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Abraham Lincoln
• Former Illinois Congressman
• Republican
• Not an abolitionist
• Not a pro-slavery
supporter
Election of 1860
• Country is at a boiling point over the issue of slavery
• Lincoln did not want slavery in the new territories, but he didn’t want to intervene with slavery in the South.
• Southerners didn’t believe him.
• When Lincoln won the election, South Carolina responded by seceding.
– Seceding: Withdrawing
Secession
• December 20, 1860 South Carolina officially seceded from the Union.
• Within 2 months 6 more states seceded as well:
– Mississippi
– Alabama
– Georgia
– Florida
– Louisiana
– Texas
February 1861
• Southern delegates chosen
• Met in Montgomery, Alabama
• Drafted their own constitution
• Elected Jefferson Davis President of the new
Confederate States of America.
• Pop Up Question:
– Why did Sherman want to capture Atlanta?
A. It was a major railroad hub and its capture
would disrupt southern industry.
B. It was the southern capital and its capture
would end the war.
C. It was the only city that interfered with Union
trade on the Mississippi River.
D. It was home to Robert E. Lee’s Army Northern
Virginia.
• Nickname: The Union
• Capital: Washington, D.C.
• Number of States: 23
• Team Color: Blue
• Soldier Nicknames: Billy Yanks, Yankees
• Military Leaders: Grant, Sherman
• Battle Song: “Battle Hymn of the Republic”
• President: Abraham Lincoln
Union Leaders
• William Tecumseh Sherman
– Ohio
– West Point
– Mexican War
– Bull Run (MS), Shiloh(TN), Vicksburg (MS),
Atlanta (GA), March to the Sea (GA)
“War is the remedy that our enemies have
chosen and I say let us give them all they
want.”
-William T. Sherman
Union Leaders
• Ulysses S. Grant
– West Point
– Farmer, Real Estate Agent, Clerk
– Colonel
– Lincoln appointed him General of all Union Armies
– Fort Henry (TN), Fort Donelson (TN), Shiloh (TN), Vicksburg (MS)
– After war was commander of Army and elected president in 1868
Brigadier General
Fun Fact:
At the beginning of his Army career,
Grant was charged at one western post
for drinking too much.
• Nickname: The Confederacy
• Capital: Richmond, Virginia
• Number of States: 11
• Team Color: Gray
• Soldier Nicknames: Johnny Rebs, Rebels
• Military Leaders: Lee, Jackson
• Battle Song: “Dixie”
• President: Jefferson Davis
Confederate Leaders
• Robert E. Lee
– West Point
– Mexican War (Hero)
– Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville
– After the war Lee served as the president of
a small college. Fun Fact:
Lincoln offered Lee the
command of the Union
Army. Lee turned it
down because he felt he
had to defend his home
state of Virginia.
Confederate Leaders
• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
– West Point
– Mexican War
– Instructor at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI)
– Brigadier General
– Commander of the Army of the Shenandoah Valley
– “Stonewall”
• Earned the nickname after standing like a stone wall against Union attacks in the first battle of Bull Run
Confederate Leaders
• James Longstreet
– Gainesville, GA
– “Old War Horse”
– West Point
– Resigned from US Army in 1861 to fight for Confederate cause
– Battle of Bull Run, the Peninsular Campaign, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg
– Blamed for his defensive strategy and cautious attacks
• Lincoln knew he couldn’t let South secede.
• Union citizens were split on war
– Wanted to let South leave
– Preserve Union
– Favored Force (very few)
• Result
– Lincoln did not have enough support to launch
military action
– War = South
Breaking Point
• April 1861
• Union troops at Ft. Sumter
– Supplies running low
– Lincoln sent word to governor that he was
sending ships with food
– South Carolina didn’t want Union troops so
close to home
First Shots
• April 12, 1861
– Confederate forces open fire on Union
troops at Ft. Sumter
– Attack forced the Union troops to leave the
fort
– Gave Lincoln the support he needed
• Lincoln issued a call for volunteers
(75,000)
Lincoln’s Concerns
– Confederate sympathizers might
successfully sway Maryland to secede.
– What is the problem that could occur if
Maryland joins the Confederacy?
