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THE CIVIL WAR. The Union Dissolves Chapter 11 Section 1. Crittenden Compromise. As a last ditch compromise, Sen. Crittenden proposed drawing the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. Lincoln rejected this since it would expand slavery. Confederate States. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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THE CIVIL WARThe Union Dissolves
Chapter 11Section 1
Crittenden Compromise As a last ditch
compromise, Sen. Crittenden proposed drawing the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific.
Lincoln rejected this since it would expand slavery
Confederate States The South
was excited about forming their new country
They held rallies and shot off fireworks.
Secession
Southern Secession
Lincoln believed that it was illegal to secede from the Union
If a state had to apply for admittance, he thought states should also have to ask for permission to leave.
Fort Sumter
Located at the mouth of the Charleston harbor, the South wanted to keep this strategic fort
Lincoln would not allow the South to take federal property
Fort Sumter
When the fort ran low of supplies, Lincoln alerted the SC governor that unarmed supply ships would be entering the port
Confederate soldiers fired upon the fort for 34 hours.
Fort Sumter Union Major Anderson
surrendered on April 14, 1861
Lincoln asked the Union states to provide troops
They were asked to enlist for just 3 months
Choosing Sides
Southern states that had not yet seceded had to decide what to do
Virginia actually split in two
Once war broke out, many men had to decide for which cause to fight
Families separated over the war
Advantages/Disadvantages
9+ million incl 3.5 million slaves
Few factories 9,000 miles of
track Trained leaders Little money Fighting on own
land Defensive war
22 million people
85% manufacturing
22,000 miles of track
Lacked generals Many resources Supplies carried
into enemy territory
North
South
Advantages/Disadvantages
Pig iron in VA only
110,000 workers
1,800 factories Few firearms
20 X’s more pig iron
1,300,000 workers
110,000 factories
32 X’s firearms
North
South
Resources of the North and South
Robert E. Lee
Perhaps the biggest southern advantage was Gen. Robert E. Lee
Asked by Lincoln to lead the Union Army, Lee refused to “turn his back on his home, Virginia”
Filling the Ranks
At the beginning of the war in 1861, the Northern Army more than twice as large as the Southern Army
Men had to pledge that they were over the age of 18 to fight, but boys as young as 9 acted as drummer boys
Filling the Ranks
The South enacted legislation to prevent large landowners from leaving their plantations (and slaves) to fight.
This left most of the ranks filled with poor farmers.
Strategies The South took
their cue from the success of the American Revolution and chose to fight a defensive war, wearing the North down until they gave up.
Stars and Bars
Strategies The North had a 3
pronged approach called the Anaconda Plan: Block southern ports to
all imports/exports Control the Mississippi
River splitting the confederacy in two
Take Richmond, the confederate capital
Anaconda Plan
1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas
Most Civil War battles are called by 2 different names
The North named the battle after the nearest river
The South named the battle after the nearest town
The first battle of the war was near the town of Manassas and Bull Run River
1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas
The North (in blue) and South (in grey) met on a clearing in northern Virginia
Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson routed the Yankee army, causing them to run in fear
They trampled picnickers who had gathered to watch the battle.
1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas
Northern troops, according to legend, commented that Gen. Jackson sat upon his horse like a ‘stone wall”
The nickname stuck The southern victory assured
the South that this would be a quick war fought against inferior troops
They were wrong on both accounts
1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas
The first civilian casualty occurred at Bull Run.
Judith Henry, was killed by a cannon ball as she laid in bed
1st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas
Wilmer McClean’s home was on the battlefield at Bull Run
He wanted to get away from the warfare and moved to a small town in southern Virginia, Appomattox Court House
Union Leadership Lincoln chose
Irwin McDowell to lead the Union’s Army of the Potomac.
He was replaced 3 days after his defeat at Bull Run with Gen. George McClellan
Union Leadership McClellan meets Gen, R. E.
Lee at the Peninsular Campaign
His was nicknamed “the Creeper” because he was so hesitant to attack, always fearing he was out-numbered
Union Leadership
After 5 months of fighting, McClellan withdrew even though he out-numbered and out-powered the confederate army
One of his men found Lee’s plans wrapped around some cigars.
He had the plans for the next battle at Antietam Creek
Antietam Creek
Even with the plans, McClellan’s hesitancy costs him the battle
He could never break through Confederate lines
It was the bloodiest single day of the Civil war with about 22,000 dead and wounded.
Victory in the West While the North was losing
badly in the east, Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was winning decisive victories along the Mississippi River.
