The Concert of Europe, which existed between the Congress of Vienna and the outbreak of the Crimean...

• .The Concert of Europe, which existed between the Congress of Vienna and the outbreak of the Crimean War, operated as a

• (A) commonwealth system that sought to promote an economic union of European nations

• (B) supranational institution that governed the continent of Europe

• (C) multilateral agency to control territories in the Middle East and Africa

• (D) loose forum to achieve consensus among the major powers on foreign policy questions

• (E) cultural exchange program among Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain

• .The Concert of Europe, which existed between the Congress of Vienna and the outbreak of the Crimean War, operated as a

• (A) commonwealth system that sought to promote an economic union of European nations

• (B) supranational institution that governed the continent of Europe

• (C) multilateral agency to control territories in the Middle East and Africa

• (D) loose forum to achieve consensus among the major powers on foreign policy questions

• (E) cultural exchange program among Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain

• The Concert of Europe shattered as a result of • The events of the Crimean War• Italian unification• German unification• The Danish War• The Franco-Prussian war

• The Concert of Europe shattered as a result of • The events of the Crimean War• Italian unification• German unification• The Danish War• The Franco-Prussian war

• The years after the Crimean War was characterized by

• Instability in European affairs• Prussian aggression being held in check by the

Concert of Europe• France and Austria holding the Concert of Europe

together in the face of Italian and German unification• British maintenance of military forces on the

Continent to preserve the Concert of Europe• A stable and uninterrupted peace among nations

• The years after the Crimean War was characterized by

• Instability in European affairs• Prussian aggression being held in check by the

Concert of Europe• France and Austria holding the Concert of Europe

together in the face of Italian and German unification• British maintenance of military forces on the

Continent to preserve the Concert of Europe• A stable and uninterrupted peace among nations

• Which of the following were opponents involved in the Crimean War?

• Britain, France, and Russian against the Ottoman Empire and Austria

• Britain, France, and the Ottoman empire against Russia• Prussia and Russia against the Ottoman Empire and Britain• Russia and the Ottoman Empire against Prussia and Austria• Britain, France, and Spain against the Ottoman Empire and

Russia

• Which of the following were opponents involved in the Crimean War?

• Britain, France, and Russian against the Ottoman Empire and Austria

• Britain, France, and the Ottoman empire against Russia• Prussia and Russia against the Ottoman Empire and Britain• Russia and the Ottoman Empire against Prussia and Austria• Britain, France, and Spain against the Ottoman Empire and

Russia

• During the Crimean War (1854-1856), most deaths among the military occurred as a result of

• (A) trench warfare and poisonous gas• (B) guerrilla warfare• (C) naval engagements• (D) disease and inadequate medical care • (E) heavy artillery bombardment

• During the Crimean War (1854-1856), most deaths among the military occurred as a result of

• (A) trench warfare and poisonous gas• (B) guerrilla warfare• (C) naval engagements• (D) disease and inadequate medical care • (E) heavy artillery bombardment

• The primary significance of the Crimean War was that

• The Ottoman Empire lost control over Istanbul • It revealed the impact of industrialization on

warfare• It marked the end of the Concert of Europe• It left key issues in the Crimean region unresolved• The French gained control over religious sites in

the Holy Land

• The primary significance of the Crimean War was that

• The Ottoman Empire lost control over Istanbul • It revealed the impact of industrialization on

warfare• It marked the end of the Concert of Europe• It left key issues in the Crimean region unresolved• The French gained control over religious sites in

the Holy Land

• With which of the following movements is Giuseppe Garibaldi associated

• Romantic nationalism• Communism• Socialism• Conservatism

• With which of the following movements is Giuseppe Garibaldi associated

• Romantic nationalism• Communism• Socialism• Conservatism

• Cavour was a • Strong monarchist• Fervent democrat• Fanatical Catholic• socialist• strong republican

• Cavour was a • Strong monarchist• Fervent democrat• Fanatical Catholic• socialist• strong republican

• . Which of the following describes the Carbonari?

• • (A) Members of a union of coal miners• (B) Members of a secret revolutionary society• (C) A group of tax collectors on the Rhine• (D) Members of the Italian Communist Party• (E) A selected force of Turkish cavalry

• . Which of the following describes the Carbonari?

• • (A) Members of a union of coal miners• (B) Members of a secret revolutionary society• (C) A group of tax collectors on the Rhine• (D) Members of the Italian Communist Party• (E) A selected force of Turkish cavalry

• Cavour was able to unite northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont through a combination of

• War and diplomacy• Diplomacy and bribery• Peasant revolts and military action• War and secret dealings with the pope• Diplomacy and royal marriage

• Cavour was able to unite northern Italy under the Kingdom of Piedmont through a combination of

• War and diplomacy• Diplomacy and bribery• Peasant revolts and military action• War and secret dealings with the pope• Diplomacy and royal marriage

• Which of the following was the central goal of Camillo Cavour’s policies in Italy?

