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The ACRE Decision
Bruce A. BabcockIowa State University
Presented at the North Dakota Corn Growers Association Annual Convention. Fargo, ND. February 11, 2009
Overview of ACRE (Average Crop Revenue Election)
• Farmers who choose ACRE– Must do so for all program crops– Must do so for remainder of farm bill (2012 crop)– Lose eligibility for countercyclical payments– Must give up 20% of direct payments– Have a 30% lower loan rate– Get a state revenue guarantee based on 2007/08
prices and 2004 – 2008 yields
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Early 1980s Early 1990s Early 2000s 2008
Mill
ion
North Dakota Planted Acreage
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
Share of Acreage by Crop
Early 1980s
Early 1990s
Early 2000s
2008
ACRE Commodities
• Wheat, corn, grain sorghum, barley, oats, upland cotton, rice, soybeans, other oilseeds, peanuts, dry peas, lentils, small chickpeas, and large chickpeas
• About 90% of North Dakota planted to these crops
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
Wheat Soybeans Corn Oilseeds Barley
2008 Share of Acreage by Crop
ACRE’s State Revenue Guarantee
• Revenue = Price X Yield– Yield is state yield per planted acre– Price is NASS season average price (marketing year
price)
• ACRE Guarantee: 90% of the product of– Olympic average of state yield previous five years– Average of NASS price past two years
• ACRE can pay out due to low state yield or low price
Legend
COUNTIES
Corn0. - 9700
9700 - 23300
23300- 55000
55000 - 109000
109000- 285000
Corn Acres in 2008
Legend
COUNTIES
acres.SOYBEANS / none0 - 18000
18000 - 68000
68000 - 125000
125000 - 290000
290000 - 440000
Soybean Acres in 2008
Legend
COUNTIES
acres.WHEAT / none0 - 28500
28500. - 110000
110000 - 200000
20000 - 260000
260000 - 500000
Wheat (Approximate) Acres in 2008
Legend
COUNTIES
Barley acres0 - 6000
6100. - 16500.
16500.- 32000.
32000.- 66000.
66000. - 130000.
Barley Acres in 2008
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Wheat Yields Per Planted Acre
Actual Yield
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Wheat Yields Per Planted Acre
Actual Yield
Historical Average
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Wheat Yields Per Planted Acre and ACRE
Yield "Guarantee"
Actual Yield
Historical Average
Guarantee
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%19
85
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Wheat Yield Payout
(% of ACRE Yield Guarantee)
Payout
Maximum payment
Value of Yield Guarantee
• Average payout = 3.5% of guarantee • At $5.00 per bushel price
– Average payout = $3.96 per acre – About 12 cents per expected bushel per planted
acre.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Corn Yields Per Planted Acre
Actual Yield
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Corn Yields Per Planted Acre
Actual Yield
Historical Average
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Corn Yields Per Planted Acre and ACRE Yield
"Guarantee"
Actual Yield
Historical Average
Guarantee
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%19
85
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Corn Yield Payout
(% of ACRE Yield Guarantee)
Payout
Maximum payment
Value of Corn Yield Guarantee
• Average payout = 2.5% of guarantee • At $4.00 per bushel price
– Average payout = $6.05 per acre – About 7 cents per expected bushel per planted
acre.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Soybean Yields Per Planted Acre
Actual Yield
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Soybeans Yields Per Planted Acre
Actual Yield
Historical Average
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Soybean Yields Per Planted Acre and ACRE
Yield "Guarantee"
Actual Yield
Historical Average
Guarantee
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%19
85
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Soybean Yield Payout
(% of ACRE Yield Guarantee)
Payout
Maximum payment
Value of Soybean Yield Guarantee
• Average payout = 6.0% of guarantee • At $8.00 per bushel price
– Average payout = $6.44 per acre – About 20 cents per expected bushel per planted
acre.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Barley Yields Per Planted Acre
Actual Yield
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Barley Yields Per Planted Acre
Actual Yield
Historical Average
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%19
85
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
bu/a
cNorth Dakota Barley Yield Payout
(% of ACRE Yield Guarantee)
Payout
Maximum payment
Value of Barley Yield Guarantee
• Average payout = 3.5 % of guarantee • At $5.00 per bushel price
– Average payout = $6.30 per acre – About 12 cents per expected bushel per planted
acre.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Wheat Corn Soybeans Barley
$/a
cre
Value of an ACRE "Yield Guarantee"
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
Wheat Corn Soybeans Barley
$/a
cre
Value of an ACRE "Yield Guarantee" Relative to Direct Payments
Value of Yield Guarantee Value of Direct Payments
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Wheat Corn Soybeans Barley
$/ac
re
Value of an ACRE "Yield Guarantee" Relative to 20% of Direct Payments
Value of Yield Guarantee 20% of Direct Payments
First Findings
• Yield portion of ACRE has value
• 20% of direct payments less than the “cost” of yield portion
• Could entice some farmers to sign up.
• But what about the price portion?
