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This is a fantastic resource to use for Year 11 Music students of the Music Concepts. Great handout.
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The concepts of music
The$6$concepts$of$music
• Dura4on• Pitch• Dynamics$and$Expressive$Techniques• Tone$Colour• Texture• Structure
!
Dura&onThe$way$beats$are$grouped:$&me!signatures.!Classifiedas!simple!(eg!4/4,!3/4),!compound!(eg!6/8,!12/8),irregular!(eg!5/4,!7/8),!mixed!metre,!or!no!metre.
The$underlyingpulse$of$music(strong!or!weak).Some!music!hasno!pulse.
The$speed$ofthe$beat,$andwhether!it!isaltered(ritardando!,accelerandoor!rubato)
Pa:erns$of$long$and$short$notes,$and$silences.Rhythms!can!be!simple!or!complex.Rhythmic!devices!include:!rhythmic!os&nato,syncopa&on,!polyrhythm,hemiola,!swing,!diminu&on,!augmenta&on
Click$HERE$to$listento$audio$examples !
PitchMelody!includes!melodic*contourand*melodic*movementascending/descending,!alterna2ng,steps,!skips,!leaps!–!stepwise,!scalic,(conjunct),!chroma2c,!triadic,!orangular!(disjunct)!–!name!the!actualintervals!and!their!scale!degreesPhrase*structure*(eg!antecedent=consequent,!pairs!of!phrases,!orothers:!eg!AAB,!AA’BB’)Register!(high!or!low)!and!range(wide!or!narrow)and!melodic*devices*such!as:sequence!(ascending!ordescending?),!mo2vic!development(extension,!decora2on,fragmenta2on!etc),!countermelody,os2nato,!ornamenta2on,!melisma,blue!notes,!suspension,appoggiatura,!passing!note!(diatonicor!chroma2c),!escape!note
Harmony!includes!chords*(eg!major,minor,!augmented,!diminishedseventh,!dominant!sevenths,!addedor!extended!chords,!inversions)Harmonic*structure*(eg!repeatedchord*progressions*such!as!12!barblues!or!I!V!vi!IV,!or!non=repeatedchord!progressions);!=!(modula2ons)Harmonic*rhythm*(how!quickly!thechords!change!–!eg!once!per!bar,!42mes!per!bar)Chord*spacing*(how!the!notes!of!achord!are!spread!over!the!range)Accompaniment*style*(how!thechords!are!played,!eg!block!chords,broken!chords,!Alber2!bass,!otheraccompanying!figura2ons(paOerns))Chroma:c*harmony*(using!chordsor!notes!from!outside!the!scale)Dissonance*and!consonance**–suspensions,*resolu:ons,*chains*ofsuspensions,*appoggiaturas,accented*passing*notes,*orunresolved*dissonance
Tonality!is!the!key!and*scale*a!piece!is!based!around.It!can!be!major,!minor,!modal,!pentatonic!(eg!the!blues!scale),!oratonal.There!are!many!other!types!of!scale!too!(eg!Indian!ragas,!Japanesescales,!whole!tone,!octatonic!scales).A!piece!can!change!key,!which!is!called!modula:on*(find!which!key!bylooking!for!1)!accidentals!of!the!new!key!2)!a!perfect!cadence!(look!atthe!bass)!and!give!the!key!rela2onship!to!the!tonic!(eg!rela2ve!minor,dominant,!subdominant,!flat!submediant,!parallel!minor)
Click*HERE*to*listento*audio*examples
!
Dynamics!(and!Expressive!Techniques)
pppp,!ppp,pp,!p,!mp,mf,!f,!ff,!fff,or!ffff
decrescendo/diminuendocrescendoswell!(<!>)Terrace!dynamicsFp!<
eg!subito!(suddenchanges)Sfz!(sforzando)fp!(fortepiano)Accents
Click&HERE&to&listento&audio&examples !