After the battle at Ft. Henry he earned the nickname of Unconditional Surrender because he refused to speak of terms of surrender with the South
Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing The South surprised Union
troops at Shiloh on April 6, 1862
Their rebel yell was eerie As they ran in retreat, they
met Union reinforcements Under Gen. Grant, they
regrouped It ended in a draw with
almost 25,000 casualties in the 2 day battle.
Admiral Farragut As part of the Anaconda Plan,
Gen. Farragut took the navy up the mouth of the Mississippi River
He took New Orleans and Baton Rouge, cutting the Confederacy in half.
1861-1862
Filling the Ranks
The North allowed Blacks to enlist but did not allow them to fight
By 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation, pressure was on to allow Black units to train and fight.
They were killed in greater numbers and paid less for their efforts
Filling the Ranks
Wealthy people, in both North and South, could pay a substitute to take their place in the Army.
Conscription, forced service, was first used in the South.
The North began conscription in 1862
Filling the Ranks
Slaves could not help the southern army fight but were used for manual labor.
The Civil War was called, “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”
Filling the Ranks
Conscription was so resisted in the North, riots broke out
It became especially violent after the Emancipation Proclamation.
Filling the Ranks
Desertion was a common problem on both sides, with over 300,000 soldiers leaving their troops
Because states offered a signing bonus, many men enlisted, deserted, enlisted someplace else, deserted,…
Filling the Ranks
By the end of the war, the South was so short of men they openly enlisted young boys.
Filling the Ranks
Women could not openly enlist but some disguised themselves as men and fought the entire war.
Others became spies, nurses, and cooks
Filling the Ranks
Elizabeth Blackwell, America’s first female physician, helped run the US Sanitary Commission
Clara Barton tended to the wounded and founded the American Red Cross.
Filling the Ranks
Although hundreds of men and women tended to the sick and injured, more soldiers died from illness and infection than of battle wounds.
Filling the Ranks
More often, women took over men’s civilian jobs while they were gone to war.
Generals of the Army of the Potomac
Irwin McDowell 1861 George McClellan 1861 John Pope 1861 George McClellan 1862 Ambrose Burnside 1862 Ulysses S. Grant 1863-
1865
The Civil WarPolitics of War
Chapter 11Section 2
Britain’s Neutrality The South was depending on
Britain and/or France to come to their aid and renew the cotton trade
Britain found other sources for cotton and stockpiled surpluses before the war began
Britain’s Neutrality Food crops, wheat and corn
from the North, had replaced cotton as America’s most important exports
For these reasons, Britain chose to remain neutral in the war between the states.
Trent Affair Shortly after the war began,
the Confederates (Rebels) sent 2 diplomats to Britain to ask for their support
James Mason and John Slidell traveled on the British ship, Trent
The Union warship, San Jacinto, stopped and boarded the Trent
Trent Affair Mason and Slidell were
arrested Britain took this as an act of
war and moved troops to Canada for a possible war with the Union
Lincoln averted war by pardoning the men
Emancipation Lincoln’s original strategy
did not involve freeing slaves After 1862, he realized that
slaves aided the Southern cause by providing labor
He used this to change the purpose of the war from preserving the Union to also freeing the slaves
Emancipation Lincoln wrote the
Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in the seceded states (not occupied or border states)
It also prevented all European countries who had abolished slavery from aiding the South.
British cotton consumption
increased but they did not rely on the
South for production
Emancipation Lincoln did not want to issue
the proclamation publicly until the North had a successful battle
He used the Battle at Antietam (the bloodiest battle of the war) as his “win”
It took effect Jan. 1, 1863
Emancipation Reaction Not everyone was happy with
the decision to free the slaves.
Northern Democrats thought it would make the war longer
Some soldiers deserted, refusing to fight for this cause
Emancipation Reaction The South renewed their
effort to save their way of life The Emancipation
Proclamation had no effect on slaves
Free northern blacks enlisted in the Union army, but served as laborers, not soldiers
Slaves provided the same type of labor for the South
Lincoln Takes Charge Lincoln sent Union troops and
occupied the border states from the beginning of the war
He also suspended habeas corpus, legal authority to detain a person
Confederate sympathizers in the North were arrested and telegrams were seized
Lincoln Takes Charge Supreme Court Chief Justice
Roger B. Taney said that Lincoln had overstepped his authority, but he continued to use his presidential powers to the fullest extent
Setting a precedent, all wartime presidents have taken Lincoln’s lead to protect the American people
Copperheads Anti-war Democrats were
called copperheads – a deadly, venomous snake
Conscription In 1862 and 1863 the
Confederacy and the Union respectively instituted conscription, military draft
The South recruited all able white men over 18 (17 by 1864 but they took even younger)
Large slave holders and the wealthy did not serve
Conscription The South called it “a rich
man’s war and a poor man’s fight”
The Union recruited young men 20-45 although younger men enlisted
Blacks, free and slave, were used as cooks, for construction and heavy labor
Conscription Both sides allowed wealthy
men to pay commutation, Bonuses were paid for Union
soldiers who enlisted, some enlisting numerous times, collecting the bonus money, deserting, and ‘enlisting’ again
Conscription In New York City the
Irish rioted over conscription, burning an orphanage for black children
117 people were killed The Irish did not
condone slavery but did not want the added competition for jobs
As 1862 Ends… The ironclads appear Both sides made ships
made of iron, capable of repelling cannon balls and fire
The Monitor, a new ship, fought the Merrimac, now called The Virginia, fought for 5 hours – tied
The Merrimac was sunk to prevent it going into Northern hands
The Civil WarChapter 11Section 3
Life During Wartime
Mary Chesnut Mary Chesnut’s diary is
frequently referred to when researching civilian life during the Civil War.