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Corn Soybeans Wheat Barley
$/bu
Prices Used to Set ACRE Price Guarantee
2007 2008 Estimated
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Corn Soybeans Wheat Barley
$/bu
Estimated 2009 ACRE Price Guarantee
ACRE Price
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Corn Soybeans Wheat Barley
$/bu
ACRE Guarantees vs Countercyclical Program Guarantee
ACRE Price CCP Trigger Price in 2010 CCP Trigger Price in 2009
Second Conclusion
• ACRE price guarantees much higher than CCP guarantees
• Higher guarantee increases likelihood of a payout
• How likely is it that price will trigger a payout under the two programs?– Need to look at 2009/10 projected season average
prices
4.05
4.10
4.15
4.20
4.25
4.30
4.35
4.40
4.45
4.50
Dec '09 Mar '10 May '10 July '10 Sept '10
$/bu
CBOT Corn Futures:Projected Marketing Year Price = $4.03
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
Corn Soybeans Wheat Barley
$/bu
ACRE Guarantee and Projected 2010 Prices
ACRE Price 2009 Projected Price
Price Volatility
• We know that 2009/10 corn prices will not equal $4.03/bu
• Obtain market-estimated volatility from option premia– An at-the-money put option on Dec corn costs 50
cents per bushel– Price volatility = 33%
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
$/bu
Market Estimate of the Distribution of Corn Prices in 2009/10
Average = $4.03
50% chance50% chance
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
$/bu
Calculating the Chances of a Payout from Farm Programs
ACRE Price90% of ACRE Price
44% chance
ACRE put option worth 32 cents per planted bushel
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
$/bu
Calculating the Chances of a Payout from Farm Programs
CCP Trigger Price
6% chance
CCP put option worth 5.4 cents per base bushel
What if Market Conditions Collapse
• Suppose projected corn prices drop by 35% to $2.62
• The ACRE price for 2009 largely locked in
• Maximum 10% annual drop in guarantee in 2010 and beyond
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
$/bu
Distribution of Corn Prices in 2009/10 with a 35% Market Collapse
LDP + CCP put option worth 20.1 cents per bushel
ACRE put option worth $1.10 per bushel
ACRE price guaranteeCCP Trigger Price
If Market Conditions Collapse
• Advantage to ACRE price guarantee even greater
• Limit on downward movement keeps ACRE advantage of price protection
• Eventually must be concerned with cap on payments and payment limitations
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Corn Soybeans Wheat Barley
$/bu
Value of Price Guarantee from ACRE and CCP at Futures-Indicated Price Levels
ACRE CCP
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Corn Soybeans Wheat Barley
$/bu
Value of Price Guarantee from ACRE and CCP with 35% Drop in Futures Prices
ACRE CCP
• Cannot simply add up the value of the yield guarantee and the value of the price guarantee
– Would understate value of ACRE guarantee because of double deductible
– Would overstate value of ACRE guarantee if prices and yields move opposite each other
But ACRE Guarantees Revenue
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Wheat Corn Soybeans
$ m
illio
nTotal Expected LDP + CCP Payments and ACRE Payments:
Average Price at Futures-Indicated Levels
LDP+CCP ACRE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Wheat Corn Soybeans
$ m
illio
nTotal Expected LDP + CCP Payments and ACRE Payments:
Average Price at 35% Lower Level
LDP+CCP ACRE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Wheat Corn Soybeans
$ m
illio
nTotal Expected Payments from Traditional Programs and ACRE:
Average Price at Futures-Indicated Levels
Traditional ACRE
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Wheat Corn Soybeans
$ m
illio
nTotal Expected Payments from Traditional Programs and ACRE:
Average Price at 35% Lower Level
Traditional ACRE
Summary of Findings
• ACRE unambiguously provides more average support than current farm programs
• The difference in farm support grows as market price drops
• Reasonably good chance that actual ACRE payment will be lower than loss in direct payment because prices will be high
Reasons for Not Choosing ACRE
• Lack of yield history– FSA could fix this by simply substituting county
average yields
• State yields do not track my yields– ACRE does not substitute for crop insurance, it
substitutes for CCPs and part of DPs
• Why not use the 20% of direct payments and buy more crop insurance rather than ACRE?
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
65 to 70 70 to 75 75 to 80 80 to 85
$/ac
reAdditional Benefit from Buying Up in Crop Insurance for
Cass County Wheat Producer
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
65 to 70 70 to 75 75 to 80 80 to 85
$/ac
reAdditional Producer Premium from Buying Up in Crop
Insurance for Cass County Wheat Producer
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
65 to 70 70 to 75 75 to 80 80 to 85
Return per Additional Dollar Paid for Increased Crop Insurance Coverage
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Wheat Corn Soybeans
Return to ACRE per Dollar Given up in Direct Payments
High Price Low Price
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
65 to 70 70 to 75 75 to 80 80 to 85
A Comparison of Return per Additional Dollar Paid for ACRE and Crop Insurance
Crop Insurance ACRE
Recommended