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The nervous and endocrine systems have different methods and rates of communication. The nervous system works quickly, using chemical and electrical signals. –divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) –Central: brain & spinal cord –Peripheral: all other nerves spinal chord nerves
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The bodys communication systems help maintain homeostasis.
A stimulus is anything that causes a response.Responses can be chemical, cellular, or behavioral.
Chemical: insulin, growth hormone, adrenaline
Cellular: White Blood cells
Behavioral: Body temperature, walking into sunlight
The nervous and endocrine systems respond to stimuli.
The nervous system controls thoughts, movement, and emotion.
The endocrine system controls growth, development, and digestion.
The nervous and endocrine systems have different methods and rates of communication.
The nervous system works quickly, using chemical and electrical signals.divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)Central: brain & spinal cordPeripheral: all other nerves
spinal chord
nerves
The endocrine system works more slowly.only chemical signalssignals move through bloodstream physically unconnected organs
receptor
target cell
not a target cell
bloodstream
hormone
Endocrine or Nervous?
Rate at which your fingernails grow?Blinking?Heart Rate?Hair growth?Knee jerk reflex?Amount of Insulin Released?
Endocrine
NervousNervousEndocrineNervousEndocrine
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
A neuron has three parts.cell body has nucleus and organelles
1
Cell body
*
dendrites receive impulses
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
A neuron has three parts.cell body has nucleus and organelles
2
dendrites
*
axon carries impulses
dendrites receive impulses
Neurons are highly specialized cells.
A neuron has three parts.cell body has nucleus and organelles
3
axon
*
Neurons have other structures to transmit signals.
Schwann cell (affected by MS)
*
synapse
Neurons have other structures to transmit signals.
Schwann cell
synapse
*
terminal
synapse
Neurons have other structures to transmit signals.
Schwann cell
axon terminal
*
Neurons receive and transmit signals.
Resting potential means no signal is being transmitted. more Na+ outside of cell more K+ inside of cell Inside of cell Outside +
*
An action potential is a moving electrical impulse.
It is generated by a stimulus.Na+ enters, and cell becomes positively charged.K+ leaves, and area of positive charge moves.
*
A chemical signal passes between neurons.
Impulse reaches terminal.
impulse
*
A chemical signal passes between neurons.
Impulse reaches terminal.
impulse
*
A chemical signal passes between neurons.
Impulse reaches terminal.
impulse
Neurotransmitters released into synapse.
*
A chemical signal passes between neurons.
Impulse reaches terminal.Neurotransmitters released into synapse.
impulse
Neurotransmitters stimulate next cell.
synapse
receptor
vesicles
neurotransmitter
*
Neuron Visual Questions (pg. 878)
1. When a neuron is at rest, what is the charge of its inner membrane?
2. What causes an area of the inner membrane to become positively charged?
3. How does an area of positive charge, or impulse, move down the axon of a neuron?
4. How is the negative charge of the axons inner membrane restored?
5. What happens when the impulse reaches the axon terminal?
6. How do neurotransmitters generate an impulse in an adjacent neuron?
The CNS and PNS pass signals between one another.
Sensory receptor generates impulse.Impulse travels on sensory neurons PNS passes impulse to CNS. CNS interprets impulse.CNS passes impulse to PNS. PNS motor neurons stimulate a response.
The CNS processes information.
The brain has three parts. cerebrum controls thought, movement, emotioncerebellum allows for balancebrain stem controls basic life functions
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
Brainstem
Lobes of the Brain
Frontal: responsible for personality, reasoning, judgment, coordinates speech & voluntary movementTemporal: speech interpretation & hearingOccipital: VisionParietal: Interprets information from sense of touch
The brain stem has three parts.
midbrain controls some reflexespons regulates breathing medulla oblongata controls heart function, swallowing, coughing
midbrain
medulla oblongata
pons
The spinal cord controls reflexes.
sensory neuron sends impulse to spinal cordspinal cord directs impulse to motor neuron does not involve the brain
interneuron
motor neurons
sensory neuron
The PNS links the CNS to muscles and other organs.