Black Troops African American soldiers
never fought for the South, but their slave labor was used by southern soldiers
The North also used African American labor
That changed after the Emancipation Proclamation.
Black Troops The Emancipation
Proclamation freed the slaves in the non-occupied states, which mean it freed none
But it also meant that Blacks joined the northern army and fought against the South
The South refused to return any Black prisoner - contraband
Black Troops Black troops
fought in segregated units led by white officers
They were paid less than white soldiers
Black Troops They died in greater numbers
but not because they were assigned to more dangerous job.
Working in close proximity to one another, they caught diseases
They were more likely to be killed when captured rather than taken as prisoner/contraband
Fort Pillow Over 200 African American
and some white soldiers were killed after they surrendered to Southern troops
Nathan Bedford Forrest led the slaughter
After the war he and others form the Ku Klux Klan
Fort Pillow Over 200 African American
and some white soldiers were killed after they surrendered to Southern troops
Nathan Bedford Forrest led the slaughter
After the war he and others form the Ku Klux Klan
Slave Resistance As northern troops neared
plantations, the slaves gained strength and Broke tools Joined the
troops Neglected the
livestock
War Affects the Economy The South began to run out of
men, food and supplies not soon after the war began
They printed so much currency that it had little value
The Northern blockade effectively stopped Southern trade with Europe
War Affects the Economy Most of the fighting took place
in the Shenandoah Valley, the Southern food production area
Lee took his troops to Gettysburg, PA to try to shift the damage to northern states during the growing season.
He failed
Why Printing Money is Bad Currency, as paper, has no
value Generally we accept the face
value on currency to be worth something
If more paper is printed, we want more of it for goods
Inflation occurs when there is too much money in the economy
Shortages of Everything Some Southerners traded with
the North Cotton and food supplies
exchanged hands
Northern Economy The North suffered but not
nearly as bad as the South Inflation was worse in the
North – 80% by the end of the war
Industries that supplied the military boomed
Machinery took the place of workers drafted into the GAR
Women in the Workplace Women took on many of the
jobs and duties of the men who left to fight
They were paid less, one of many ways business owners made tremendous profits during the war
Northerners paid the first income tax to pay for the war
Soldiers Suffer Soldiers’ rations included
hardtack, beans, bacon fat and, if lucky, a few bones from which to suck the marrow
They had ticks, lice, dysentery, and diarrhea on a regular basis due to poor hygiene
Medical Care A doctor’s kit looked more like
it would be more useful in a episode of Home Make Over
Medical Care Body wounds were ignored
and the person was left to die “Good” surgeons could
remove a limb in 1 minute They usually
used ether to sedate the patient
Medical Care Scalpels, saws and pliers were
the doctors’ main tools
Medical Care Once soldier’s received care,
the worst was to come Not knowing about germs and
bacteria, doctors and nurses regularly examined wounds without washing between patients
Gangrene, staph and other infections passed from man to man
Medical Care Surgery was usually done
outdoors
Medical Care For every soldier that
died on the battlefield, 2 died in the wartime hospitals
Women served the military as nurses
Clara Barton, founder of the Red Cross, and Sally Tompkins helped improve medical care
Medical Care Many men did not think it
appropriate for women to see men in such poor condition
Dorthea Dix required that all nurses be plain looking and be at least 30 years old
Prisoners Until the Union began using
black soldiers, both sides regularly exchanged soldiers rather than keep them in camps
When the Confederacy refused to swap black soldiers, the North stopped the exchange program
Neither side was equipped to keep thousands of prisoners
Prison Camps Both sides treated their
captives terribly Ft. Delaware and Elmira
prisons in the North and Libby and Andersonville prisons in the South saw mortality rates over 25%
Poor nutrition and poor hygiene led to scurvy, dysentery and other fatal diseases
Prison Camps Union camp at Point Lookout,
MD Built to
hold 10,000, it had almost 50,000 Confederate troops
4,000 died
Andersonville Prison, GA Henry Wirz was placed in
charge of the camp at Andersonville
Built to handle 10,000, it eventually had over 33,000 prisoners
Their only water was a stream which ran through where the horses grazed, filled with manure