• To achieve a unified state on the peninsula• To serve as the monarch of a unified Italy• To repel the French from the Italian peninsula• To assassinate Napolean III• To make France a secret ally

• Which of the following was the central goal of Camillo Cavour’s policies in Italy?

• To achieve a unified state on the peninsula• To serve as the monarch of a unified Italy• To repel the French from the Italian peninsula• To assassinate Napolean III• To make France a secret ally

• During Cavour’s administration as prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, all of the following occurred EXCEPT

• The influence of the Church was diminished• There was industrialization• Manorialism was strengthened• Constitutionalism was established• Commerce was encouraged

• During Cavour’s administration as prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, all of the following occurred EXCEPT

• The influence of the Church was diminished• There was industrialization• Manorialism was strengthened• Constitutionalism was established• Commerce was encouraged

• Cavour’s “deal” with Napolean III at Plombieres was significant because

• It was a a manifestation of his “power politics”• It bought peace with Austria• It guaranteed French nonintervention in the war

with Austria• It freed Napolean III to fight Prussia• It alienated Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts”•

• Cavour’s “deal” with Napolean III at Plombieres was significant because

• It was a a manifestation of his “power politics”• It bought peace with Austria• It guaranteed French nonintervention in the war

with Austria• It freed Napolean III to fight Prussia• It alienated Garibaldi’s “Red Shirts”•

• Cavour sent Piedmontese troops to meet Garibaldi ofr all these reasons EXCEPT that he

• Feared an encounter between the “red shirts” and French troops in Rome

• Did not wish for Garibaldi to become the people’s hero with too much power

• Was anxious of Piedmont-Sardinia to encompass southern Italy, as well as the north

• Felt disdain ofr the Mazzini-style revolution but also found it useful

• Wanted to avoid upsetting Austrian in the north

• Cavour sent Piedmontese troops to meet Garibaldi ofr all these reasons EXCEPT that he

• Feared an encounter between the “red shirts” and French troops in Rome

• Did not wish for Garibaldi to become the people’s hero with too much power

• Was anxious of Piedmont-Sardinia to encompass southern Italy, as well as the north

• Felt disdain ofr the Mazzini-style revolution but also found it useful

• Wanted to avoid upsetting Austrian in the north

• .Cavour rushed to meet Garibaldi before Garibaldi could enter the Papal States and got him to agree to

• Destroy the government in the Papal States and leave a power vacuum for Victor Emmanuel II

• Not to enter the Papal States and allow Italy to become a unified republic

• Not to enter the Papal States and allow Cavour and Victor Emmanuel to conquer the Papal States

• Enter the Papal States to turn Italian favor away from the formation of a republic

• .Cavour rushed to meet Garibaldi before Garibaldi could enter the Papal States and got him to agree to

• Destroy the government in the Papal States and leave a power vacuum for Victor Emmanuel II

• Not to enter the Papal States and allow Italy to become a unified republic

• Not to enter the Papal States and allow Cavour and Victor Emmanuel to conquer the Papal States

• Enter the Papal States to turn Italian favor away from the formation of a republic

• . The “thousands” who went with Garibaldi were also known by which of the following monikers?

• The Gray Shirts• The Black Shirts• The Green Shirts• The Blue Shirts • The Red Shirts

• . The “thousands” who went with Garibaldi were also known by which of the following monikers?

• The Gray Shirts• The Black Shirts• The Green Shirts• The Blue Shirts • The Red Shirts

• . National unity was achieved in northern Italy by

• Diplomacy and war• The coalition between the papacy and Cavour• Popular revolution• A combination of diplomacy, war, and popular

rebellion• The personal wills of Cavour and Bismark

• . National unity was achieved in northern Italy by

• Diplomacy and war• The coalition between the papacy and Cavour• Popular revolution• A combination of diplomacy, war, and popular

rebellion• The personal wills of Cavour and Bismark

• . A major difference between northern and southern Italy was that the

• The north was more economically progressive• North had natural resources• South had better farming• South had oil• Above all are true

• . A major difference between northern and southern Italy was that the

• The north was more economically progressive• North had natural resources• South had better farming• South had oil• Above all are true

• Garibaldi’s capitulation to King Victor Emmanuel II illustrates

• The failure of nationalism in Italy• The triumph of liberal nationalism• The degree to which the nationalist desire for

unity had triumphed over the liberal desire for individual rights

• The power of the Hapsburg dynasty in Italy• The power of the Bourbon dynasty in Italy

