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The Chemistry The Chemistry The Chemistry The Chemistry ofofofof
Portia Portia Portia Portia MahalMahalMahalMahal Sabido,Ph.DSabido,Ph.DSabido,Ph.DSabido,Ph.D....
Institute of ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryInstitute of Chemistry
2/12/2009 2
Pattern
2/12/2009 3
Pattern
2/12/2009 4
Pattern
2/12/2009 5
www.humanchemistry.net/2/12/2009 6
January 2008 January 13, 2009
2
2/12/2009 7
Outline:Today’sTalk
•What is Love?
•Why We Love?
•Our First Look at Love
•Stages of Love
–Chemistry in Each Stage
•What makes us Fall In Love?
•Summary2/12/2009 8
What is Love?
2/12/2009 9 2/12/2009 10
2/12/2009 11
Why We Love?
Propagation of species
2/12/2009 12
Principal job:
•conceive offspring
•bring them to adulthood
3
Our First Our First Our First Our First Experience Experience Experience Experience of Loveof Loveof Loveof Love
2/12/2009 14
Pattern
2/12/2009 15
Pattern1 Min Gen Chem
2/12/2009 16
1 Min Gen Chem
2/12/2009 17
1-Min Gen Chem
2/12/2009 18
1-Min Organic Chem
4
2/12/2009 19
1-Min Organic Chem
2/12/2009 20
1-Min Organic Chem
+H3N Cys Tyr Ile
GlnS
S AsnCys
Pro Leu Gly C
O
NH2
2/12/2009 21
1-Minute Biochemistry
Signal
2/12/2009 22
Major Endocrine Organs•hormones
2/12/2009 23
Nervous System
•Central Nervous System
•Peripheral Nervous System
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system2/12/2009 24
Nervous System
•Neurotransmitters
•Antagonist
Neuroscience for Kids:http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chnt1.html
•Agonist
5
Our First Our First Our First Our First Experience Experience Experience Experience of Loveof Loveof Loveof Love
2/12/2009 26
After This. . .
2/12/2009 27 2/12/2009 28
Major Endocrine Organs
2/12/2009 29
Oxytocin• From pituitary gland
• Cyclic Peptide
2/12/2009 30
+H3N Cys Tyr Ile
GlnS
S AsnCys
Pro Leu Gly C
O
NH2•Cyclic Peptide
Oxytocin
6
2/12/2009 31
Associated With:
•uterine contractions during labor in childbirth
+H3N Cys Tyr Ile
GlnS
S AsnCys
Pro Leu Gly C
O
NH2•Cyclic Peptide
Oxytocin
2/12/2009 32
Associated With:
•uterine contractions during labor in childbirth
+H3N Cys Tyr Ile
GlnS
S AsnCys
Pro Leu Gly C
O
NH2•Cyclic Peptide
Oxytocin
2/12/2009 33
Medical Drugs
•To induce labor :
–PitocinPitocinPitocinPitocin and SyntocinonSyntocinonSyntocinonSyntocinon
–Oxytocin
•To Suppress Premature Labor
–TractocileTractocileTractocileTractocile
–Antagonist of Antagonist of Antagonist of Antagonist of OxytocinOxytocinOxytocinOxytocin
2/12/2009 34
Oxytocin
•mother/infant bonding
•"let down" reflex necessary for breastfeeding
• 16th century Italian painting by Solarioentitled “The Virgin with the Green Cushion.”
2/12/2009 35 2/12/2009 36
The Hug Drug
• A 20 second hug is said to release the love drug Oxytocinthat bonds humans at a chemical level.
msbehaviour.blogspot.com/2007/03/can-oxytocin...
http://www.rkliedtke.de/oxytocin2_us.html
7
2/12/2009 37
Low Oxytocin
•Diane Witt, assistant professor of psychology from New York has showed that if you block the natural release of oxytocinin sheep and rats, they reject their own young.
http://www.youramazingbrain.org.uk/lovesex/sciencelove.htm2/12/2009 38
Adopt A Child
• Conversely, injecting oxytocininto female rats who’ve never had sex, caused them to fawn over another female’s young, nuzzling the pups and protecting them as if they were their own.