Andersonville Prison, GA There were no buildings to
house prisoners, only tents and lean-tos
Guards, some as young as 12, surrounded the camp on watchtowers
Anyone who got near the fence, the dead zone, was shot immediately
Andersonville Prison, GA Although he camp was
operational for less than a year, over 12,000 died
Survivors were transferred from the camp to other camps in the South
Andersonville Prison
Andersonville Prison The Commandant,
Henry Wirz, was tried for war crimes in 1865
The North really wanted him to provide information about Gen. Lee and Pres. Davis
He did not
Andersonville Prison Wirz was hung in
Washington DC
After his death, he was treated as a martyr
The Civil WarChapter 11Section 4
The North Takes Charge
1863 In 1863, the war shifted in
favor of the North Gen. Grant leads Army of the
Potomac Important victories in the East Total war South will not receive help
from Europe War of attrition
Chancellorsville As Lee’s troops
moved to northern Virginia, Stonewall Jackson stopped for 9 days to visit his wife and infant daughter
He would be dead in 3 weeks by his own men
Statue of Jackson at Bull Run
Gravesite of Jackson
The Civil WarChapter 11Section 5
The Legacy of War
The War Ends With the end of the war
changes will affect The economy Social structure Labor market Politics Technology
Political Changes The federal government
assumed control over the seceded states and no state has seceded again
The war increased the power of the federal government and the president
Political Changes The war increased the power
of the federal government and the president Income tax Suspending habeas corpus Regulated currency – paper Conscription requirement
Economic Changes The federal government took
additional responsibility for subsidizing railroads
National Bank Act, 1863, which chartered banks, set requirements for loans and required banks to be inspected
Economic Changes Conscription caused a labor
shortage in the North, filled by machines
Northern industries had to re-focus to compete in a peacetime economy
Economic Changes The South lost its labor
force and trading partners Since most of the fighting
took place in the South, land was destroyed, livestock wiped-out and their railroads
Economic Changes The economic gap between
North and South was wider than before the war began 1860 – the South controlled
30% of the nation’s wealth 1870 – the South controlled
12% of the nation’s wealth
Economic Changes
Economic Changes No part of society was
untouched
Societal Changes Slavery is over Congress passed the 13th
Amendment outlawing slavery
Matthew Brady chronicled the war with hundreds of photos, beginning photojournalism
Societal Changes Jefferson Davis was arrested,
tried and found not guilty He lived to be an old man Lee lost his family home
when Montgomery Meigs turned it into Arlington National Cemetery
Societal Changes Lee went on to become the
president of Washington University, now Washington and Lee
Clara Barton took her war experience and founded the Red Cross
Grant was elected president in 1868.
Lincoln Assassinated Lincoln and his wife,
Mary Todd, went to Ford’s Theater to see “My American Cousin”
John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head
He died within hours
Lincoln Assassinated His body was taken by train to
his gravesite in Springfield, IL
John Wilkes Booth
Booth and conspirators
were captured, tried
and hung
Andrew Johnson This was the first time a vice
president assumed the presidency because of death
Johnson was sworn in as the country’s 17th president
Lincoln’s plans for reconstruction die with him
Comparisons Abraham Lincoln was elected
to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.
Comparisons The names Lincoln and
Kennedy each contain seven letters.
Both were particularly concerned with civil rights.
Both wives lost their children while living in the White House.
Both Presidents were shot on a Friday.
Comparisons Both were shot in the head. Lincoln's secretary, Kennedy,
warned him not to go to the theatre. Kennedy's secretary, Lincoln, warned him not to go to Dallas.
Both were assassinated by Southerners.
Comparisons Both were succeeded by
Southerners. Both successors were named
Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who
succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.
Comparisons John Wilkes Booth was born
in 1839. Lee Harvey Oswald was born in 1939.
Both assassins were known by their three names.
Both names are comprised of fifteen letters
Comparisons Booth ran from the theater
and was caught in a warehouse. Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theater.
Booth and Oswald were assassinated before their trials.
Comparisons Both successors were named
Johnson. Andrew Johnson, who
succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.