• Garibaldi’s capitulation to King Victor Emmanuel II illustrates

• The failure of nationalism in Italy• The triumph of liberal nationalism• The degree to which the nationalist desire for

unity had triumphed over the liberal desire for individual rights

• The power of the Hapsburg dynasty in Italy• The power of the Bourbon dynasty in Italy

• Rome became the capital of the new Italian nation

• Immediately upon the creation of Italy in 1861• After the withdrawal of French troops from the

city during the Franco-Prussian War• As a result of its conquest by Garibaldi• After Cavour successfully negotiated the

surrender of the city to the Italian government• e.With the approval of the papacy

• Rome became the capital of the new Italian nation

• Immediately upon the creation of Italy in 1861• After the withdrawal of French troops from the

city during the Franco-Prussian War• As a result of its conquest by Garibaldi• After Cavour successfully negotiated the

surrender of the city to the Italian government• e.With the approval of the papacy

• . Italy did NOT get control of Rome until • Garibaldi took it as his “red shirts” marched north• The Franco-Prussian War in 1870 forced recall of

the French troops• The Austrians forced the recall of the French

troops• The combined forces of Victor Emmanuel and

Garibaldi pressured the French to leave• The pope no longer felt dependent on the French

• . Italy did NOT get control of Rome until • Garibaldi took it as his “red shirts” marched north• The Franco-Prussian War in 1870 forced recall of

the French troops• The Austrians forced the recall of the French

troops• The combined forces of Victor Emmanuel and

Garibaldi pressured the French to leave• The pope no longer felt dependent on the French

• . Italia Inrredenta was the name given to • The process of unification• The newly united Italian constitutional

monarchy• The rural south of Italy• The split between the new government and the

papacy• The Italian enclaves remaining under Austrian

control

• . Italia Inrredenta was the name given to • The process of unification• The newly united Italian constitutional

monarchy• The rural south of Italy• The split between the new government and the

papacy• The Italian enclaves remaining under Austrian

control

• . The Risorgimento failed because • It failed to attract intellectuals• It was not sufficiently nationalist• If failed to win the support of the masses• It failed to win German support• The military was not strong enough

• . The Risorgimento failed because • It failed to attract intellectuals• It was not sufficiently nationalist• If failed to win the support of the masses• It failed to win German support• The military was not strong enough

• . Bismark is best described as a/an• Socialist• Conservative• Reactionary• Liberal• Idealist•

• . Bismark is best described as a/an• Socialist• Conservative• Reactionary• Liberal• Idealist•

• The Zollverein was • The unification agreement between Austria and Hungary

in the late 19th century• The German attempt to lure Mexico into WWI against the

US• A trade union among the German states• The military agreement between Hitler’s Germany and

Austria• An attempt to discredit a British Labour government in the

1920s through publication of a supposedly communist letter

• The Zollverein was • The unification agreement between Austria and Hungary

in the late 19th century• The German attempt to lure Mexico into WWI against the

US• A trade union among the German states• The military agreement between Hitler’s Germany and

Austria• An attempt to discredit a British Labour government in the

1920s through publication of a supposedly communist letter

• The Schleswig Holstein affair is an example of • The Risorgimento• Russian conservatism• German liberalism• French imperialism• Realpolitik

• The Schleswig Holstein affair is an example of • The Risorgimento• Russian conservatism• German liberalism• French imperialism• Realpolitik

• Bismark’s greatest fear for Germany was that • France and Russia would form a military

alliance• Austria-Hungary would go to war with Serbia• France and Britain would form a military

alliance• The Russians would seize Istanbul • The emperor would lead Germany into war

• Bismark’s greatest fear for Germany was that • France and Russia would form a military

alliance• Austria-Hungary would go to war with Serbia• France and Britain would form a military

alliance• The Russians would seize Istanbul • The emperor would lead Germany into war

• The successful 19th century drive for unificationin Germany differed from that in Italy in which of the following ways?

• It was led by a conservative aristocrat• It was facilitated by techonological innovations in

weaponry and transportation• It was connected to nationalism• It was connected to the development of mass politics• It was exerted through control of local elites

• The successful 19th century drive for unificationin Germany differed from that in Italy in which of the following ways?