http://www.youramazingbrain.org.uk/lovesex/sciencelove.htm
2/12/2009 39
Effects of Oxytocin
2/12/2009 40
Pattern
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2005/trust-building-hormone-short-circuits-fear-in-humans.shtml
2/12/2009 41
• intranasal administration of intranasal administration of intranasal administration of intranasal administration of oxytocinoxytocinoxytocinoxytocin causes a substantial causes a substantial causes a substantial causes a substantial increase in trust among humans, increase in trust among humans, increase in trust among humans, increase in trust among humans, thereby greatly increasing the thereby greatly increasing the thereby greatly increasing the thereby greatly increasing the benefits from social interactionsbenefits from social interactionsbenefits from social interactionsbenefits from social interactions 2/12/2009 42
Oxytocin
•Could it be the cure for Social Phobia?
http://www.onlineweblibrary.com/blog/?p=599
8
2/12/2009 43 2/12/2009 44
Pattern
2/12/2009 45
Stages of Love
•Lust
•Attraction
•Attachment
“Sometimes it’s smooth sailing and sometimes they sink. That’s why they’re called relationSHIPS!” 2/12/2009 46
Stages of Love
•Lust–Erotic Passion
•Attraction–Romantic / Obsessive Love
•Attachment–Commitment
“Sometimes it’s smooth sailing and sometimes they sink. That’s why they’re called relationSHIPS!”
2/12/2009 47
Lust
• Sexual Desire
• Lust evolved for the purpose of sexual mating
bonchitz.blogspot.com2/12/2009 48
Lust Chemicals
Role in Sex Drive
Estrogen Testosterone
•Female sex hormone
•Male sex hormone
9
2/12/2009 49
Major Endocrine Organs
2/12/2009 50
Lust Chemicals
Role in Sex Drive
Estrogen Testosterone
2/12/2009 51
Role in Sex Drive
Estrogen Testosterone
2/12/2009 52
Airport
2/12/2009 53
Stages of Love
• Lust– Erotic Passion
• Attraction– Romantic / Obsessive Love
• Attachment– Commitment
“Sometimes it’s smooth sailing and sometimes they sink. That’s why they’re called relationSHIPS!” 2/12/2009 54
Attraction Chemicals
In-Love Feeling• elation, intense energy, sleeplessness, craving, loss of
appetite and focused attention
10
2/12/2009 55
Watch People’s Brain
•Use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
2/12/2009 56
2/12/2009 57
Reward and Motivation
the behavior so it will be repeated (motivation)
• Allow the organism to feel pleasure
• Pleasurable feeling reinforce
2/12/2009 58
Attraction Chemicals
In-Love Feeling
Dopamine NorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrine
adrenaline• "pleasure chemical," producing a feeling of bliss
• produces the racing heart and
excitement
SerotonineSerotonineSerotonineSerotonine
• elation, intense energy, sleeplessness, craving, loss of
appetite and focused attention
• Low levels makes you obsessive and
irrational
2/12/2009 59
Attraction Chemicals
Dopamine NorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrine
adrenaline
SerotoninSerotoninSerotoninSerotonin
2/12/2009 60
Major Endocrine Organs
11
2/12/2009 61
Dopamine Pathway
2/12/2009 62
Dopamine Uptake
2/12/2009 63
Major Endocrine Organs
2/12/2009 64
Attraction Chemicals
Dopamine NorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrine
adrenaline
SerotoninSerotoninSerotoninSerotonin
• EpinephrineEpinephrineEpinephrineEpinephrine
2/12/2009 65
Serotonin Pathway
2/12/2009 66
Serotonin Pathway
12
2/12/2009 67
Effects of Love Chemicals
• Studies by researchers at University College London
• Neural circuits associated with the way we assess others are suppressed
• Lower level of serotonin (same as those found in people with obsessive compulsive disorders) possibly explaining why those in love "obsess" about their partner
2/12/2009 68
When In-Love
•couples in this stage of love focus intently on the relationship and often on little else.
