Tetrapods

Tetrapods

Chapter 9

Tetrapod origin

Lobefin fish

Early tetrapod

Tetrapods

Bufo marinus

No True Marine Amphibians

Class Reptilia

Reptiles --- many, major extinct lineages

Many extinct marine reptiles

airbreathing

coldblooded

Sea turtles

Archelon ischyros (Cretaceous, North Dakota)

Fossil Sea Turtle

Sea turtlesStill tied to land

Sea turtles

Conservation and study

Sea turtles

Sea Snakes

Sea Snakes

Amblyrhynchus cristatus

Marine iguana

Marine iguana

Galapagos Islands

Crocodylus porosus

Saltwater crocodile

Tetrapods

“Class” Aves

Birds

“Class” Aves

Birds are part of reptile radiation

Flight

Penguins

Tubenoses

Tubenoses

Albatrosses

Tubenoses

Shearwater

petrel

Pelicans

Cormorants

Frigate birds

A seabird gift

Gulls and related birds

Terns

Sterna paradisaea

Shorebirds

Shorebirds

plover

avocet

Shorebirds

sandpiper

killdeer

Body form and beaks adapted to niche and function

Birds and Islands

Dodo bird

Hawaiian honeycreepers

Island Birds

Gallirallus wakensis

Wake Island Rail

Wake Island7 December 1941

Feral Animals

The Far Side by Gary Larson

Unbeknownst to most ornithologists, the dodo was actually a very advanced species, living along quite peacefully until, in the 17th century, it was annihilated by men, rats, and dogs. As usual

Bird Extinctions

Class Mammalia

Five Marine Mammal Lineages

Order PinnipediaSeals, sea lions, walrus

Sea lion skull

California Sea lions – ‘sunning’

Mouth of Ventura Harbor

California Sea lions – sunning

Leopard seal -- Antarctic

Conserving heat

California Sea lions – sunning with fin

Pinnipeds give birth on land (or ice)

Pinniped birth

Seals

Seals are highly adapted for aquatic life

Crabeater seal

An Antarctic seal that filter feeds on krill

Elephant Seal (Mirounga)

Ano Nuevo State Park, California

Harbor seal pup

Phoca vitulina

Hawaiian monk seal

(Monachus schauinslandi)

Mediterranean monk seal

(Monachus monachus)

Caribbean monk seal (Monachus tropicalus)

Harp seal

Seals hunted for blubber and fur

Phoca groenlandica

Too many of my babies became coats, so I decided to increase security

Seal lions

Zalophus californianus

California sea lion

California sea lion

Zalophus californianus

California sea lion

Zalophus californianus

Walrus

Odobenus rosmarus

Walrus

Walrus

Order Carnivora

Enhydra lutris

Sea otter

Sea otter

Sea otter

Polar bear

Ursus maritimus

Polar bear

Polar bear

Polar bear

Order Sirenia

Trichechus manatus

West Indian Manatee

Trichechus inunguis

Amazon Manatee

West African River Manatee

Trichechus senegalensis

Dugong dugon

Dugong

Steller’s Sea Cow

up to 7.5 m long

(Hydrodamalis gigas)

Convergence in body form among marine vertebrates

Order Cetacea – whales, dolphins, porpoises

Perceptions of whales

Humpback whale

Megaptera novaeangliae

A bit of anatomy….

Cetacean swimming

Vestiges of terrestrial ancestry

Vestigial pelvic girdle

Dolphin embryo

Ambulocetus natans

49 myo

Some links in the whale lineage

Baleen whales Toothed whales

Baleen whales

Suborder Mysticeti

Baleen whales

Feeding

Baleen whales

Feeding in baleen whales

Baleen

Whale bone corset, ca. 1890 Whale bone

corset stays

Krill (a euphasid shrimp)

Blue whale

(Balaenoptera musculus)

Rorquals

Family Balaenopteridae

Some other RorqualsMinke whaleBalaenoptera acutorostrata

Bryde's whaleBalaenoptera edeni

Humpback whaleMegaptera novaeangliae

Humpback whaleMegaptera novaeangliae

Feeding

Right whales

Balaena mysticetus (bowhead)

Eubalaena australis (southern right whale)

Eubalaena glacialis (northern right whale)

Bowhead whale Eskimo fishery

Bowhead whale

Grey Whale

Eschrichtiidae

Eschrichtius robustus

Such close contact is not allowed in US waters

Whale barnacles

Toothed whales

Suborder Odontoceti

Toothed whales

Suborder Odontoceti

Toothed whales

Suborder Odontoceti

Cetacean blowholes

Mysticeti

Odontoceti

Family Physeteridae

Sperm Whales

3 species in 2 genera

Physeter catodon

Sperm whale

spermaceti

Sperm whale

ambergris

Sperm whale

Genus Kogia

pygmy sperm whales

Kogia skull

Family Delphinidae

killer whale

dolphins

Orcinus orca

killer whale

Family Delphinidae

Killer whale

Killer whale

Dolphins Family Delphinidae

Dolphin skull

Trained dolphins

a bit about Whaling

Harpoon gun

Factory ship

Now abandoned Antarctic Island Whaling stations

Whales vs. scrap metal

Economics -

Bycatch

Dophins and tuna

Bycatch Phocoena sinus

Vaquita

Mexican shrimp boat bycatch

Biology of Marine Mammals

Cetaceans are hard to study

Shotgun fired whale tag

Cetaceans underwater

Radio tags

Movements of a tagged sei whale

Swimming and Diving

Whale spouts

Diving

Diving

Senses Oflaction

Vision

Echolocation

Beluga whale

Delphinapterus leucas

Melon or spermaceti organ (outgoing sound)

Incoming sound – through the lower jaw, into the inner ear

Cold water feeding

Grey whale vocalization

Sei whale vocalization

Has the ocean gotten too noisy?

Sea lions

Elephant seals

Sea lions

Humpback whale and calf

Killer whale and calf

Bowhead and calf

Dolphin and calf

Right whale and calf

Cetaceans nursing

“Although humans make sounds with their mouths and occasionally look at each other, there is no solid evidence that they actually communicate with each other”

“Matthews…we’re getting another one of those strange ‘aw blah es pan yol’ sounds”

Good morning, Dr. Sullivan. We were just going through some of your files & couldn’t help noticing you could use some help on your research regarding dolphin intelligence