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Eastern Europe 600-1450 Byzantine Empire
& Russia
Eastern Europe (Ch.9)
The Byzantine Empire under Justinian
Map Exercise
The Byzantine Empire, 1000-1100
Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox
Roman Emperor Constantine built Constantinople as capital in the 4th century Capital of Byzantine Empire
after the Roman Empire split around 324CE (Middle Ages)
After the fall of the western empire in 476 CE; the Eastern Roman Empire [Romania] lasted until 1453 by Ottoman
Culture: Hellenism Greek eventually became the
empire’s official languageLacked Innovative literary
forms Large and wealthy merchant
class, but it never gained significant political power because of the bureaucracyLuxury products, such as silk,
cloth and carpets
Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox
Justinian I (450-527) Justinian Dynasty (518-602) Contributions: Re-conquered most of the old Western
Roman EmpireBrilliant general Belisarius
Rebuilt Constantinople Hagia Sophia
Codification the Roman legal code (His Greatest Historical Achievement)
Updated by later emperors, helped spread its legal principles to various parts of Europe
Justinian successors were able to hold off Arab & Bulgaria (Bulgars) invaders, but the empire’s size & strength was greatly reduced
Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox
Expansion during Justinian's reign
Ancient “Napalm”: Petroleum, Quicklime, and Sulfur mixture
New Weapon : “Greek Fire”
Byzantine political system:Emperor was held to be
ordained by GodHead of the Church, Head of
State Women could serve as emperor
Empress Irene (r. 797-802) Zoe & Theodora (1028-1050
CE) Elaborate bureaucracy (Byzantine)
Organized the empire militarily, socially, and economically
Cultural life blended Hellenism and Orthodox Christianity
Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox
Sophisticated bureaucracy Open to all classes
Provincial governors
Government Economic Control Regulation of food prices & trade
Large peasant class – supplying goods Large tax revenues
Trade networks Asia, Russia, Scandinavia, Europe, &
AfricaSilk production increased
Techniques & silkworms originally ChinaLarge merchant class never gained power
ArtsDistinct Byzantine style rich colored icon
mosaics of religious figures and leadersCreativity in architecture Roman domed
buildings
Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox The Bulgar-slayer
Basil II
Hellenism
Great Schism (East-West Schism)
In 1054, the Catholic church of the west and the Orthodox Church of the East agreed to split (Mutual excommunication):
List of disagreements:Filioque Cause- Trinity
(Rome modified Nicene Creed without Eastern approval)
Pope Authority over all four Eastern patriarchs/ Jurisdiction
Differences Eastern Orthodox Divine Liturgy and Catholic Mass (Unleavened bread, with or w/o yeast)
Celibacy among Western priests
Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox
400 years of decline following the Schism and the Battle of Manzikert:Seljuk Turks –Took most of the Asian
provinces:1071, Battle of Manzikert, Byzantine
Emperor Romanos IV was defeated by Great Seljuq Alp Arslan (Stepped on his neck!)
Slavic states emergeAppeal to West brings crusaders
1204, Greedy Venetian crusaders sack Constantinople instead of Holy Land!
Ottoman Turks1453, Constantinople taken By 1461 the empire was gone
Eastern Europe: Byzantium & Orthodox
The Byzantine Empire 1000-1100
The Emergence of Kievan Rus'Started along the trade route between
Scandinavia & ConstantinopleSlavs from Asia migrated north along
Dnieper River Iron working, extended
Better than west until 11oos! Agriculture, rich soils of the Ukraine & Western Russia
Mix with earlier populationsFamily tribes, villages
Folk music & oral legends Regional KingdomsAnimistic
6th & 7th centuriesScandinavian merchantsTrade between Byzantines and the North
Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe
East European Kingdoms and Slavic Expansion, c. 1000
Influence conquest, conversion, & trade: 864, Saints Cyril & Methodius
Missionaries to Slavs Invented Cyrillic script Slavic alphabetIncreased literacy in the Balkans
Allowed Slavs to use of their language/literature religiously
The East Central Borderlands Competition from Catholics (Latin
Alphabet/speech) and Orthodox GreeksCzechs, Hungary, Poland
Catholics prevailed throughout Regional monarchies prevail
Kingdoms in Poland, Bohemia, & Lithuania more territory than west…Active area for trade & industry
Jews fleeing intolerance in western Europe Stressed education & literacy
Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe
855 CE Monarchy under Rurik (Legend) Center at Kiev Prosperous trading center
Vladimir I (980-1015) Converts to Orthodoxy around 1000 CE Mass Baptisms & forced conversions Controls church (Start of the Russian Orthodox Church)
Yaroslav issued unifying code of laws (Byzantine Example) Known as Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054)
Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus‘ (Russian) Orthodox influence
Built more ornate churches, Icons & incense , Monogamy, & Monasticism
Influenced by Byzantine patternsBureaucracy & Education not as developed
Art, literature dominated by religion & royalty Used the Cyrillic alphabet,
Free farmers were predominant But there was a aristocratic landlord class: Boyars,
Lords less powerful than in the West
Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe
Kievan DeclineDecline from 12th century
Rival princes & governmentsSuccession strugglesMain trading partner also in
decline … Mongols (Tartars) 13th century, take
territory & usher in new periodThe End of an Era in Eastern
EuropeTwo centuries of rule:
Disrupted social structure East and West further
separatedPlaced in a disadvantage
politically, economically, & cultural sophistication,
Traditional culture survivedContinuity church & aristocratic
class
Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe
Produced different versions of ChristianityOrthodox ChurchRoman Catholic Church
Culturally DifferentHellenism Mixed until later Western Culture
Organizationally separateTheocracy Feudalism
Difference in the military organization Byzantine recruited armies from the Middle East.Western Roman empires home gown
Differences Between East West Europe
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