The cost of incarceration

THE COST OF INCARCERATION

Greg Trout, Chief CounselOhio Department of Rehabilitation & Correction

The United States exceeds the top 35 European countries – combined –

in the # incarcerated

2010 Report from the Pew Charitable Trusts, citing figures from website of King’s College, London

http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/

World’s Top 3 Prison Populations

1. U.S. 2,292,1332. China 1,620,0003. Russian Federation 825,400

Europe’s top 4:

1. Russian Federation 825,4002. Ukraine 152,1693. Turkey 120,8144. U.K. : England & Wales 83,055

Ohio is the sixth largest state prison system

Total Fiscal Cost in FY 09,Including operating and capital:

$ 1,798,374,334

Employees: 13,000C/O’s: 7,000P.O.’s: 500

Since 2001:• We have closed two prisons

• We have reduced our workforce by 3,057 • Budget obligations have been underfunded

o Facility repairso Vehicle replacement

Current Population as of Jan. 24, 2011 is

50,413 Disturbances of 6 or more inmates in 2007

1 every 28 days Disturbances of 6 or more inmates in 2010

1 every 7.6 days

Fiscal Costs – Elements

Annual cost for construction,renovation projects in FY10

$ 21,792,897

Approximate cost of a new prison,Medium security, 2000 bed capacity

$ 100,000,000

Utilities in FY10( gas, electric, water, etc. )

$ 45,016,037

Marion Correctional usesbetween 1,000 and 3,000 gallons of

heated water per minute

Physical plant – Misc. operations We own and operate water and

sewage treatment plants

SOCF Wastewater Treatment Plant Le CI Water Treatment Plant LoCI Water Treatment Plant PCI Water and Wastewater Treatment PlantsRCI Water and Wastewater Treatment PlantsSCI Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants

Physical plant – Misc. operations

EPA Regulations: power plant emissions, asbestos abatement, effluent discharge

Bureau of Underground Storage Tanks: Fuels & solvents for shops

Fire Marshal: safety

inspections and regulations

Staff Cost

55% of budget in FY 10

$ 936,172,244

Security Staff

Cost per inmate per day in FY10 $ 27.74/day

OR

Col’s Public Schools - $14,904OSU, avg tuition per year - $8,800

Annual cost of incarceration, per capita $23,725

49.7% of our inmates are in cells

50.3 % of our inmates are in dormitories

Our most common architectural footprint: Medium Security / dormitories

Each dormitory:2 open bays joined at the center with

130 bunk beds in each, 260 inmates supervised by 2 C/O's

Wages

Correction Officers Pay Range 28, Base Wage is $16.35 per hour

Avg. cost of benefits for C/O’s at base rate is $8.41 per hour

Base + Fringe = Cost to state$24.76/ hr

Relief Factor

State of Ohio 2.0

Private Prisons1.6 – 1.7

Non-Union wages – Base rate for an officer in

Kentucky :$11.22/hrMichigan: $15.38Indiana: $12.58

Inmate support services

Food, supplies and food service payroll

FY 2010 $52,300,983

Clothing - pants and shoes from OPI (Invoices, CY 2010)

Shoes Purchased: 59,938 prs $885,723

Pants Purchased: 65,994 prs $600,093

Medical FY10

$ 225,829,929

The law does not recognize a separate standard of care for prisoners; the community standard of care governs. Their incarceration makes them dependent on the state for all medical care.

Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976).

Lack of good medical care on the street

History of drug and alcohol abuse

One inmate = $9.6 M in one year for blood factor drugs

Mental Health FY10

$ 70,857,081

Medical care and mental health care are the driving issues in California’s “population” case,

Coleman v. Shwarzenegger.

A three judge panel found that California’s DOC is so overcrowded - 195% of capacity - they are unable to

provide the constitutionally required minimum amount of medical and mental health care.

Crowding (195%)

Inability to provide medical & mental healthcare =

Unconstitutional. "Criminogenic."

Reduce the population by approx. 40,000, to 137.5% of capacity.

Education (ABE, GED, some college ) and vocational

$ 23,513,846 FY10 GRF + Grants

Other Services and Needs

VisitingDisabilities

Language barriersNeeds of the Aging Offender

Recreation

Quality of Life and its significance.

Atmosphere, tension, staff control – we are outnumbered.

No one expects prison to be soft –but inmates expect it to be

fair, humane and reasonably safe.

Litigation - filed in 2010

Inmate cases, Court of Claims – 200Inmate Cases, Federal & Other – 152

Employee Cases, Ct. of Claims, Federal & Other – 75

Not many big judgments

Schnetz - $4.4 M for quadriplegic injury in game

of touch football

Indirect Costs

Collateral Consequences for having a number,even upon incarceration for a day

Number of occupations / professions affected by conviction

400+

2 kinds of collateral consequences Discretionary

Automatic

Fiscal impact on family of incarcerating a parentMotherFather

Generational impact

Children of incarcerated fathers expelled or suspended

23%

Other children expelled or suspended 4%

Incarceration negatively affects individual economic prospects

Criminally active peer groups in prison

Parole supervision increases likelihood of re-incarceration

Loss of opportunity for employment, work experience

Loss of job

Working-Age White Men in prison or jail: 1 in 87

Working-Age Hispanic Men in prison or jail: 1 in 36

Working-Age Black Men in prison or jail: 1 in 12

Racial Demographics

Race statewide 12.1%

Race in prison 47.4%

Black Males age 20 to 34 w/o a high school diploma –

Behind bars: 37 %

Employed: 24%

What is the function of incarceration in Ohio?

IncapacitationPunishment / Retribution / Just Desserts

General Social DeterrenceRecidivism Reduction / Rehabilitation

Inmates who will return to the community 95%

Number of inmates released, CY 200926,211

Number of inmates received, CY 200925, 031

Recidivism in Ohio after 3 years

200636.4%

Low – Holmes17.1 %

High – Marion 52.5%

Tools / Instruments to analyze & predict risk of reoffending

Ohio Risk Assessment System

http://www.drc.ohio.gov/