• Union capital of Washington, D.C. would be
surrounded by Confederate Territory.
Lincoln’s Actions
• Lincoln declares martial law and suspends the writ of habeas corpus
– Writ of habeas corpus: The guarantee that a person cannot be imprisoned without being brought before a judge.
• Jails the strongest supporters of the Confederacy
• Allows the Maryland legislature to vote in favor of remaining with the Union.
• Is this Constitutional?
The Draft• Need more men to fight for the Union
• Draft: A policy in which the government selects certain individuals for military service rather than waiting for them to enlist.
• Unpopular– Poor and immigrants
• Avoiding the draft– Wealthy people could avoid military service by
paying $300 or hiring a substitute.
• Riots– July 1863 draft riots break out
States Choose Sides
• Border states were forced to decide
whether to support the Union or
Confederacy.
Union StatesKentucky
Missouri
Maryland
NW Regions of
Virginia
Confederate States
Remainder of Virginia
North Carolina
Arkansas
Tennessee
– Which “conductor” of the Underground
Railroad led more than 400 slaves to
freedom?
A. Abraham Lincoln
B. Wendell Phillips
C. Harriet Tubman
D. Harriet Beecher Stowe
• First Battle of the Civil War
• Both North and South thought the war would be short and anticipated very few causalities
• Young men were
– eager to fight
– worried they might miss the war if they didn’t volunteer right away
• Confederates looked for a quick win to boost morale.
Battle of Bull Run
• July 21, 1861
• Southern fort at Manassas,Virginia
• Union troops were poorly trained and equipped
• Was it the picnic they anticipated?
• Confusion of small fights and inexperienced combat (both)
• North retreats
• Serious defeat for the North
• Illustrated the complexity of this war
Anaconda Plan• General Winfield Scott
• Involves surrounding the Confederacy and cutting off all supply lines
– Like an Anaconda wraps around likes prey and squeezes the life out of it
• What did it do?
– Restricted southern trade and communications
• Controlling Mississippi River
– Cut Confederacy territory in half
– Instituted coastal blockades
• Group 1: Antietam
• Group 2: Vicksburg
• Group 3: Chancellorsville
• Group 4: Gettysburg
• Group 5: Sherman’s
March to the Sea
Requirements:
Date of the Battle?
Place of the Battle?
Length of the Battle?
Important People in
the Battle?
Influence of Weather
and Terrain on the
Battle ?
Significance?
Number of
Causalities?
North or South
Victory?
Date of Newspaper should be 3-6
days AFTER the end of the Battle
MUST be in NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
FORMAT!! COMPLETE SENTENCES!
CHOOSE A PERSPECTIVE/PAPER:
THE UNION NEWS or
THE CONFEDERATE TIMES
Battle Project RubricRequired
Elements
Excellent Good Poor/Not Done
Newspaper Format Written in a
newspaper article
format with
complete sentences
and all required
components are
complete and
correct-
30 pts
Written mostly in a
newspaper article
format with mostly
complete sentences
and most required
components are
complete and
correct- 15 pts
Not written in a
newspaper article
format with
incomplete
sentences and only
few or none of the
required
components are
complete or
correct-
5 pts
Articles 1 main and 4 minor
articles with all
required
components- 25 pts
1 main and 2-3
minor articles with
all required
components- 15 pts
1 main and 1 or no
minor articles with
all required
components- 5 pts
Layout Contains Header,
Headline and layout
is clear and clean-
20 pts
Contains Header or
Headline and layout
is mostly clear-10
pts
Header and/or
Headline and layout
are not clear- 5 pts
The Emancipation Proclamation
• January 1, 1863
• Freed the slaves in the Confederacy
• Kept slavery in Union border states
– Lincoln still needs these state’s support
• Changed the focus of the war
• Prevented England and France from getting involved
– Both had previously abolished slavery
• Encouraged free African Americans to serve in Union Army
– Originally not allowed to enlist
Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address• Lincoln wins 2nd term in the 1864 election
• 2nd Inaugural Address
– March 1865
– Expresses belief that slavery is evil, hope to
reunite the nation, and sorrow for American
lives that have been lost
– Communicates vision for rebuilding the
South
Punishment Reconstruction
Union Victory
• Grant in charge of Union Army (1864)
• Campaign to crush Confederate Army
• Union = overwhelming numbers
• Confederates retreat
• Confederate Army surrounded in
Virginia
• Lee surrenders
Union Victory
• April 9, 1865 (Palm Sunday)
• Lee surrenders to Grant
• Appomattox Courthouse
• 2 weeks later complete surrender
– General Johnston surrenders Confederate
Army to General Sherman
– Bennett Place (Durham, NC)
Union Victory
• Union Advantages*
– Larger population
• More men to spare
– Railroads
• Allowed Union to move supplies quicker
– Industry
• Produce weapons, ammunition, clothes, blankets
• Easier and in greater numbers
*Union’s advantages allowed the North to overcome the
South’s fiery determination and willingness to fight.
