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The Development of Indigenous Fruit
Trees in Eastern Africa for Improved
Livelihoods
A Joint Collaboration Between
AFREA and Bioversity
International
1.0 Introduction
IFTs identified as a priority area in sub-region in
priority setting workshop in 2000, FAO
Bioversity International (IPGRI) – MoU
(SAFORGEN) with FORNESSA 2002, IFTs priority
area for collaboration
Implemented through two projects;
Review and Appraisal on the Status of
Indigenous Fruits in Eastern Africa (2003/04)
Use and Conservation of Indigenous Fruit
Tree Diversity for Improved Livelihoods in
Eastern Africa (2007/09)
2.0 Review and Appraisal on the Status of
Indigenous Fruits in Eastern Africa
Information exists sub-region (grey &
published). Review useful starting point for
developing appropriate interventions building
upon on-going initiatives
ToRs;
Review literature (published/grey) within each
country on the status of research and
development,
Carry out field appraisal identify key players
carrying out research/development on the one
hand and production/marketing and verify five
priority fruit species with detailed information on
each,
Identify gaps for research and development of
each species.
Highlights
Countries - Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan & Tanzania
2.1 Ethiopia
370 indigenous food plants (70 families); 182 species
(40 families) are trees/shrubs with edible fruits/seeds
25 marketable
21 local markets,
2 national - Mimusops kummel, Ziziphus
spina-christi
2 international - T. indica, B. aegyptiaca
Priority species
Criteria - food/nutritional value, socioeconomic
importance, availability, marketability, potential for
development through value addition, and potential
for other uses
Species - Balanites aegyptaica, Cordeauxia edulis,
Mimusops kummel, Sclerocarya birrea, Vitellaria
paradoxa
Highlights
Fruits of Vitellaria paradoxa
C. edulis tree near Degob settlement
Nuts of C. edulis taken to the market in sacks
Fruits of M. kummel brought to the market
Highlights
Research in IFTs
EARO-FRD – variation among different populations with regard to the amount and quality of oil in the fruits of B. aegyptiaca,
EARO – FRD - Genetic variation in VPN,
Alemaya University and Jijiga Range Land Development Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture – conservation status ofCordeauxia edulis,
Somali Pastoral-Agro-Pastoral Research Institute (SOPARI) - Silvicultural and Management aspects of Mimusops kummel,
Highlights
2.2 Kenya
800 indigenous food plants (105 families); 400 species are fruit plants (57 families),
50 species market potential;
10 local markets,
4 national markets - T. indica , A. digitata, Dalium
orientale, Syzygium guineense
International market - T. indica
Priority species - Tamarindus indica, Adansonia digitata, Sclerocarya birrea, Ziziphus mauritiana, Balanites aegyptiaca
Highlights
Research in IFTs
Key research institutions in the country include Kenya
Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), National Museums of
Kenya (NMK) and World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Areas covered - taxonomy, eco-geographical
distribution of species, phenology, management, nutritional
status and socio-economic aspects of indigenous fruits.
KEFRI – domestication and product development
Highlights
2.3 Sudan 716 IFTs
Over 45 species marketable;
40 species in the local markets
Four national - Adansonia digitata, B. aegyptiaca,
Hyphaene thebaica, T. indica,
Three species international market - Adansonia digitata,
B. aegyptiaca, T. Indica
Priority species - Adansonia digitata, Balanites aegyptiaca, Borassus aethiopum, Hyphaene thebaica, Tamarindusindica, Sclerocarya birrea.
Research in IFTs ARO – FRC, Universities
Highlights
2.4 Tanzania
About 700 IFTs
Over 50 species marketable
40 local markets
Six in national markets - Vitex mombassae,
Vitex doniana, Adansonia digitata, Tamarindus
indica, Parinari curatellifonia, Strychnos
coccoloides
Priority species - Parinari curatellifonia, Strychnos coccoloides, Uapaka kirkiana, Vitexmombassae, Vitex doniana.
Research in IFTs ICRAF lead organization – ethno- botanical surveys,
germplasm collection and propagation, domestication.
TAFORI
Highlights
3.0 Research Gaps
Assessment of resource base including
information on fruit yields for economic
production
Genetic diversity of important fruit trees.
