The Cold War APUSH: Chapter 36: The Cold War Begins

The Cold WarAPUSH:

Chapter 36: The Cold War Begins

What Is The Cold War? Intense rivalry between the U.S. & Soviet

Union

Essential Question 1. What were the origins and developments

of the cold war?

Origins of The Cold War: 1. Ideological Differences: Communism vs.

Capitalism (economic, political, philosophical disputes) 2. Competition for global power & Influence 3. Mutual Distrust 4. Atomic Weapons – “Arms Race”

American Presidents – Cold War 1. Harry Truman 1948-1952 2. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1952-1960 3. John F. Kennedy 1960-

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)_

United Nations Charter of United

Nations (1945) 1. “maintenance of

international peace and security”

2. 5 permanent members

U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China

3. 15 members in total

Origins of Cold War (after WWII) 1. Joseph Stalin

(Soviet Union) Established Spheres

of Influence In Eastern Europe

Origins of Cold War 2. Eastern European

nations Became Soviet “satellites” (1946-1948)

3. Soviets refused to

sign plan eliminating atomic weapons

Origins of Cold War 4. Soviets refused to

allow free elections in Eastern Europe

5. Stalin hoped to establish “communist block”

clear violation of war conference agreements

Winston Churchill : “An iron curtain has descended across

Europe” - 1946

Policy of Containment President Truman interested in “containing

communism from spreading” Possible Soviet domination a threat to U.S. Truman Doctrine (1947): funding to assist

countries in repelling a possible communist take over

Marshall Plan A Plan to re-build war

torn Western Europe $3 billion over 4 yr

period Proposed by: George

Marshall, U.S. Secretary of State

Berlin Airlift, 1948 Joseph Stalin Cut off city of Berlin

from Western contact Blocked all routes into

Berlin with Soviet troops Why? tired of U.S. intrusion in

European affairs

Berlin Blockade, 1948

Berlin Airlift, 1948 American planes

delivered supplies to city

For 11 months

Berlin Airlift- American “Candy Bombers”

American servicemen Flew over Berlin and

dropped candy for city’s children

Alliances… President Truman joined

alliance with W. European countries, Canada, Iceland

NATO –North Atlantic treaty organization

Alliances… Stalin’s response: Warsaw Pact –

1955 Communist Eastern

European military alliance

Once a member, a nation can NEVER leave!

The Atomic Race Begins Superior large scale

weapons Soviet Union exploded

first A- Bomb 1949 1952 U.S. developed

Hydrogen bomb 1,000 X’s stronger

than A-bomb

U.S. Domestic Policy 1. National Security Act (1947)- created

the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

2. NSC-68- secret document discussed Soviet plans for world domination, encouraged U.S. to build up military

Containment in Asia China “fell” to

communism 1949 1950 Mao Tse- Tung

and Joseph Stalin signed pact

2 large nations = “communist block”

Korean War 1945 Allies divided Korea Border between North &

South 38th Parallel

North Korea = communist China and Soviet Union

supplied weapons

Korean War N. Korea invaded

South Korea, June 1950

U.S. authorized “police action” of military force to liberate South Korea

Conflict ended in “stalemate”

Dwight D. Eisenhower Became President,

1952 American foreign

policy : He would support nations who sought liberation from communism

Eisenhower’s Policies 1. “brinkmanship” – U.S. would push

aggressor nation to the “brink “of nuclear war, forcing them to back down

2. “massive retaliation” – U.S. would release arsenal of nuclear weapons on any threat

Geneva Convention, 1954 French lost colonies in

Indochina Geneva Convention

agreed to split up territory:

Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

Divided Vietnam into communist north, anti-communist south

Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957 Policy designed to counter Soviet influence

in the Middle East by offering military aid to those countries seeking help from resisting Communist aggression

Joseph Stalin died, 1953 Nikita Krushchev took

over Soviet Union 1958 demanded

removal of westerners from Berlin

Eisenhower called meeting…

Tense Times… Soviets discovered American U-2 spy

plane And it was shot down 2 weeks before

meeting…

John F. Kennedy Elected President

1960 Defeated Richard

Nixon

Berlin Wall Soviets began

construction, 1961 To prevent East

Berliners from escaping to West

President Kennedy Traveled to Berlin,

1963 Did not stop

construction Proclaimed support for

people in Berlin"Ich bin ein Berliner."