• It was led by a conservative aristocrat• It was facilitated by techonological innovations in

weaponry and transportation• It was connected to nationalism• It was connected to the development of mass politics• It was exerted through control of local elites

• Bismark’s strategy of increasing Prussia’s power by whatever means and strategies were necessary and useful has come to be known as

• Détente• Lebensraum• Realpolitik• The Schlieffen plan• The Kulturkampf

• Bismark’s strategy of increasing Prussia’s power by whatever means and strategies were necessary and useful has come to be known as

• Détente• Lebensraum• Realpolitik• The Schlieffen plan• The Kulturkampf

• . Bismark overcame south German reluctance to submit to Prussian leadership by

• Appealing to their Catholic faith• Adopting their liberal reform agenda• Appealing to nationalism• Appealing to their desire for a strong,

authoritarian central government• Allying with the Junker class

• . Bismark overcame south German reluctance to submit to Prussian leadership by

• Appealing to their Catholic faith• Adopting their liberal reform agenda• Appealing to nationalism• Appealing to their desire for a strong,

authoritarian central government• Allying with the Junker class

• Bismark opposed the socialist in Germany by • Instituting workers’ compensation• Revealing his program of Kulturkampf• Working more closely with the Reichstag• Strengthening the army• Building railroads

• Bismark opposed the socialist in Germany by • Instituting workers’ compensation• Revealing his program of Kulturkampf• Working more closely with the Reichstag• Strengthening the army• Building railroads

• In the German states after 1850, the term realpolitik implied

• An optimistic, emotional outlook on the future• A hopelessness, and sense of doom• A glorification of the powers of human reason• A belief in liberalism and reform• Science, facts, law and order, and hard work

• In the German states after 1850, the term realpolitik implied

• An optimistic, emotional outlook on the future• A hopelessness, and sense of doom• A glorification of the powers of human reason• A belief in liberalism and reform• Science, facts, law and order, and hard work

• Bismark’s main purposed instigating the Franco-Prussian War was

• A desire to defeat Louis Napolean• A plan for a European empire• Scaring the remaining south German states

into unity with Germany• Creating patriotism and unity at home• Proving Prussia to be mightier than Austria

• Bismark’s main purposed instigating the Franco-Prussian War was

• A desire to defeat Louis Napolean• A plan for a European empire• Scaring the remaining south German states

into unity with Germany• Creating patriotism and unity at home• Proving Prussia to be mightier than Austria

• “The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decision –that was the mistake of 1848-1849- but by iron and blood.

• • The quotation above ws said by which of the following?• Camillo Cavour• Giuseppe Garibaldi• Kaiser William I• Giuseppe Mazzini• Otto von Bismark

• “The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decision –that was the mistake of 1848-1849- but by iron and blood.

• • The quotation above ws said by which of the following?• Camillo Cavour• Giuseppe Garibaldi• Kaiser William I• Giuseppe Mazzini• Otto von Bismark

• German unification in the second half of the 19th century was dramatically strengthened by

• The liberal Prussian Parliament• The conservative policies of Otto von Bismark• The acquisition of Schleswig from Denmark• The Zollverien(tariff union) • Heavy taxes approved by the Prussian

Parliament

• German unification in the second half of the 19th century was dramatically strengthened by

• The liberal Prussian Parliament• The conservative policies of Otto von Bismark• The acquisition of Schleswig from Denmark• The Zollverien(tariff union) • Heavy taxes approved by the Prussian

Parliament

• Which of the following is a combination of tactics used by both Cavour and Bimark in their drive to unite Italy and Germany respectively

• Diplomacy and royal marriage• Peasant revolts and military action• Diplomacy and bribery• War and secret dealings with the poe• War and diplomacy

• Which of the following is a combination of tactics used by both Cavour and Bimark in their drive to unite Italy and Germany respectively

• Diplomacy and royal marriage• Peasant revolts and military action• Diplomacy and bribery• War and secret dealings with the poe• War and diplomacy

• Which of the following was the factor that brought south Germans into Bismark’s new German confederation

• Their Catholicism in the face of war with France• Their liberalism in the face of war with Austria• Their nationalism in the face of war with a foreign

country• Their defense of a strong, authoritarian central

government• The existence of dominant aristocratic class of Junkers in

south Germany

• Which of the following was the factor that brought south Germans into Bismark’s new German confederation

• Their Catholicism in the face of war with France• Their liberalism in the face of war with Austria• Their nationalism in the face of war with a foreign

country• Their defense of a strong, authoritarian central

government• The existence of dominant aristocratic class of Junkers in

south Germany

• . ““We had to avoid wounding Austria too severely; we had to avoid leaving behind in her any unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge; we ought rather to reserve the possibility of becoming friends again with our adversary of the moment, and in any case to regard the Austrian state as a piece in the European chessboard and the renewal of friendly relations as a move to open to us”

• The individual whose memoirs are seen above was• Metternich• Garibaldi• Gladstone• Bismark• Wilhelm II

• . ““We had to avoid wounding Austria too severely; we had to avoid leaving behind in her any unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge; we ought rather to reserve the possibility of becoming friends again with our adversary of the moment, and in any case to regard the Austrian state as a piece in the European chessboard and the renewal of friendly relations as a move to open to us”

• The individual whose memoirs are seen above was• Metternich• Garibaldi• Gladstone• Bismark• Wilhelm II