2/12/2009 69
Stages of Love
•Lust
–Erotic Passion
•Attraction
–Romantic Love
“Sometimes it’s smooth sailing and sometimes they sink. That’s why they’re called relationSHIPS!” 2/12/2009 70
Power of Love
2/12/2009 71
•Love’s pleasure lasts but a moment; love’s sorrow lasts all through life
•Celestine, French writer of Fables
2/12/2009 72
Antidepressant
13
2/12/2009 73 2/12/2009 74
2/12/2009 75
Stages of Love
•Lust–Erotic Passion
•Attraction–Romantic Love
•Attachment–Commitment
“Sometimes it’s smooth sailing and sometimes they sink. That’s why they’re called relationSHIPS!” 2/12/2009 76
Attachment Chemicals
In-Love Feeling
OxytocinOxytocinOxytocinOxytocin VasopressinVasopressinVasopressinVasopressin
• Calm and security
+H3N Cys Tyr Ile
GlnS
S AsnCys
Pro Leu Gly C
O
NH2
+H3N Cys Tyr Phe
S
S Cys
Pro Arg Gly C
O
NH2
Gln
Asn
2/12/2009 77
Passionate Love Fades as Attachment Grows
interfere with the dopamine and norepinephrine pathways
High oxytocin High vasopressin
2/12/2009 78
Attachment Chemicals
In-Love Feeling
OxytocinOxytocinOxytocinOxytocin VasopressinVasopressinVasopressinVasopressin
• makes couples feel much closer to one another after they have had sex
• in the long-term commitment
stage
• Calm and security
14
2/12/2009 79
The Voles
•Prairie Vole
–Monogamous
•Montane Vole
–Promiscuous
•tiny mouse-like rodent that lives in the Midwest US
•Differ in mating habitsDiffer in mating habitsDiffer in mating habitsDiffer in mating habits
2/12/2009 80
Prairie Voles• Prairie voles are
extremely monogamous.
• Sex is a 24-hour effort
• A pair will share the same nest
• When their babies are born, they become affectionate and attentive parents.
• Show distress if separated
• Even if one of the pair dies, the other rarely finds another mate.
2/12/2009 81
Pattern
http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/0030244269_campbell/HotTopics/Love.html
2/12/2009 82
2/12/2009 83
Montane Voles
•Montane vole, has no interest in partnership beyond one-night-stand sex
•Injection of oxytocin or vasopressine has no effect
•Not have receptors?
2/12/2009 84
Attachment Chemicals
In-Love Feeling
OxytocinOxytocinOxytocinOxytocin VasopressinVasopressinVasopressinVasopressin
• makes couples feel much closer to one another after they have had sex
• in the long-term commitment
stage
EndorphineEndorphineEndorphineEndorphine
• Calm and security
• Produces a general sense of
well-being
15
2/12/2009 85
Attachment Chemicals
In-Love Feeling
OxytocinOxytocinOxytocinOxytocin VasopressinVasopressinVasopressinVasopressin EndorphineEndorphineEndorphineEndorphine
• Calm and security
+H3N Cys Tyr Ile
GlnS
S AsnCys
Pro Leu Gly C
O
NH2
+H3N Cys Tyr Phe
S
S Cys
Pro Arg Gly C
O
NH2
Gln
Asn
YGGFMTSFKS-QTPLVTHFKN-AIIKNAYKKGE
2/12/2009 86
Endorphin Receptor
2/12/2009 87
Endorphine Receptors
• In 1975, endorphin receptors were discovered by two independent teams of researchers, John Hughes and Hans Kosterlitz in Scottland and Rabi Samantov and Solomon Snyder in the U.S.
http://www.eoht.info/page/Endorphin+theory+of+love?t=anon2/12/2009 88
Love Guillotine
•In 1976, American neuroscientist Candace Pert, encouraged mice to have sex
http://www.eoht.info/page/Endorphin+theory+of+love?t=anon
2/12/2009 89
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/health/nutrition/27best.html?_r=1
2/12/2009 90
Acupuncture
•Releases endorphins
16
2/12/2009 91
Yoga and Endorphins
• Mishra reported that Sahaja Yoga meditation resulted in a "significant increase" in beta-endorphins between control and meditating subjects
2/12/2009 92
• Helen Fisher, anthropologist
• “The human body releases the cocktail of love rapture only when certain conditions are met and ... men more readily produce it than women, because of their more visual nature."
