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the cellchapter 1
history• invention of the microscope
• hans and zacharias janssen - 1590• galileo galilei - 1609
• giovanni faber• robert hooke -1665 - Micrographia• anton van leewenhoek - 1676• schleiden & schwann
cell theory• three basic tenets
• all organisms are composed of cells• cell is the structural unit of life• cells only arise from division of other cells
• cells can be cultured• HeLa cells
Tors
ten
Witt
man
n / P
hoto
Res
earc
hers
, Inc
.
basic properties of cells• complex but organized
• cells from different species share characteristics• each type of cell exhibits structural consistency• cells are structurally conserved
• possess genetic information• can produce proteins
• can copy themselves• acquire and utilize energy
MI W
alke
r / P
hoto
Res
earc
hers
, Inc
.
basic properties of cells• carry out chemical reactions
• metabolism• have mechanical activity
• “motor” proteins• can respond to stimuli• robustness• cells evolve
• all cells evolved from LCA
copy
right
© J
ohn
Wile
y &
Son
s, In
c. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
• prokaryotic • Archaea and Bacteria
• eukaryotic• Eukarya
• Fungi, Animalia, Plantae, Protists
two main types of cells
scale• microns (micrometers, µm)• nanometers (nm)• size constraints
• surface area-to-volume ratio
copy
right
© J
ohn
Wile
y &
Son
s, In
c. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
prokaryotic• no nucleus
• DNA packaged up in unbound nucleoid region
• single circular DNA • no true membrane-bound
organelles• reproduction by binary
fission• most diverse and numerous
cells
Ribosome
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
DNA of nucleoid
Capsule
Bacterial flagellum
Cytoplasm
Pilus
copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
eukaryotic• nucleus
• separated by complex nuclear membrane
• complex chromosomes• complex organelles• complex cytoskeletal system• possess ability to phagocytize
particles• cellulose cell wall in plants• divide through mitosis/
cytokinesis• 5 different RNA polymerases
plant cellnuclear
envelope
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
cell wallplasma
membrane
plasmodesmata
mitochondrion
ribosomes
vesicle
cytosol
chloroplast
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
peroxisome
golgi complex
tonoplast
microtubules
copy
right
© J
ohn
Wile
y &
Son
s, In
c. A
ll rig
hts
rese
rved
.
nucleus:
animal cell
microtubulemicrofilament
intermediate filament
microvilli
pericentriolar material
microtubule
secretory vesiclelysosome
smooth endoplasmic reticulumperoxisome
mitochondrionmicrotubule
cytoskeleton:
centrosome:
flagellumcilium
proteasome free ribosomeschromatin
nuclear porenuclear envelope
nucleolusglycogen granules
cytosol
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
bound ribosome
golgi complex
microfilament
copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
cytoplasm• prokaryota
• relatively simple• eukaryota
• cytosol• cytoskeleton• ribosomes
From
O. M
edal
ia, e
t al,
Scie
nce 2
98:1
211,
200
2, F
igur
e 3a
. © 2
002,
repr
inte
d w
ith
perm
issi
on fr
om A
AA
S. P
hoto
pro
vide
d co
urte
sy o
f Wol
fgan
g B
aum
eist
er
organelles• prokayotes
• none• eukaryotes
• membrane bound organelles• nucleus• ER• golgi apparatus• mitochondria• chloroplasts• vacuoles
cellular reproduction• prokaryotes• eukaryotes
• involves mitosis / meiosis• spindle fibers
Cou
rtesy
Cha
rles
C. B
into
n, J
r., a
nd J
udith
Car
naha
n
Cou
rtesy
Con
ly R
iede
r
flagella• prokaryotes
• simple protein filaments that rotate quickly
• eukaryotes• complex
Cou
rtesy
of C
harle
s C
. Brin
ton,
Jr.,
and
Jud
ith C
arna
han
Cou
rtesy
ML
DeP
amph
illis
and
Juliu
s A
dler
From Bernhard R Gerber, et al, J.Mol. Biol.,71:317-323. 1972, with permission from Elsevier
prokaryotic diversity• Archaea
• often extremophiles• Bacteria
• includes mycoplasma• includes cyanobacteria
• general diversity• identified by specific
DNA sequences• species concepts
perhaps not appropriate
prokaryotic diversity• identification
• culture - • only 0.1% identifiable
by traditional means• DNA sequencing
• metagenomes
• endosymbiont theory -- symbiogenesis • mitochondria -
eubacteria• chloroplasts -
cyanobacteria
heterotrophic eukarya
autotrophic eukarya
eukaryotic origins Eukaryotic diversity• eukarya
• fungi, protista, plantae, animalia• unicellularity
• protist groups, algae• multicellularity
• evolved multiple times• specialization of cells
• differentiation
Car
olin
a B
iolo
gica
l Sup
ply
/ Pho
tota
ke
Eukaryotic diversity• sponges
Spongocoel
Osculum
Pore
Epidermis Waterflow
Mesohyl
Choanocyte
Spicules
Amoebocytes
FlagellumCollar
Food particlesin mucus
Choanocyte
AmoebocytePhagocytosis offood particles
Eukaryotic diversity
OTHEREUKARYOTES
Choanoflagellates
Sponges
Other animals
Anim
als
Individualchoanoflagellate
Collar cell(choanocyte)
• reductionism
Escherichia coli (bacterium) Saccharomyces (yeast) Arabidopsis (mustard plant)
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode) Drosophila (fruit fly) Mus musculus (mouse)
model organisms
copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
genome size• chromosome number• number of genes
SPECIES haploid number of chromosomes
mosquito 3
house fly 6
frog (Rana pipiens) 13
mouse 20
human 23
cattle 30
dog 39
goldfish 47
carp 52
viruses?• viruses
• virions• structure
• DNA or RNA • surrounded by capsid• some surrounded by lipid
envelope• living?
copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
viruses?• viruses (cont.)
• lytic• lysogenic
• viroids• potato spindle-tuber disease
• prions
copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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