• . In the German states after 1850, the term realpolitik implied

• An optimistic, emotional outlook on the future• A hopelessness, and sense of doom• A glorification of the powers of human reason• A belief in liberalism and reform• Science, facts, law and order, and hard work

• . In the German states after 1850, the term realpolitik implied

• An optimistic, emotional outlook on the future• A hopelessness, and sense of doom• A glorification of the powers of human reason• A belief in liberalism and reform• Science, facts, law and order, and hard work

• . In the second half of the nineteenth century, the balance of power in Europe was greatly changed by

• • (A) the rapid increase of the French population• (B) Britain’s decision to concentrate on empire

building in Africa and Asia• (C) Austria’s interest in the Balkans• (D) the unifications of Germany and of Italy• (E) the emergence of an Ottoman threat to eastern

Europe

• . In the second half of the nineteenth century, the balance of power in Europe was greatly changed by

• • (A) the rapid increase of the French population• (B) Britain’s decision to concentrate on empire

building in Africa and Asia• (C) Austria’s interest in the Balkans• (D) the unifications of Germany and of Italy• (E) the emergence of an Ottoman threat to eastern

Europe

• The constitution that Otto von Bismarck created for the united German Empire included:

• (A) universal male suffrage for parliament • (B) recognition of the Socialist Party• (C) a powerful unicameral legislature• (D) a dual monarchy with Austria-Hungary • (E) worker ownership of some major industries

• The constitution that Otto von Bismarck created for the united German Empire included:

• (A) universal male suffrage for parliament • (B) recognition of the Socialist Party• (C) a powerful unicameral legislature• (D) a dual monarchy with Austria-Hungary • (E) worker ownership of some major industries

• Which of the following best characterizes the social structure of the German Empire in 1871?

• (A) A conservative compromise between the old aristocracy and the new middle class

• (B) The triumph of the middle class• (C) An equitable federation of the traditional German

states• (D) An amicable compromise between the middle class

and the industrial proletariat• (E) The triumph of the industrial east over the agrarian

west

• Which of the following best characterizes the social structure of the German Empire in 1871?

• (A) A conservative compromise between the old aristocracy and the new middle class

• (B) The triumph of the middle class• (C) An equitable federation of the traditional German

states• (D) An amicable compromise between the middle class

and the industrial proletariat• (E) The triumph of the industrial east over the agrarian

west

• [My guest] said: ‘Now it has quite a different ring. In its original form it sounded like a parley. Now it is like a flourish of trumpets in answer to a chal lenger.’ I went on to explain: ‘ . . . it will have the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull’”

• • The individual recounting the story above was• • (A) Napoleon III• (B) Cavour• (C) Disraeli• (D) Bismarck• (E) Alexander II

• [My guest] said: ‘Now it has quite a different ring. In its original form it sounded like a parley. Now it is like a flourish of trumpets in answer to a chal lenger.’ I went on to explain: ‘ . . . it will have the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull’”

• • The individual recounting the story above was• • (A) Napoleon III• (B) Cavour• (C) Disraeli• (D) Bismarck• (E) Alexander II

• Which of the following was an immediate result of the Austro-Prussian War (1866)?

• (A) The German Empire was established.• (B) Prussia dominated the German unification

movement.• (C) Austria annexed Bohemia.• (D) The Emperor Francis Joseph abdicated. • (E) The Hapsburgs lost control of Austria

• Which of the following was an immediate result of the Austro-Prussian War (1866)?

• (A) The German Empire was established.• (B) Prussia dominated the German unification

movement.• (C) Austria annexed Bohemia.• (D) The Emperor Francis Joseph abdicated. • (E) The Hapsburgs lost control of Austria

• . All of the following are true of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 EXCEPT

• It resulted in the permanent exclusion of the Hapsburgs form German affairs

• It led to Italy’s gaining control of Venetia• It came about as a result of tension over administration of

Schleswig Holstein• It was provoked by Denmark, which wanted to annex

Schleswig and Holstein• It established Prussia as the only major power among

German states

• . All of the following are true of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 EXCEPT

• It resulted in the permanent exclusion of the Hapsburgs form German affairs

• It led to Italy’s gaining control of Venetia• It came about as a result of tension over administration of

Schleswig Holstein• It was provoked by Denmark, which wanted to annex

Schleswig and Holstein• It established Prussia as the only major power among

German states

• The strategy of the Franco-Prussia War was skillfully manipulated by which statesmen?

• Otto Von Bismark• Prince Leopold of Hohenzolern-Sigmaringen• Isabella II• Count Vincent Benedetti• William I

• The strategy of the Franco-Prussia War was skillfully manipulated by which statesmen?