Lincoln was shot in the Ford Theatre and Kennedy was shot while in a Ford Lincoln.
Chancellorsville Lee met Gen. Hooker at
Chancellorsville, VA The North was
outmaneuvered by Lee BTW – The term ‘hooker’
comes from the large number of women who followed Hooker from battle to battle – Hooker’s girls
Gettysburg Gen. Lee and Gen.
A.P. Hill headed north for 2 reasons
They wanted to divert the fighting from the Shenandoah Valley and Hill’s troops needed shoes
They met Union troops, under Gen. Meade, at Gettysburg, PA
Gettysburg The 3 day battle was costly for
both sides. Pickett’s Charge up Little
Round Top was little better than a suicide mission
After 3 days 23,000 Union casualties 28,000 Confederate casualties
Gettysburg Lee retreated, never to enter
the North again The Union victory at
Gettysburg was the turning point of the war
They will continue to win important victories until the South capitulates
Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 Dead men and horses began
to rot in the summer heat, drawing flies, rodents and other carrion
The smell carried to the town of Gettysburg
The towns’ women took on the task of burying the dead
Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 Southern soldiers were
separated at buried in shallow graves away from town
Union soldiers were divided by state and buried in a series of semi-circles
Gettysburg Address, Nov 1863 Lincoln came to dedicate the
cemetery He was the 2nd speaker that
day, speaking for only about 2 minutes
Gettysburg Address, Nov 1863 He used the speech to re-
focus attention to the Declaration of Independence – “all men are created equal”
Siege of Vicksburg 1863 The summer of 1863 saw
another important Union victory in the west, Vicksburg MS
Siege of Vicksburg 1863 Vicksburg is an overlook on
the Mississippi River It was one of the last areas
that prevented the Union from controlling the entire river and successfully dividing the South
Grant laid siege to the town, firing into it for hours each day
Siege of Vicksburg 1863 The mostly women, elderly
and children in the town sought refuge in the caves along the river
Their food supply gone, they ate dogs, horses, mules and rats before surrendering the day after the victory at Gettysburg, July 4
Conditions in the South, 1863 The South was quickly
running out of men, arms, food, uniforms and other necessary supplies
They hoped that a long war would cause the North to stop fighting
The Gettysburg Address made it very clear that the North was not giving up
Conditions in the South, 1863 Southerners were asked to
grow food crops rather than cash crops
Rebels deserted in greater numbers
Jefferson Davis and the Confederate Constitution left little room to lead effectively
Ulysses S. Grant Lincoln, having gone 5
generals in 2 years, appointed Grant
He fought a war of attrition – killing Southern soldiers that could not be replaced
It meant that he also suffered from heavy losses
Ulysses S. Grant Grant
confers with Gen. Meade
Gen. Sherman Grant appointed William
Tecumseh Sherman to lead the Union Army in the deep South
He believed in total war – attacking civilians since they supplied goods for the southern war effort
Grant v. Lee Grant’s war of attrition was
devastating to the southern army
Grant knew that he could replace each of his dead soldiers, the South could not
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Gen. Sherman took his troops from Tennessee, through Atlanta, to Savannah
His men burned a path up to 60 miles wide, burned crops, poisoned wells, killed livestock and turned railroad ties into “Sherman’s neckties”
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sherman sent news to Lincoln in December, 1864 that his Christmas gift to the president was the city of Savannah
Then he turned north to help Grant defeat Lee
Election 1864 Democrats – Gen. McClellan Republicans – Pres. Lincoln Democrats were tired of war,
the costs, and death Republicans looked for a
candidate who would appeal to Democrats, Andrew Johnson
Election 1864 Johnson was a Southerner
who never owned slaves He was raised extremely
poor, resenting the planter class
He looked down upon the slave class
Election 1864 Lincoln needed a few victories
before the election or he felt he would lose.
Sherman’s sacking of Atlanta and Farragut’s control of the Mississippi River accomplished that
Absentee ballots from the Union army put Lincoln over the top
The war took its toll on Lincoln
1860
1865
Appomattox Court House In April 1865, Lee knew he
had no choice but to surrender
His men begged him not to do this, but he replied that it would only kill them all if he continued to fight
Fall of Richmond Jefferson Davis set fire to
Richmond to prevent Grant from occupying it
Appomattox Court House Lee said, “There is nothing
left me to do but to go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths.” April 9, 1865
Grant was generous with his terms of surrender, allowing the rebels to take their animals and personal items with them
Appomattox Court House The Union band played
“Dixie” as the men marched away Wilmer
McLean’s home in Appomattox CourthouseThe surrender agreement was signed in his parlor
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