2/12/2009 93
Outline:Today’sTalk
•What is Love?
•Why We Love?
•Our First Look at Love
•Stages of Love
–Chemistry in Each Stage
•What makes us Fall In Love?
•Summary2/12/2009 94
Courtship Ritual
•Means by which selection takes place
•Related to the amount of trouble invested by females and the number of offspring they can produce
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
2/12/2009 95
Insects
•Only Marginally inconvenienced by fertilization
•Tend not to be too choosy
•Reproduce without too much hassle
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit2/12/2009 96
Theory of Evolution
• Holds that species evolve through the survival of genes which bring about more fit individuals
• Way for those who are choosing to sense and determine which partners are best to attract attention and to advertise desirability
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
17
2/12/2009 97
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
• Staring
• Timing
• Proximity
• Name
• Personality
• Appearance
• Food
• Aphrodisiacs
• Pheromes flickr.com/photos/15257460@N00/2075833778/2/12/2009 98
Timing / Proximity
2/12/2009 99
The 34-Minute Expt.
•Find a complete stranger.
•Reveal to each other intimate details about your lives for half an hour.
•Then, stare deeply into each other’s eyes without talking for four minutes
2/12/2009 100
Staring
• York psychologist, Professor Arthur Arun, has been studying why people fall in love.
• He asked his subjects to carry out the above 3 steps and found that many of his couples felt deeply attracted after the 34 minute experiment. Two of his subjects later got married.
2/12/2009 101
•A true geisha can stop a man in his tracks with one look
One Look
http://www.fanpop.com/spots/memoirs-of-a-geisha/videos/8463682/12/2009 102
18
2/12/2009 103
Personality
•preferences for those who remind us of our parents (or others close to us through childhood) because of their personality, sense of humor, likes and dislikes, etc
2/12/2009 104
Five Love Languages
•Words of Affirmation
•Receiving Gifts
•Acts of Service
•Physical Touch
•Quality Time
flickr.com/photos/15257460@N00/2075833778/
2/12/2009 105
Five Love Languages
•Words of Affirmation
•Receiving Gifts
•Acts of Service
•Physical Touch
•Quality Time
2/12/2009 106
Five Love Languages
•Words of Affirmation
•Receiving Gifts
•Acts of Service
•Physical Touch
•Quality Time
2/12/2009 107
Five Love Languages
•Words of Affirmation
•Receiving Gifts
•Acts of Service
•Physical Touch
•Quality Time
2/12/2009 108
Five Love Languages
•Words of Affirmation
•Receiving Gifts
•Acts of Service
•Physical Touch
•Quality Time
19
2/12/2009 109
Five Love Languages
•Words of Affirmation
•Receiving Gifts
•Acts of Service
•Physical Touch
•Quality Time
2/12/2009 110
Five Love Languages
•Words of Affirmation
•Receiving Gifts
•Acts of Service
•Physical Touch
•Quality Time
2/12/2009 111
Needs
Her Needs Her Needs Her Needs Her Needs Tend to BeTend to BeTend to BeTend to Be
• Affection
• Conversation
• Honesty and Openess
• Financial Support
• Family Commitment
His Needs His Needs His Needs His Needs Tend to BeTend to BeTend to BeTend to Be
• Sexual Sexual Sexual Sexual FulfillmentFulfillmentFulfillmentFulfillment
• Recreational Recreational Recreational Recreational CompanionshipCompanionshipCompanionshipCompanionship
• AdmirationAdmirationAdmirationAdmiration
• Domestic SupportDomestic SupportDomestic SupportDomestic Support
• An Attractive An Attractive An Attractive An Attractive SpouseSpouseSpouseSpouse 2/12/2009 112
2/12/2009 113
Four Personality Types
•Artisan
•Guardian
•Idealist
•Rational.
