb and store solar Functions to absorb and store solar
energyenergy Currents move warm and cold waterCurrents move warm and cold water
BiosphereBiosphere
Closed system – matter in the Closed system – matter in the environmentenvironment
Open system - for energy, sunlightOpen system - for energy, sunlight
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