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Cyprus Geological Survey
65 years of public service
The creation of a digital soil map for Cyprus using decision-tree classification techniquesZomeni Z., Camera C., Noller J., Zissimos A., Bruggeman A.
Scope of study
•This study will develop a digital soil properties map ofCyprus, at 1:50,000 scale.
•The soil physical properties which the map will provide aretexture, depth, water holding capacity
•Use Correlation and Regression Training for predictivemapping
•Use existing topographical and soils data and integrate newgeological, geochemical, geomorphological,geochronological, ecological and remote sensed data
3. Reiterations of #2 until desired accuracy reached
2. Extrapolation of Rule Sets to Unmapped Areas
Random Forest Runs Ground Truthing
1. Initial Analysis of Existing Mapped Areas
Random Forest Runs GIS Analyses
Random Forest Workflow
Soil Map of Cyprus
methodology• Use known environmental variables, i.e. geology,
geomorphology, topography, climatic parameters• Use existing 1:25.000 soil maps to “train” the software• The software will create decision trees based on rules,
i.e.
• The software will predict soil units in unmapped areas• The output will be field checked
• Rule :• IF elevation <= 1742, and• precipitation <=2465, and• slope is < 6, and• geology = 15, THEN• Soil= 1 (ie Letymbou soil series)
Soil forming factors, from Jenny (1941) to McBratney (2003)
5
•Soil properties•Climate (precipitation, soil moisture, temperature)•Organisms (vegetation, fauna, humans)•Relief (topography, slope, aspect, landscape)•Parent material (e.g, surficial geology, bedrock lithology)•Age (time factor)•N space, spatial position
...clorpt scorpan
scorpan, soil properties
Soil map of Cyprus, 1961, 1:125.000
Legend1.1 Kafkalla - Fairly level
1.2 Kafkalla - Moderately sloping
10.1.1 Silicate raw soils on igneous rocks - Shallow
10.1.2 Silicate raw soils on igneous rocks - Deep
10.1.3 Silicate raw soils on igneous rocks - Under pines
10.2.1 Silicate raw soils on Mamonia rocks - Shallow
10.2.2 Silicate raw soils on Mamonia rocks - Deep
11 Blown sand
12 Urban
2.1 Terra Rossa on kafkalla - Shallow
2.2 Terra Rossa on kafkalla - Immature
2.3 Terra Rossa on kafkalla - Deep
3.1 Terra Rossa on hard limestone - Shallow w. outcrops
3.2 Terra Rossa on hard limestone - Shallow
3.3 Terra Rossa on hard limestone - Deep
4.1 Red earths - Shallow
4.2 Red earths - Deep
4.3 Red earths - Immature
4.4 Red earths - Degraded
5.1 Brown earths - Shallow
5.2 Brown earths - Deep
6.1 Calcareous raw soils - Rocky
6.2 Calcareous raw soils - Shallow
6.3 Calcareous raw soils - Deep
7.1.1 Xerorendzinas on Kythrea beds - Sandstone
7.1.2 Xerorendzinas on Kythrea beds - Shallow
7.1.3 Xerorendzinas on Kythrea beds - Deep
7.2.1 Xerorendzinas on limestones, etc - Shallow
7.2.2 Xerorendzinas on limestones, etc - Deep
7.3 Xerorendzinas on pliocene marls