2/12/2009 114
Four Personality Types
•The Director
•The Negotiator
•The Explorer
•The Builder
20
2/12/2009 115
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
•The Director•Pumped up with testosterone
•Aggressive, single-minded, analytical
2/12/2009 116
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
2/12/2009 117
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
2/12/2009 118
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
2/12/2009 119
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
•The Negotiator
•More estrogen-influenced
•skilled at emotional expression and dealing with people, idealistic,
2/12/2009 120
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
•The Explorer•High dopamine activity
•Adventurous, novelty-seeking, creative
21
2/12/2009 121
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
•The Builder
•High serotonin activity
•Cautious, conventional,
2/12/2009 122
Four Personality Types
•The Director–Intelligence
•The Negotiator–Passion
•The Explorer–Adventure
•The Builder– Family
2/12/2009 123
Who will pick whom?
•“Like attracts like”
And
•“Opposites attract,”
“Like dissolves like”
“Opposite charges attract”2/12/2009 124
Four Personality Types
•The Director–Intelligence
•The Negotiator–Passion
•The Explorer–Adventure
•The Builder– Family
•The Director
–Intelligence
•The Negotiator
–Passion
•The Explorer
–Adventure
•The Builder
2/12/2009 125
Four Personality Types
•The Director–Intelligence
•The Negotiator–Passion
•The Explorer–Adventure
•The Builder– Family
•All combinations can work as long as the partners continue to respect each other
2/12/2009 126
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
• Staring
• Timing
• Proximity
• Name
• Personality
• Appearance
• Food
• Aphrodisiacs
• Pheromes flickr.com/photos/15257460@N00/2075833778/
22
2/12/2009 127
Appearance
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
• Without it, plants would have no reason to produce beautiful flowers with sweet smell
2/12/2009 128
Appearance
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
• Birds would not bother to sing or be so colorful; No fireflies to light our night
2/12/2009 129
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
• Humans would have less need to make themselves attractive
“It’s MURDER putting on make-up with no reflection!”
Appearance
2/12/2009 130
Appearance
• David Perrett, at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, did an experiment
• Able to morph a digitized photo of the subject's own face
2/12/2009 131 2/12/2009 132
23
2/12/2009 133
Facial Attractiveness
• Able to morph a digitized photo of the subject's own face into a face of the opposite sex.
• Then, he had the subject select from a series of photos which one he or she found most attractive
2/12/2009 134
Facial Attractiveness
• According to Dr. Perrett, his subjects always preferred the morphed version of their own face (and they didn't recognize it as their own).
•http://perceptionlab.com/
2/12/2009 135
Physical Attractiveness
•Men see ample breasts and broad hips as indicators of a woman's ability to bear and nurse children
2/12/2009 136
Physical Attractiveness
•Women see a broad chest and shoulders as a sign of someone who can clobber a steady supply of meat and keep lions away from the cave
2/12/2009 137
What Makes Us Fall In Love?
• Staring
• Timing
• Proximity
• Name
• Personality
• Appearance
• Food
• Smell
• Pheromes flickr.com/photos/15257460@N00/2075833778/2/12/2009 138
Food
•A number of plants have been found to produce human sex hormones
•Pollen of scotch pine –testosterone and androsenedione
•Date palm, pomegranate, apple – estrone
24
2/12/2009 139
Attraction Chemicals
Dopamine NorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrineNorepinephrine
adrenaline
SerotoninSerotoninSerotoninSerotonin
• PhenylethylaminePhenylethylaminePhenylethylaminePhenylethylamine
2/12/2009 140
On Chocolates
• Michael Liebowitz, author of the popular 1983 book The Chemistry of Love, remarked to reporters that chocolate is loaded with PEA."
• The New York Times, magazine free-lancers, and evolved into the “chocolate theory
of love."