• Otto Von Bismark• Prince Leopold of Hohenzolern-Sigmaringen• Isabella II• Count Vincent Benedetti• William I

• Which of the following is Not true of Louis Napolean?

• He modernized Paris with wide streets and parks

• He married a Spanish princess and maintained a brilliant court life

• He established national banks in France• He built hospitals and asylums• He conducted brilliant foreign policy

• Which of the following is Not true of Louis Napolean?

• He modernized Paris with wide streets and parks

• He married a Spanish princess and maintained a brilliant court life

• He established national banks in France• He built hospitals and asylums• He conducted brilliant foreign policy

• Which of the following European countries experi enced the greatest degree of political instability in the nineteenth century?

• (A) Austria • (B) France • (C) The Netherlands • (D) Prussia • (E) Russia

• Which of the following European countries experi enced the greatest degree of political instability in the nineteenth century?

• (A) Austria • (B) France • (C) The Netherlands • (D) Prussia • (E) Russia

• The Paris Commune of 1871 resulted from • The declaration of German unification• The anarchy caused by the Franco Prussian

War• The collapse of the Third Republic• Tensions in France between Bonapartist and

Bourbon supporters• Financial speculation in the Paris stock market

• The Paris Commune of 1871 resulted from • The declaration of German unification• The anarchy caused by the Franco Prussian

War• The collapse of the Third Republic• Tensions in France between Bonapartist and

Bourbon supporters• Financial speculation in the Paris stock market

• . The Paris Commune of 1871 was• Seen by Karl Marx as the beginning of class

conflict• In existence for a few months• A revival of social revolution• Punished with arrests, imprisonments and

executions• All of the above

• . The Paris Commune of 1871 was• Seen by Karl Marx as the beginning of class

conflict• In existence for a few months• A revival of social revolution• Punished with arrests, imprisonments and

executions• All of the above

• . The Paris Commune is best characterized as a • Socialist experiment in communal living• Radical reaction against the National Assembly

of the New French Republic• Successful municipal division of the Third

French Republic• Genuine proletariat government suppressed by

the French bourgeoisie• Worker’s republic

• . The Paris Commune is best characterized as a • Socialist experiment in communal living• Radical reaction against the National Assembly

of the New French Republic• Successful municipal division of the Third

French Republic• Genuine proletariat government suppressed by

the French bourgeoisie• Worker’s republic

• The Paris Commune emerged most directly in reaction to

• The Prussian occupation• The Treaty of Frankfurt• Adolphe Thiers• Battle of Sedan• The French government’s bombardment of

Paris

• The Paris Commune emerged most directly in reaction to

• The Prussian occupation• The Treaty of Frankfurt• Adolphe Thiers• Battle of Sedan• The French government’s bombardment of

Paris

• . The long-term goal of the Paris Commune was the

• Creation of a workers’ republic• Creation of Paris as an autonomous commune

separate from France• Destruction of the National Assembly• Institution of a Marxist state• Institution of a new National Assembly for

France

• . The long-term goal of the Paris Commune was the

• Creation of a workers’ republic• Creation of Paris as an autonomous commune

separate from France• Destruction of the National Assembly• Institution of a Marxist state• Institution of a new National Assembly for

France

• . Which of the following is an accurate description of the outcome of the Paris Commune?

• (A) The Commune overthrew Napoleon III. • (B) The Commune successfully defended Paris against

the Prussian army.• (C) The Commune successfully established a liberal

democratic government in France.• (D) The Commune was crushed by the French army.• (E) The Commune promoted a reconciliation between

French Catholics and socialists.

• . Which of the following is an accurate description of the outcome of the Paris Commune?

• (A) The Commune overthrew Napoleon III. • (B) The Commune successfully defended Paris against

the Prussian army.• (C) The Commune successfully established a liberal

democratic government in France.• (D) The Commune was crushed by the French army.• (E) The Commune promoted a reconciliation between

French Catholics and socialists.

• The Dreyfus Affair in late nineteenth-century France resulted in which of the following?

• (A) The fall of the Third Republic• (B) The deepening of political divisions • (C) The establishment of universal suffrage • (D) War with Germany• (E) Reform of the monetary system

• The Dreyfus Affair in late nineteenth-century France resulted in which of the following?

• (A) The fall of the Third Republic• (B) The deepening of political divisions • (C) The establishment of universal suffrage • (D) War with Germany• (E) Reform of the monetary system

• “He is guilty! Damn that Jewish officer and his rabble-rousing novelist friend! Republicans and their spies will be the ruin of us. The cursed officer officer has become a symbol. Let him not blind us to the truth that we need a king. May he rot on Devil’s Island.”