Studies on phenology, fruiting and reproductive
biology
Studies into domestication (propagation,
improvement and silvicultural management)
Integrated Pest Management
Commercialization of indigenous fruits
(Efficient harvesting and post-harvest
handling methods to enhance preservation
and Value addition)
3.0 Use and Conservation of Indigenous Fruit Tree
Diversity for Improved Livelihoods in Eastern
AfricaStudy – Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (Sida-SAREC, AFORNET)3.1 Priority IFTs Objectives: Identify priority IFTs;Understand communities’ familiarity with IFTs
and their usage in periods of food shortage; and
Identify constraints and opportunities for management and utilisation
List of priority species and production areas reviewed (Kenya and Tanzania); participatory ranking through FGDs 10, 5 priority species weighted ranking, 3 species - processing, storage, marketing, conservation status and pest and diseases
Highlights
Priority IFTs varied by country; T. indica - top ranked IFT common in the three
countries,For collaboration a purpose, which was the major
aim of the project, 2 additional species selected consultations with key national stakeholders commonalities in the country, species lists and other IFTs available in region but with demonstrated potential
Vitex doniana/payos/mombassae selected by farmers in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania Kenya and Uganda - V. doniana development
potential and is common in the two countries Tanzania selected V. mombassae since it was
priority IFT number one S. birrea more abundant 3 countries and given its
demonstrated potential in Southern Africa. All communities wealth of ITK on IFTs, passed on through
generations, oral knowledge IFTs – food shortage (alternative/complementary foods
- fruit, oil, juice, local brew and spices), sold as source of income
Highlights
3.2 Market characteristics of indigenous tree fruits in
East Africa
Objectives;
Identify supply situation of IFTs,
Establish their market preferences,
Establish pricing and price variables, and
Determine market outlets and their profit margins
Supply sources
IFTs - natural forests (Tanzania), farms and woodlands (Kenya
and Uganda).
IFTs bear fruits once a year (though different times for sites)
and sold unprocessed making fruit supply seasonal
Collection distances increasing overtime – clearance of
woodlands and forests
Highlights
Market preferences
T. indica marketed as first priority fruit, traded in local, national and export markets; V. doniana/mombassea and S. birrea marketed as second and third priority fruits and limited to local markets
Market preference and pricing for the three fruits dependent on size, shape, taste and fruiting period;
Bigger and oval or round fruits more preferred,
Sour fruits for T. indica and sweet for S. birrea most preferred. No particular preference for V. doniana or V. mombassea .
Late maturing T. indica and S. birrea but early maturing V. doniana/mombassea most preferred.
Pricing and price variables
Prices - species, sizes, shape, taste and precocity
Prices generally low <$0.5 kg
Higher prices – size and taste
Off season higher prices
Highlights
Market outlets
Market outlets – farm gate, local centers and towns,
Transboundary and export trade T. indica
3.3 Lessons Learnt in the Management and Use of IFTs
Most IFTs still found in the wild but area diminishing settlement
Low level of domestication - ability to grow naturally, small land holdings
Conservation measures – being left deliberately during farm clearing (food, shade, soil fertility enhancement, source of income)
Communities wealth of ITK important in sound development of IFTs
Most IFTs potential for socioeconomic development of sub-region improved livelihoods. Requirements;
shorten tree height, increase growth rate, shorten juvenile phase, increase pest and disease resistance and increase fruiting frequency
Improve fruit quality - fruit size, sweetness/sourness, increase fruit pulp size, increase oil yield, increase fruit load per tree and make the pulp more juicy
Acknowledgements
Ethiopia - Demel Teketay and Abeje Eshete
(FRC-EARO)
Kenya – Pauline Mbabu and Linus Wekesa
(KEFRI)
Sudan - Bashir Awad El Tahir (ARO)
Tanzania - C. Balama, Stephen M. Maduka
and L. Mbwambo (TAFORI)
Uganda - C. A. Okia, V. I. Opolot and J. F. O.
Esegu (NaFORRI)
Bioversity International - O. Eyog-Matig, M.
Mbogga and D. Kweka
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