3 Common Technologies to study the brain
CT uses x-rays to view structure.
PET detects activity, where glucose is used, in the brain.
MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to view structure.
Different neurotransmitters relate to different functions.
some stimulate impulsessome prevent impulses
Normal
synapse
neurotransmitter
receptor
Addiction is the physiological need for a substance. Tolerance occurs when more drug is needed to produce an effect.Drugs might cause desensitization or sensitization.desensitization: more neurotransmitter leads to fewer receptorssensitization: less neurotransmitter leads to more receptors.
When the amount of neurotransmitter becomes abnormal, the adjacent neuron adapts.
Stimulants cause more action potentials
may increase neurotransmitter in synapsemay decrease removal of neurotransmitter in synapse
cocaine
neurotransmitter
synapse
Depressants cause fewer action potentials.
may produce neurotransmitter that prevent impulses may slow release of neurotransmitter that generates impulses
Hormones are chemical signals that influence cells activities.
produced by glandstravel through the circulatory systemaffects cells with matching receptors
target cell
hormone
receptor
not a target cell
bloodstream
There are steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones.
Steroid hormones enter the cell. Nonsteroid hormones do not enter the cell.
nucleus
Chemical reactions
Steroid hormone diffuses through the cell membrane
Steroid hormone binds to a receptor within the cell.
The hormone and receptor enter the nucleus and bind to DNA
Steroid hormone causes DNA to make proteins.
Nonsteroid hormone binds to receptor on the cell membrane.
Receptor stimulates a second messenger with in the cell.
Second messenger starts a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm.
Second messenger reactions activate enzymes.
Steroid hormone
receptor
DNA
proteins
Non-steroid hormone
receptor
second messenger
activated enzymes
Endocrine glands secrete hormones that act throughout the body.
There are many glands located throughout the body.
Hormones travel through the bloodstream to cells with matching receptors.
HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY
THYROID
THYMUS
ADRENAL GLANDS
PANCREAS
FEMALE GONADS :OVARIES
MALE GONADS : TESTES
The hypothalamus interacts with the nervous and endocrine systems.
The hypothalamus is a gland found in the brain.
a structure of both the nervous andendocrine systemsproduces releasing hormones,sent to pituitary glandThe pituitary gland is found below the hypothalamus in the brain.controls growth and waterlevels in blood Also produces releasing hormones
Negative feedback loops are necessary for homeostasis.
Feedback compares current conditions to set ranges.Negative feedback counteracts change.
Negative Feedback Loop
Holding breath, CO2 levels rise,
Control system forces exhale, inhale
O2 / CO2 level returns to normal
Positive feedback increases change.
Torn vessel stimulates release of clotting factors
growth hormones stimulate cell division
platelets
fibrin
white blood cell
red blood cell
blood vessel
clot
Examples of feedback loops Negative or Positive?
Your energy level decreases, stomach growls telling you need nutrition to get your energy levels back up.
The adrenaline rush you experience in dangerous situations.
You do sprints for an hour and you pass out. Your body is telling you your oxygen level is too low.
NEGATIVE
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
Problem Solve
#1 Box 2
Box 3 Box 4
Given Situation. Is it an example of negative or positive feedback? Explain
Provide your own example
of Negative Feedback
Provide your own example of
Positive Feedback
Given Situation. Is it an example of negative or positive feedback? Explain
Problem Solve
#1 Box 2
Box 3 Box 4
When contractions start during labor, the hormone oxytocin is released into the body and causes more contractions to allow a woman to give birth.
Its a hot day and you start
to sweat.
Provide your own example
of Positive Feedback
Provide your own example of
Negative Feedback
Label the Brain/Neuron
On the brain side, label and describe the function of the following:Cerebellum, Frontal Lobe, Medulla Oblongata, Occipital Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Pituitary Gland, Pons, Spinal Cord, Temporal LobeOn the neuron, label and describe the function of the following:Axon, axon terminal, cell body, dendrites, nucleus, Schwann cell
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