• • To whom is the speaker referring?• Leon Gambetta• Marshall MacMahon• Alfred Dreyfus• Major Esterhazy• Georges Boulanger

• “He is guilty! Damn that Jewish officer and his rabble-rousing novelist friend! Republicans and their spies will be the ruin of us. The cursed officer officer has become a symbol. Let him not blind us to the truth that we need a king. May he rot on Devil’s Island.”

• • To whom is the speaker referring?• Leon Gambetta• Marshall MacMahon• Alfred Dreyfus• Major Esterhazy• Georges Boulanger

• . The accused in the above passage was exonerated, partly through the efforts of Emile Zola, the writer. The conflict involved an attempt by a rival political faction to embarrass the government with trumped-up charges of espionage. Which faction was responsible for the false imprisonment of the man referred to above?

• Monarchists• Liberals• Republicans• Radical workers• Socialists

• . The accused in the above passage was exonerated, partly through the efforts of Emile Zola, the writer. The conflict involved an attempt by a rival political faction to embarrass the government with trumped-up charges of espionage. Which faction was responsible for the false imprisonment of the man referred to above?

• Monarchists• Liberals• Republicans• Radical workers• Socialists

• Which of the following is famous for his newspaper article “J accuse” in support of Alfred Dreyfus

• Adolphe Thiers• Marshall MacMahon• Emile Zola• Pierre Joseph Proudhon• e.George Boulanger

• Which of the following is famous for his newspaper article “J accuse” in support of Alfred Dreyfus

• Adolphe Thiers• Marshall MacMahon• Emile Zola• Pierre Joseph Proudhon• e.George Boulanger

• “I accuse the war office of having led a vile campaign in the press in order to misdirect public opinion and cover up its sins.”

• “I accuse the first court-martial of having violated all human rights in condemning a prisoner on testimony kept secret from him.”

• • The quotation above by Emile Zola was written to• • (A) protest against the trials of the Jacobin government during the Reign of

Terror• (B) defend Napoleon after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo• (C) protect the reputation of General de Gaulle during the Second World War

• (D) challenge the behavior of the French army during the Vichy regime in the Second World War

• (E) attack the actions of the French military during the Dreyfus Affair

• “I accuse the war office of having led a vile campaign in the press in order to misdirect public opinion and cover up its sins.”

• “I accuse the first court-martial of having violated all human rights in condemning a prisoner on testimony kept secret from him.”

• • The quotation above by Emile Zola was written to• • (A) protest against the trials of the Jacobin government during the Reign of

Terror• (B) defend Napoleon after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo• (C) protect the reputation of General de Gaulle during the Second World War

• (D) challenge the behavior of the French army during the Vichy regime in the Second World War

• (E) attack the actions of the French military during the Dreyfus Affair

• . In the late 19th century France, the Dreyfus affair illustrated

• The weakness of French nationalism• The strength of ultranationalist and anti-

Semitic sentiment in the French establishment• The subjugation of women in French society• France’s lack of military preparation• France’s desire for war with Germany

• . In the late 19th century France, the Dreyfus affair illustrated

• The weakness of French nationalism• The strength of ultranationalist and anti-

Semitic sentiment in the French establishment• The subjugation of women in French society• France’s lack of military preparation• France’s desire for war with Germany

• . The main consequence of the Dreyfus Affair in the late 19th century France was

• An overhaul of the justice system• Immediate restoration of the soldier’s rank• Negative images of the Church and separation

of Church and state in 1906• In closing of harsh prisons such as Devil’s Island• The suicide of Alfred Dreyfus

• . The main consequence of the Dreyfus Affair in the late 19th century France was

• An overhaul of the justice system• Immediate restoration of the soldier’s rank• Negative images of the Church and separation

of Church and state in 1906• In closing of harsh prisons such as Devil’s Island• The suicide of Alfred Dreyfus

• . The Boulanger Affair almost destroyed the• French Third Republic• French-British commercial treaty of 1860• Second Republic• Fourth Republic• Second Empire

• . The Boulanger Affair almost destroyed the• French Third Republic• French-British commercial treaty of 1860• Second Republic• Fourth Republic• Second Empire

• The Boulanger Affair in the late 1880s • Testified to the strength of anti-Semitism in

France• Led to the fall of the Second Republic• Was evidence of the radical nature of the French

working class• Led to the election of a socialist popular front• Underscored the faragility of French democracy

and the volatility of mass politics in France

• The Boulanger Affair in the late 1880s • Testified to the strength of anti-Semitism in

France• Led to the fall of the Second Republic• Was evidence of the radical nature of the French

working class• Led to the election of a socialist popular front• Underscored the faragility of French democracy

and the volatility of mass politics in France

• The major crisis of the Third Republic was • MacMahon’s resignation• The Dreyfus affair• Boulanger’s challenges to the Third Republic• Unrest in the Chamber of Deputies• Lingering resentment from Paris Communards

• The major crisis of the Third Republic was • MacMahon’s resignation• The Dreyfus affair• Boulanger’s challenges to the Third Republic• Unrest in the Chamber of Deputies• Lingering resentment from Paris Communards

• The Second Empire from 1852 to 1870 of which leader demonstrated how the programs of a national state could have an appeal by cutting across class and political lines?