2/12/2009 141
Cultural Difference in Perceiving Smell
www.lazamboangatimes.com/taosug_wedding.html
• Filipino – bathe to enhance presentability
• Prior to the wedding, the bride performs a traditionalTausug bath
2/12/2009 142
Cultural Difference in Perceiving Smell
• Napoleon the Great – when prepare to return to Paris from his long war campaigns would write to Josephine to tell her not to bathe
2/12/2009 143
Perfumes
•Formulators constantly experiment to find an attractant and aphrodisiac
2/12/2009 144
Hormone vs Pheromone
•Hormone : work within the organism and exert some form of physiological regulation
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
•Pheromones (Greek pherein, “to carry” + horman = “to excite from afar”)
25
2/12/2009 145
Types of Pheromones
Different functions:
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
•Trail pheromones (ants always follow each other)
•Alarm Pheromones
•Territory-marking Pheromones
•Sex Pheromones2/12/2009 146
Types of Pheromones
Different functions:
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
•Trail pheromones (ants always follow each other)
•Alarm Pheromones
•Territory-marking Pheromones
•Sex Pheromones
2/12/2009 147
Types of Pheromones
Different functions:
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
•Trail pheromones (ants always follow each other)
•Alarm Pheromones
•Territory-marking Pheromones
•Sex Pheromones2/12/2009 148
Types of Pheromones
Different functions:
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
•Trail pheromones (ants always follow each other)
•Alarm Pheromones
•Territory-marking Pheromones
•Sex Pheromones
2/12/2009 149
Sex Pheromones
Serve to :
•identify species
•attract the members of the opposite sex
•Excite the potential mate and prepare them for mating
•(True for insects)
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit2/12/2009 150
Sex Pheromones
•Although there are 750,000 species of insects, the sex pheromones are unique to each species
•Mistaken attraction does not occur
Chemistry of Sex by Fabian Dayrit
26
2/12/2009 151
Pheromones
2/12/2009 152
2/12/2009 153
Pattern
•ove really is a chemical addiction that occurs to keep us reproducing
2/12/2009 154
Proof of the Effects of Pheromone
•Menstrual cycles of women who live communally tend to synchronize
•Chemist Charles Wysocki of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia : Leader compound
2/12/2009 155
Smell of Blood
2/12/2009 156
Men Affected By Pheromones
•Study published journal Evolution and Human Behavior
•Stripper Tips per Hour
•Ovulating : $70
•Menstruating : $35
•Not ovulating or menstruating : $50
TIME
27
2/12/2009 157
Men Affected By Pheromones
• Work conducted by MartieHaselton, an associate professor of psychology at UCLA
• Women report that when they're ovulating, their partners are more loving and attentive and, significantly, more jealous of other men
2/12/2009 158
Apocrine Sweat Glands
• Sweat glands that release their secretions into hair follicles in the axillae(armpits), around the nipples (areolae), and in the groin
2/12/2009 159
Pheromones
•Androstenone and Androstadienone
2/12/2009 160
DNA and Smell
•Finding True Love By Sniffing Them
2/12/2009 161
•RT / RT
•RT / WM
•WM / WM
2/12/2009 162
Kissing and Pheromones
•Saliva also contains the compound
•Haselton says "Kissing simply might be a taste test”
28
2/12/2009 163
What is Love?
http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,293127,00.html2/12/2009 164
What is Love?
•A chemical addiction that occurs to keep us reproducing
2/12/2009 165
Stages of Love
•Lust–Erotic Passion
•Attraction–Romantic Love
•Attachment–Commitment
“Sometimes it’s smooth sailing and sometimes they sink. That’s why they’re called relationSHIPS!” 2/12/2009 166
2/12/2009 167 2/12/2009 168
And . . .And . . .And . . .And . . .the greatest of Allthe greatest of Allthe greatest of Allthe greatest of All
isisisis
Chemistry of LoveChemistry of LoveChemistry of LoveChemistry of LoveSTS LectureSTS LectureSTS LectureSTS Lecture
Portia Sabido 2/09Portia Sabido 2/09Portia Sabido 2/09Portia Sabido 2/09
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