8 Shallow rendzinas with hard limestone outcrops
9.1 Alluvial soils - Saline and marshy
9.2 Alluvial soils - Non saline
scorpan, Soil properties
Soil map of Cyprus, 1970, 1:200.000
LegendBc, Calcaric Cambisols
Bc, Calcaric Cambisols Lithic phase
Be, Eutric Cambisols
Be, Eutric Cambisols Lithic phase
Bv, Vertic Cambisols
Bv, Vertic Cambisols Lithic phase
Em, Mollic Rendzinas Lithic phase
Eo, Ochric Rendzinas
Eo, Ochric Rendzinas Lithic phase
Ic, Calcaric Lithosols
Ic, Calcaric Lithosols Petrocalcic phase
Ie, Eutric Lithosols
Rc, Calcaric Regosols
Rc, Calcaric Regosols Lithic phase
Rc, Calcaric Regosols Shifting sands
Re, Eutric Regosols
Re, Eutric Regosols Lithic phase
So, Orthic Solonetz
Urban, Urban
Vc, Chromic Vertisols
Vp, Pellic Vertisols
Vp, Pellic Vertisols Lithic phase
Vr, Rhodic Vertisols
Vr, Rhodic Vertisols Lithic phase
Vx, Xeric Vertisols
Vx, Xeric Vertisols Lithic phase
Xc, Calcaric Xerosols
Xg, Gypsic Xerosols
Xg, Gypsic Xerosols Lithic phase
Xv, Vertic Xerosols
Zg, Gleyic Solonchaks
scorpan, Soil properties
Soil map of Cyprus, 1999, 1:250.000
LegendSalt Lake Deposits
eutric-lithic-LEPTOSOLS and eutric-skeletic-REGOSOLS
eutric-GAMBISOLS and eutric-anthropic-REGOSOLS
lithic-LEPTOSOLS and epipetric-CALCISOLS
calcaric-lithic-LEPTOSOLS and calcaric-leptic-REGOSOLS
epipetric-CALCISOLS and leptic-chromic-LUVISOLS
calcic-LUVISOLS and chromic-vertic-LUVISOLS
skeletic-calcaric-REGOSOLS and calcaric-lithic-LEPTOSOLS
calcaric-rendzic-LEPTOSOLS and calcaric-leptic-CAMBISOLS
calcaric-leptic-REGOSOLS and lithic-LEPTOSOLS
vertic-CAMBISOLS and calcaric-REGOSOLS
calcaric-fluvic-CAMBISOLS and vertic-CAMBISOLS
calcaric-CAMBISOLS and calcaric-REGOSOLS
eutric-chromic-VERTISOLS
calcaric-lithic LEPTOSOLS
gleyic-SOLONCHALKS
skeletic-leptic-REGOSOLS
vertic-leptic-CAMBISOLS and chromic-VERTISOLS
gypsiric-REGOSOLS and leptic-GYPSISOLS
Wetness Index
water loss (red) and water accumulation (blue)
scorpan, climate
• rainfall, 50 cm/year, xeric• January temperatures, 0oC to 25oC• July temperatures, 25oC to 40oC
scorpan, organisms
LegendCorganicCStop_per100Value
High : 11 %
Low : 0
Geochemical Atlas of CyprusCyprus Geological Survey 2011
•5500 sites•2 samples per site
scorpan, organisms
scorpan, organisms, long presence of man
•Agriculture and salinization•landscaping•overgrazing•unsupervised industrialisation•abandoned agricultural land•deforestation
Closed depression
Berm
Cuesta
Drainages
Fan
Flat
Fluvial
Hillslope
Horst
Mesa
Plains
Ridges
Terrace
12
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LakkiPolis
Argaka
Gialia
Kynousa
Makounta
Prodromi Pelathousa
Kato Gialia
Nea Dimmata
Agia Marina Chrysochous
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LakkiPolis
Argaka
Gialia
Kynousa
Makounta
Prodromi Pelathousa
Kato Gialia
Nea Dimmata
Agia Marina Chrysochous
!
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!!
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!!
