Test #2 Results by Next Week. From Friday’s The Blue Planet PREDATOR Striped tuna, Bluefin tuna ...

Test #2 Results by Next Week

From Friday’s The Blue PlanetPREDATOR

Striped tuna, Bluefin tuna

Marlin Sei whale Manta ray, Ray Pacific Mackeral Spotted Dolphin Sailfish Blue Shark Deepwater crab Wahoo

PREY Sardines Flying fish Surgeonfish eggs Yellowfin tuna eggs

PLANKTON NUTRIENTS

• Sunfish with half-moon fish and seagull

• Fish with flotsam

The Marine Food Web

Chapter 10:Biological

Productivity

Conditions for Life in the Sea

Consider the main biochemical reaction for life in the sea, and on earth in general:

6H2O + 6CO2 + energy + nutrients = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Focus on left side of equationWhat is in short supply in the sea and thus limits the amount of life in the ocean??

Absorbing Nutrients 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy + nutrients = C6H12O6 +

6O2 Phytoplankton are base of the food chain

Most important primary producers of complex sugars and oxygen

Lauderia sp.

The Marine Food Web

Absorbing Nutrients Nutrients absorbed by plants through diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane

Lauderia sp.

Diffusion:molecules move from high to low

concentrations

Which Nutrients are in Short Supply?

Nitrogen (N) as Nitrate NO3 (-2) Phosphorus (P) as Phosphate PO4 (-2)

Silicon (Si) as Silicate SiO4 (-2)

Phosphate and Nitrate in the Pacific

Silicate in the Pacific

Biolimiting Nutrients N, P, and Si are exhausted first in Eq. surface waters during photosynthesis

Essential to the growth of phytoplankton

If these biolimiting nutrients increase in sea water, life increases

If these biolimiting nutrients decrease in sea water, life decreases

Where would you expect to find the highest biomass in the Pacific??

CZCS Global Primary Production

How Does Nutrient Distribution Compare w/

Dissolved Oxygen?

Dissolved O2 Reverse of Nutrients

O2 is high in the surface and mixed layer

O2 decreases to a minimum at base of thermocline

O2 then steadily increases with depth

Why is the Concentration of Oxygen High in the Mixed

Layer??Hint #1: How and where is oxygen produced in the sea???6H2O + 6CO2 + energy + nutrients = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Hint #2: How can oxygen be mixed downward from the atmosphere into the ocean?

How is Oxygen Removed from the Thermocline & Slightly

Below??

Dead and decaying organic matter sinks downward from surface

waters Rate of sinking decreases as it encounters the cold, dense water of the thermocline

Material decays (oxidizes) at the thermocline, which strips O2 out of the water and returns nutrients to the sea

Cold, nutrient-rich water of the thermocline is returned to sunlit surface waters by way of upwelling

CZCS Global Primary Production

Marine Ecology

Chapter 9

Basic Ecology physical and chemical parameters affecting distribution and abundance

An ecosystem includes both the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) portions of the environment.– Examples include: salt marshes, estuaries, coral reefs, the North Pacific Gyre.

Classification of Organisms

by Environment horizontal: neritic | oceanic vertical:–epipelagic (top) / euphotic (good)–mesopelagic (middle) / disphotic (low)

–bathypelagic (deep) / aphotic (without)

–abyssopelagic (“bottomless”)

Divisions of the Marine Environment

Figure 9-1

Classification of Organismsby Lifestyle

Scientists have established another classification scheme to categorize biota on the basis of lifestyle. The major groups are:–plankton (floaters)–nekton (swimmers)–benthos (bottom dwellers)

Plankton weak swimmers, drifters, unable to counteract currents. –Phytoplankton (plants)–Zooplankton (animals)

Nekton active swimmers capable of counteracting currents. –Fish–Squids–Reptiles–Birds–Mammals

Distribution of Marine Lifestyles

16.7% of Earth’s animals are marine

2% inhabit pelagic environment (most of the oceans are cold and dark)

98% are benthic!

Benthos Epiflora or epifauna live on the sea bottom.

Infauna live in the sea bottom. Benthic plants - restricted to shallow waters (light)

Benthic animals occur everywhere from shallow depths to the deep sea.

Research Video Clips:“Live fast, die

young...”

Basic Ecology physical and chemical parameters affecting distribution and abundance

an ecosystem includes both the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) portions of the environment.

Temperature, salinity …

Hydrostatic Pressure Pressure caused by the height of water.

Function of water height and water density

Pressure generally increases at a rate of 1 atm per 10 m of water.

( or 16 psi per 10 m depth)

Think You’re Under Pressure Now?

Hydrostatic Pressure(Cont.)

enormous in the deep sea yet animals live there.

Animals do not contain gases. However, mesopelagic fish which have gas-filled swim bladders to help maintain neutral buoyancy – unable to move rapidly between depths– pressure change could cause bladder explode.

Oregon Coast Field Trip - Oregon Coast Field Trip - Sat., June 2nd Sat., June 2nd

dusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.htmldusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.html Be here by 7:15 a.m.Be here by 7:15 a.m. 7:30 - Busses 7:30 - Busses leaveleave

from Wilkinson lotfrom Wilkinson lot 8:30 - Seal Rock 8:30 - Seal Rock

volcanic rocks and volcanic rocks and tide poolstide pools

10:00 - Travel to 10:00 - Travel to HMSCHMSC

10:30 - HMSC 10:30 - HMSC Visitor CenterVisitor Center

12:00 - Lunch on 12:00 - Lunch on HMSC grass HMSC grass (bring (bring your own)your own)

12:30ish - Return 12:30ish - Return to Corvallisto Corvallis

Back by ~2:00Back by ~2:00

Required Field Trip GuideRequired Field Trip Guidedusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.htmldusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.html

Answers to bolded questions in guide Answers to bolded questions in guide

–Turn assignment in to Turn assignment in to your TAyour TA–Due by 5:00 p.m., June 8thDue by 5:00 p.m., June 8th–This constitutes LAB 9This constitutes LAB 9