• Otto von Bismark• Camilo Cavour• David Lloyd George• Giusseppe Garibaldi• Louis Napolean

• The Second Empire from 1852 to 1870 of which leader demonstrated how the programs of a national state could have an appeal by cutting across class and political lines?

• Otto von Bismark• Camilo Cavour• David Lloyd George• Giusseppe Garibaldi• Louis Napolean

• . The Dual Monarch refers to which of the following?

• Austria-Hungary• Schleswig-Holstein• Hohenzolern-Hapsburg• Rome-Venezia• Bourbon-Orleans

• . The Dual Monarch refers to which of the following?

• Austria-Hungary• Schleswig-Holstein• Hohenzolern-Hapsburg• Rome-Venezia• Bourbon-Orleans

• Which of the following was the major reason for the establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867?

• • (A) To satisfy the demands of the Magyars• (B) To resist Turkish encroachment into Europe• (C) To resist demands made by Napoleon III• (D) To balance the power of the North German

Confederation• (E) To curb the growing strength of a united Italy

• Which of the following was the major reason for the establishment of the Dual Monarchy in 1867?

• • (A) To satisfy the demands of the Magyars• (B) To resist Turkish encroachment into Europe• (C) To resist demands made by Napoleon III• (D) To balance the power of the North German

Confederation• (E) To curb the growing strength of a united Italy

• The Russian government from 1801 to 1855, during the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I, is best characterized as

• Open to limited democratic reforms• Extremely autocratic• Republican • Socialist• Violently opposed to the role of the Russian

Orthodox Chruch

• The Russian government from 1801 to 1855, during the reigns of Alexander I and Nicholas I, is best characterized as

• Open to limited democratic reforms• Extremely autocratic• Republican • Socialist• Violently opposed to the role of the Russian

Orthodox Chruch

• All of the following are true of the Land and Freedom Society EXCEPT

• It adhered to the principles of Alexander Herzen

• It was comprised of young Russians• It staged the assassination of Alexander II• It was based on the Populism movement• It split into two factions

• All of the following are true of the Land and Freedom Society EXCEPT

• It adhered to the principles of Alexander Herzen

• It was comprised of young Russians• It staged the assassination of Alexander II• It was based on the Populism movement• It split into two factions

• . Alexander II instituted all of the following reforms in Russia EXCEPT

• Abolition of serfdom• Personal right to marry• Right to purchase and sell property• Free title to land• Freedom to pursue court actions

• . Alexander II instituted all of the following reforms in Russia EXCEPT

• Abolition of serfdom• Personal right to marry• Right to purchase and sell property• Free title to land• Freedom to pursue court actions

• . All of the following are true of the Land and Freedom society except-

• a. it adhered to the principles of Alexandar Herzen

• b. it staged the assassination of Alexandar II• c. it was comprised of young Russians• d. it was based on the Populism movement• e. it split into two factions

• . All of the following are true of the Land and Freedom society except-

• a. it adhered to the principles of Alexandar Herzen

• b. it staged the assassination of Alexandar II• c. it was comprised of young Russians• d. it was based on the Populism movement• e. it split into two factions

• The freeing of Russia’s serfs in 1861• Led to an agricultural depression• Required them ot pay for their freedom in

annual payments over fifty years• Was met with frm opposition by the Tsar• Led to a large emigration of Russian peasants to

the US• Provided former serfs with adequate

landholdings

• The freeing of Russia’s serfs in 1861• Led to an agricultural depression• Required them ot pay for their freedom in

annual payments over fifty years• Was met with frm opposition by the Tsar• Led to a large emigration of Russian peasants to

the US• Provided former serfs with adequate

landholdings

• 19th century Russian populsism • Was an agricultural reform movement that sought the

improvement of harvest through modern technology• Was a social revolutionary movement based on the ideas of

Karl Marx• Was a political movement that sought to celebrate Tsar

Alexander II as a liberator• Reflected an easingof relations between peasants and the

tsar• Was intended to appeal to peasants who were distrustful of

its student revolutionary founders

• 19th century Russian populsism • Was an agricultural reform movement that sought the

improvement of harvest through modern technology• Was a social revolutionary movement based on the ideas of

Karl Marx• Was a political movement that sought to celebrate Tsar

Alexander II as a liberator• Reflected an easingof relations between peasants and the

tsar• Was intended to appeal to peasants who were distrustful of

its student revolutionary founders