Castro Communizes Cuba Dictator Batista

overthrown by Fidel Castro 1959

Established communist state

Asked Soviets for Help U.S. cut off diplomatic

relations w/ Castro

Bay of Pigs April 1961 U.S. planned Invasion

of Cuba Attempt to overthrow

Castro Failure Embarrassment to

President Kennedy

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Fidel Castro &

Khrushchev joined forces

U.S. spy plane discovered

Building of nuclear missile sites in Cuba

Kennedy Ordered … Removal of missiles U.S. enacted naval blockade against Cuba Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles if… U.S. agreed never to invade Cuba again ,

and remove their missiles from Turkey

American Espionage “ Red Scare” Fear of spies in the

U.S. Julius and Ethel

Rosenberg – accused of delivering atomic secrets to Soviets

Convicted of treason & espionage 1951

Sentenced to death

Senator Joseph McCarthy1. Wanted to uncover &

prosecute American Communists

2. Used media to his advantage

3. His accusations mostly false

4. Hearings televised

5. Modern day “witch hunt”

.

Living in Fear… Threat of nuclear war Bomb shelters People purchased

canned goods/water “duck and cover” drills

in schools

Living In Fear… The National Highway

Act 1956 Created interstate

freeway system 42,000 miles of road

Interstate Highways… Meant to provide :

quick evacuation , emergency landing of planes, transport of missiles

Space Race 1. Russian Space Satellite Sputnik

launched 1957 2. U.S. created National Aeronautics and

Space Administration (NASA) 1958 Congress allocated millions to better

prepare students in math, science, foreign languages

Cause of Cold WAR? View #1: Stalin wanted world domination,

U.S. had no choice but to defend democratic, capitalist values.

View #2: Truman adopted an aggressive foreign policy, and sought to create American spheres of influence throughout world

Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era

1952-1960Popular Culture & American Society

in the 1950’s

1950’s Popular Culture

Servicemen’s Re-adjustment Act, 1944

Also known as the “G.I.” Bill

Huge impact on American society & economy in the 1950’s

Opportunities for WWII Veterans

G.I. Bill Offered… 1. University

education 2. Vocational

Training 3. Small business

loans 3. Home loans

Universities Award 2x’s as

many degrees in 1950 as opposed to 1940

8 million vets used G.I. funds to attend Colleges &Universities

1950’s Prosperity Credit Cards:

Diner’s Club, American Express, 1958

Low interest home loans

Who is the 1950’s The Middle Class?

1. At least some college education

2. Men work – white collar jobs, or blue collar management

3. Own 2 cars 4. Own suburban home 5. Stay at home wife, 2

kids 6. mostly white

“Auto Mania” Cars Facilitate

movement 85% of homes built

in 1950’s built in the suburbs.

Growth of Suburbs Tract homes built

en masse in the 1950’s

“Levittowns”- emerged (planned communities in suburbs)

Levitt Construction company- east coast

Growth of Suburbs Average home

price 1950’s: $11,500 - $14,500

Lakewood, Ca- 1st Planned Community in L.A.

STEP 1 STEP 2

Lakewood, Ca- 1st Planned Community in L.A.

STEP 3 STEP 4

“White Flight” White, middle

class Moved to suburbs

Loans denied to minorities

60% of Americans owned homes by end of 50’s

National Highway Act 1956 “Interstate”

Highways unified nation

$40 billion 41,000 mile

construction project

Popular Culture Along Highways The emergence of

fast food chains, motels, shopping malls

Baby Boom 50-75 million

babies born between 1946-1964

“at home” mothers depicted in popular culture

Women in the 1950’s 1950’s Middle

Class ideal: stay at home mom

Husband earns enough money so wife does not have to work

Television Culture 9 in 10 homes had

T.V. sets by 1960 Facilitated the

spread of “fads”

1950’s Fads Hula Hoops!

Records! Barbie! Telephone booth

stuffing!

Rock N’ Roll Term coined by DJ

Alan Freed 1951 Controversial Society concerned

about teenagers

Rebellious Youth in Film James Dean -

“Rebel Without a Cause” (1955)

Marlon Brando –

“ The Wild One” (1954)

Disneyland Opened in

Anaheim, CA 1955 Price of admission:

$1

The Construction of Disneyland… Does Disneyland represent the social

idealism of the 1950’s??

Poverty and Urban Blight By 1960, 35 million

people lived below poverty line

Inner city deteriorated into slums

Reality of the ignored

1950’s Reality: 1. Racism, discrimination, segregation 2. Popular Culture depicts white middle

class experience 3. Poverty, urban blight, inequality