EXPRESSIVE!TECHNIQUES
In!scores,!advice!on!howto!play!the!music,eg!“with!a!lilt”,“aggressively”,cantabile,!maestoso!etc
Expressive!use!of!tempo(eg!rubato)
How!each!note!is!a"acked,sustained,!and!released:eg!staccato,!accented,!legato,slurred,!tenuto,!fp,!sfz
DecoraLng!a!melody!or!harmonywith!extra!notes:!eg!trill,!passing!notes,turn,!appoggiatura,!grace!note,mordent,!acciaccatura,!blue!notes
Click0HERE0to0listento0audio0examples
Using!effects!to!change!how!eachnote!sounds:!eg!tremolo,!wahwah,echo,!delay,!feedback,!autotune
Instrument!or!voicespecific!techniques(see!next!slide)
Expressive)Techniques/Tone)ColourExamples)of)special)instrumental)and)vocal)techniques(these)are)common)to)both)concepts)above):
) STRINGS BRASS WINDS GUITARS VOICE DRUMS
Tremolo Mutes Tonguing Strumming Glissando Drum)roll
Sul)pont. Bends Slurring Fingerpicking Bend Rim)shot
Pizzicato Vibrato FluJerKtongue
Harmonics Scoop Brushes
Glissando Falls Bends Slide,)bend FalseJo Cymbal)bell
Harmonics Doits Glissando Vibrato Vibrato DoubleKkick
DoubleKstopping
Growl MulPphonics HammerKon/off
Chest/headvoice
Con)sordino Glissando(trombone)
Circularbreathing
FX(distorPon,chorus)etc)
Growl/screamSpeakKsinging)etc
)Click5HERE5to5listento5audio5examples
Tone%Colour
See%previousslide.
How%the%sound%is%produced:materials%(eg%wood,%metal,%string%etc)produc=on%(eg%hit,%struck,%scraped,%plucked)acous=c/electronic%etcThe%effect%of%the%overall
tone%colour%of%all%instrumentscombined:%eg%majes=c,%brilliant,mournful,%ethereal%etc
The%sound%quality%of%aninstrument%or%voice:eg%bright,%dark,%piercing,gra=ng,%raucous,%sonorous,mellifluous,%resonant,%rich,reedy,%honky,%sweet,%=nkling
Name%and%classify%the%instrumentor%voice,%and%its%family.
How%are%instruments%orvoices%combined%in%themusic?%Do%they%blend%orcontrast%in%tone%colour?Is%it%a%standard%ensembleeg%string%quartet,%rockband,%orchestra?
%Click&HERE&to&listento&audio&examples
TextureHow$many$layers$(not*how*many*instruments)*are*therein*the*music,*and*what*are*they?Describe*the*ROLE*of*each*layer*(eg*melodic,*chordal,*rhythmic,*accompaniment,countermelody,*basso*con=nuo,*riff,*os=nato,*improvisa=on)*and*describe*its*pitch*and*dura=on,and*how*the*layers*interrelate$(rhythmic$unison?Parallel,$similar,$oblique$or$contrary$mo=on?$Fugue?$Canon?imita=on?$An=phony$(ques=on$and$answer?)$Polyrhythm?Heterogenous$texture$(layers$are$very$different$from$one$another$)or$homogenous$texture$(similar$parts$that$blend$together?)*
How*thick*or*thin*is*the*texture?*Areall*instruments*playing*all*the*=me?Is*there*textural*contrast?Describe*the*overall*texture*(avoid*simplysaying*thick*or*thin):*heavy,*busy,light,*rich,*sparse,*percussive,*interlocking *
Click$HERE$to$listento$audio$examples
StructureThe)overall)form)of)the)music:)eg)ABA)(ternary),)AABB)(binary),)AABACA)(rondo),)sonata)form,verse>chorus,)theme)and)varia?ons,)12)bar)blues,)strophic)(eg)school)hymn),)minuet)and)trio,)orthrough>composed
The)structure)on)the)smaller)level:)melodic)phrase)structures)(eg)open>closed,)ABBA,an?phony,)call/response))Use)of)chord)progressions)(harmonic)structure),)mo?fs,os?natos,)repe??on,)rhythmic)paEerns,)accompaniment)figura?on
What)remainsconstant)orrecursthroughout)apiece)(whatunifies))a)piece)
What)changesin)a)piece,either)subtly(variety)ordrama?cally(contrast)
)Click5HERE5to5listento5audio5examples
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