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LakkiPolis
Argaka
Gialia
Kynousa
Makounta
Prodromi Pelathousa
Kato Gialia
Nea Dimmata
Agia Marina Chrysochous
Elevation Aspect Slope
Landscapeposition
scorpan, relief 30,000 polygons
scorpan, parent material
Holocene AlluviumPleistocene TerracesCalcareous sedimentsOphioliteLimestone
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Akaki
Argaki
Morfou
Potami
Klirou
MasariFyllia
Avlona
Meniko
Deneia
Mandres
Mitsero
Mammari
Nikitas
Orounta
Arediou
Vyzakia
Angolemi
Nikitari
XyliatosMalounta
Katokopia
Kato Moni
Agrokipia
Kato ZodeiaPano Zodeia
Astromeritis
Palaiometocho
Prastio Morfou
Pano KoutrafasKato Koutrafas
Agioi Iliofotoi
Agioi Trimithias
Kokkinotrimithia
Agia Marina Xyliatou
Peristerona Lefkosias
Agios Theodoros Soleas
Agios Ioannis Lefkosias
Agios Georgios Kafkallou
scorpan, parent material and age
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Akaki
Argaki
Morfou
Potami
Klirou
MasariFyllia
Avlona
Meniko
Deneia
Mandres
Mitsero
Mammari
Nikitas
Orounta
Arediou
Vyzakia
Angolemi
Nikitari
XyliatosMalounta
Katokopia
Kato Moni
Agrokipia
Kato ZodeiaPano Zodeia
Astromeritis
Palaiometocho
Prastio Morfou
Pano KoutrafasKato Koutrafas
Agioi Iliofotoi
Agioi Trimithias
Kokkinotrimithia
Agia Marina Xyliatou
Peristerona Lefkosias
Agios Theodoros Soleas
Agios Ioannis Lefkosias
Agios Georgios Kafkallou
OneGeology, 13.600 polygons
Surficial Deposits, 5.800 polygons
Extrapolation beyond the training areas
Training data
Polemi
Pakhna PAPA1PA2PA3PA2-3PAr1PAr2PAr3PA1tPA2tC3(PAr)C3(PA)
Pendayia PP1P2P3PcPl
Peristerona PE1PE2PE3PE4PEi1PEi2PEi3PEi4C2(PEi)C3(PEi)
I II
L
X
V
III
LI
IX
IV
VI
XI
LII LV
VII
XII
XL
XV
XX
LIII LVI
VIII
XIII
XLI
LIV
LIX
XVIXIV
XXIXIX
LVII
XLII
XLV
XXIIXVII
XXXXXV
LVIII
XLIII
XLVI
XXIIIXVIII
XLIV XLIX
XXIV
XXXIXXIXXXVI
XLVII
XXXIIXXVII
XXXV
XLVIII
XXVIII XXXIII
XXXIV XXXIXXXXVI XXXVII XXXVIII
The method involves compiling a dataset of values for all these variables at random points
and then ground truthing
Easting Northing Elevation (m)
Precipitation (mm)
Slope(%) Geology Soil
x1 y1 637 246 4 15 1x2 y2 621 246 10 15 2x3 y3 716 257 4 15 1x4 y4 704 247 27 15 4x5 y5 715 248 5 15 1x6 y6 728 246 3 15 1
geology 15 = Troodos pillow lavas
Regosol on umber deposit in Asgata
Ap
Btk
CRtk
umber
Terrace wall
Soil formation behind terrace wall in Asgata on basalt
Soil toposequence in Vasa on diabase
Coastal soils in Tochni
Orchard and destroyed check dam in Agios Theodoros
Small test area west of Lefkosia
Error associated with increasing number of decision trees
different type of soils (dashed lines) mean error (black line)
observed
CL.ptp-LV.cr.c
a
CM.eu-RG.ah.e
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CM.fv.ca-CM.vr
CM.vr-RG.ca
LP.li.ca-
RG.le.ca
LP.li.eu-
RG.le.eu
LV.cc-LV.vr.c
r
RG.ca.sk-
LP.li.capr
edic
ted
CL.ptp-LV.cr.ca
0.950 0.000 0.004 0.021 0.021 0.000 0.004 0.000
CM.eu-RG.ah.eu
0.000 0.942 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.053 0.000 0.005
CM.fv.ca-CM.vr
0.009 0.000 0.882 0.091 0.018 0.000 0.000 0.000
CM.vr-RG.ca
0.017 0.000 0.009 0.916 0.049 0.000 0.007 0.002
LP.li.ca-RG.le.ca
0.014 0.000 0.002 0.029 0.946 0.001 0.000 0.006
LP.li.eu-RG.le.eu
0.000 0.026 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.958 0.000 0.011
LV.cc-LV.vr.cr
0.032 0.000 0.000 0.043 0.004 0.000 0.921 0.000
RG.ca.sk-LP.li.ca
0.000 0.002 0.000 0.005 0.016 0.011 0.000 0.966
Predicted and observed soil series in a mapped area for testing method
conclusions
• decision‐tree classification techniques can be usedsuccessfully to predict soil properties inunmapped areas
• Detailed physiographic and geological data isneeded for maximizing accuracy
• Final project results will be presented inSeptember of 2014
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