Lincoln’s Assassination
• April 14, 1865 (5 days after Lee’s surrender)
• John Wilkes Booth
• Ford’s Theatre
• Lincoln would never get to see the nation healed or his plan for reconstruction materialize.
• Andrew Johnson– Southerner
– Former slave owner
– Impeached
Presidential Reconstruction1. Southerners who swore allegiance to the Union
were pardoned.
2. Former Confederate states could hold constitutional conventions to set up state governments.
3. States had to void secession and ratify Constitution to include 13th Amendment
1. 13th Amendment: Ended slavery throughout the nation
4. States could hold elections and be part of the Union (13th Amendment ratified)
*Johnson’s form of reconstruction allowed southerners who led the Confederacy to hold positions of influence. As a result, Southern states enacted black codes.
The Black Codes
Black Codes: Laws that limited the rights
of freed blacks so much that they kept
them living like slaves.
• Curfews (sunset)
• Whipped
• Sold into forced labor
• Forced to work for 5 years for whites
• Rent land only in rural areas
Radical Reconstruction
• Radical Republicans did not agree with
Johnson’s approach
– African Americans were not full citizens
• Congress should oversee Reconstruction
• 1867 Radical Reconstruction Act
– Established strict guidelines on the South
Radical Reconstruction
1. The southern states were put under
military rule.
2. Southern states had to hold new
constitutional conventions.
3. African Americans were allowed to vote.
Radical Reconstruction
4. Southerners who had supported the Confederacy were not allowed to vote (temporarily).
5. Southern states had to guarantee equal rights to African Americans.
6. Southern states had to add the 14th
Amendment
– 14th Amendment: Made African Americans citizens of each state as well as the nation.
Reconstruction
Presidential
Reconstruction
Radical
Reconstruction
• Southern states
had constitutional
conventions
• Pardoned
Southerners
• 13th
Amendment
• Hold
elections
• Military rule
• African Americans
could vote
• Supporters of
former
Confederacy could
not vote
• Equal rights to
African Americans
• 14th Amendment15th Amendment
Guaranteed that no citizen
should be denied to vote
Ratified during the presidency
of Ulysses S. Grant
African Americans &
Reconstruction
• Sharecropping– Family farmed a portion of white landowner’s
land
– Housing and a share of the crop
• Tenant Farming– Tenant farmers paid rent to farm the land
– Owned the crops they grew.
• Freedman’s Bureau– First federal relief program in US history
– Provided clothes, medical attention, food, education, and land to former slaves
African Americans &
Reconstruction
• African American Churches– Institution truly controlled/owned by African Americans
– Centers for African American social and political life
• Morehouse College – 1867 by a group of ministers
– Atlanta, GA
– Morehouse College in 1913.• Prestigious African American college in the nation.
• “Black Harvard”
• Politics– African Americans (approx. 600) served in southern state
legislatures
– Lt. Governor and Governor
African Americans &
Reconstruction
• Ku Klux Klan
– A secretive organization whose members
dressed in hooded white robes.
• Violence, murder, and threats
• Intimidate blacks and African American
supporters
• Practiced lynchings
– Lynching: Mob initiated murders where the victim is
kidnapped and murdered.
African Americans &
Reconstruction
• Carpetbaggers
– Northerners who came to the South to do
business.
– Former Union officers
– Despised by Southerners
– Take advantage of southern suffering for $$
– Nickname
• “Stuffed some clothes into a carpet bag” and
rushed south to get rich
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